Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur olika samhällsaktörer förhåller sig till förslaget om att slopa ungdomsrabatten för unga lagöverträdare mellan 18–20 år, huruvida samhällsaktörerna använder sig av vetenskaplig argumentation samt vilka konsekvenser som de olika samhällsaktörerna tror kan uppstå om förslaget blir lag. För att besvara frågeställningarna används en komparativ metod. De olika samhällsaktörerna kategoriseras först i tre grupper: kommuner, rättsvårdande instanser samt statliga myndigheter. Därefter analyseras vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan grupperna med avseende på inställning till förslaget, vetenskaplig argumentation samt vilka konsekvenser de menade kunde uppstå om förslaget blev lag.    Analysen visar att kommunerna är procentuellt sett mest positiva till förslaget och de använder sig procentuellt sett minst av vetenskaplig argumentation. De rättsvårdande instanserna är procentuellt sett minst positiva till förslaget, men har procentuellt störst vetenskaplig argumentation. De statliga myndigheterna ligger mittemellan, de är näst mest positiva till förslaget och har näst störst andel vetenskaplig argumentation. Rörande vilka konsekvenser lagförslaget kunde få, hade kommunerna störst andel som oroade sig för s.k. tröskeleffekter och ökad återfallsrisk medan de rättsvårdande instanserna hade störst andel som oroade sig för ökade kostnader, därefter tröskeleffekter och ökad arbetsbelastning. De statliga myndigheterna oroade sig mest för ökad återfallsrisk och ökade kostnader.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study examined the effects of using Dialogical Argumentation and Assessment for Learning as an Instructional Method (DAAFLIM) in teaching static electricity focussing on lightning as an example of static electricity to Grade 10 learners. Three groups of learners from two township schools were used as a sample for the study. The Solomon three-group design was employed in collecting data. One class was used as the experimental group and the other two were the control groups: control 1 group and control 2 group. The study drew on theoretical frameworks associated with prior knowledge of learners such as the constructivist viewpoint. The frameworks that were applied in the analysis of the data were Toulmin’s Argumentation Pattern (TAP) and Ogunniyi’s Contiguity Argumentation Theory (CAT). The experimental group and control group 2 were exposed to DAAFLIM as a teaching method and AFL as the assessment strategy. The control 1 group was taught in the traditional chalk- talk method and assessment was mostly summative. The experimental and control 1 groups received pre-tests and also wrote a post-test whereas the control 2 group only wrote the post test.

This study aimed at investigating and analysing the communication occurring during whole class discussions, with a specific focus on the nature of the mathematical arguments. The investigation was a qualitative case study where the communication during eight whole class discussions in grade 3-5 were analysed. Three types of arguments, wich are functional in the communication and convey different aspects of mathematics, were identified in the study. The types are (a) argument conveying a solution to a task/ a problem (b) argument conveying conceptual properties, and (c) argument conveying a mathematical relationship. The arguments types explain why an answer to a task is correct (type a), illuminate properties of a mathematical object (b), and clarify a mathematical relationship (c). The findings also reveal that arguments may be expressed through the use of a broad range of communicative resources, such as spoken language, written language, symbols, drawings, the use of manipulatives, and gestures. This highlights the importance of taking into account more than speech when construing arguments/reasoning communicated in mathematics classroom. The study also points to the importance of paying attention to arguments/reasoning that are created during other occasions than during task work or problem solving, and that arguments can enable the discerning of mathematical aspects for learners.

A recent shift in the composition studies has resulted in the renewal of interest in rhetorical invention. There is no uniformity among researchers and professionals about the optimal conditions preceding the composing process, especially among college students. This study was intended to explore the effectiveness of structured (Larson's Heuristic) and non-structured (freewriting) strategies of rhetorical invention produced by community college students. The objectives of this study were to determine the following: 1) whether there is an overall improvement of students' written argumentation after instruction in the strategies of rhetorical invention; 2) whether college student writers are more likely to use structured than non-structured strategies of rhetorical invention after instruction in both strategies; 3) whether there is a relationship between the nature of invention strategy used by the students spontaneously on the pre-test and the type of rhetorical invention used by them in the post-test; and 4) whether there is a relationship between the type of rhetorical invention and the quality of final drafts of argumentative essays. The study was designed as a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Matched-samples t-test, chi-square goodness-of-fit tests, and ANOVA procedures were employed to address specific research questions of this research. Focus groups, conducted during the final stage of the research, provided emic data about students' experience in and attitude toward the strategies of rhetorical invention. Findings indicate that though students' performance on the post-test was higher than on the pre-test, there was no statistically significant improvement in the quality of written argumentation after the completion of instruction in the strategies of rhetorical invention. Secondly, after completion of the instruction, students used structured (Larson's Heuristic) and non-structured (freewriting) strategies of rhetorical invention with comparable frequently. Thirdly, there was a moderate relationship between the type of rhetorical invention used by student writers in the pre-test and the type of rhetorical invention used by them in the post-test and that in the pre-test. Finally, there was a statistically significant relationship between the type of rhetorical invention and the quality of the final drafts of written argumentation in the pre-test. Further, the length of evidence of rhetorical invention was related strongly to the quality of the final drafts in the pre-test. No statistically significant relationship was detected between the type of rhetorical invention and the quality of written argumentation in the post-test. The results of this study enabled the researcher to articulate questions and provide suggestions for future investigation of written composing and rhetorical invention among college students. / Ph. D.

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Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vad barn i en skola i ett mångkulturellt samhälle behöver för att de ska klara av att argumentera. För att komma fram till mitt resultat har jag använt mig av observationer och kvalitativa intervjuer. Jag har även genomfört en pilotstudie där jag har haft tillgång till provtexten som låg till grund för den argumenterande övningen vid det nationella provet i svenska våren 2009 samt elevernas texter. Undersökningsgruppen har bestått av tre pedagoger och 7 elever som alla har deltagit vid de nationella proven i svenska våren 2009. De teoretiker som jag har ansett vara relevanta för detta arbete är Lev Vygotskij och Célestin Freinet. De har båda teorier om vikten av att lära sig nya kunskaper som är relevanta samt vikten av att ha ett socialt utbyte vid inlärningen. Vygotskij använder sig av olika utvecklingszoner för att beskriva utvecklingen hos barnet. Freinet använder begreppet ”Tâtonnement expérimental” vilket översatt till svenska blir ”det trevande försöket” för att beskriva sin pedagogik.Språket är en del av den personliga identiteten. För varje nytt språk ett barn möter finns det en ny del av dess identitet som utvecklas. För att barn ska kunna argumentera behöver argumentationen röra något som är viktigt för dem. Övningen behöver vara betydelsefull. De tre pedagoger jag har intervjuat och använt som empiriskt material har alla ett liknande arbetssätt när det gäller argumentationsövningar i klassrummet, de behandlar oftast olika regler som skolan har och varför det är bra med sådana. Man behöver ha argumentationsövningar som behandlar betydelsefulla ämnen för eleverna. Övningen får inte ha några tydliga svar för vad som är rätt och fel. I de nationella proven jag har tittat på har det även funnits ett problem med ämnesvalen, det har för många barn i mångkulturella områden inte funnits någon anknytning. Efter att ha samtalat med eleverna har jag kommit till slutsatsen att ett av problemen kan vara en rädsla för att göra fel.

The purpose of this study is to present arguments concerning a zestful learning for children ages 6-9 in mathematics. Four books in mathematics has specifically been analyzed to investigate what is written concerning a zestful learning. By means of an argumentation analysis within a qualitative text analysis the arguments are put forth. The didactic choices of the chosen literature are analyzed in a subject-matter didactic context. The result implicates a multitude of arguments and didactic choices supporting a zestful learning. The most prominent one is that teaching should presuppose the every-day life of the students, be varied concerning both education and environment and promote communication. Education should relate to joint experiences and clarify the already gained knowledge in math’s of the students, thus enhancing the students’ self-esteem within mathematical contexts: in addition, if students experience the usability of math’s and are given the opportunity to apply their body and senses in gaining this knowledge this is beneficial for zestful learning. To feel a desire to learn engages the students and motivates them to learn. As a conclusion there are many opportunities in creating zestful learning possibilities, prior research shows the importance of making the experience of learning enjoyable to promote a lifelong lust to learn, which is one of the assignments of school according to Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklass och fritidshemmet 2011 (Skolverket 2011).

The purpose of this study is to present arguments concerning a zestful learning for children ages 6-9 in mathematics. Four books in mathematics has specifically been analyzed to investigate what is written concerning a zestful learning. By means of an argumentation analysis within a qualitative text analysis the arguments are put forth. The didactic choices of the chosen literature are analyzed in a subject-matter didactic context. The result implicates a multitude of arguments and didactic choices supporting a zestful learning. The most prominent one is that teaching should presuppose the every-day life of the students, be varied concerning both education and environment and promote communication. Education should relate to joint experiences and clarify the already gained knowledge in math’s of the students, thus enhancing the students’ self-esteem within mathematical contexts: in addition, if students experience the usability of math’s and are given the opportunity to apply their body and senses in gaining this knowledge this is beneficial for zestful learning. To feel a desire to learn engages the students and motivates them to learn. As a conclusion there are many opportunities in creating zestful learning possibilities, prior research shows the importance of making the experience of learning enjoyable to promote a lifelong lust to learn, which is one of the assignments of school according to Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklass och fritidshemmet 2011 (Skolverket 2011).

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