Diarmament at the beginning of the 21st Century: Development of the contractual approaches on the reduction of strategic arms between the United States of America and the Russian Federation The aim of this diploma thesis is the theoretical assumption of the contemporary development of treaties instruments dealing with the disarmament dilemma from the international law's point of view, or setting the new (or renegotiated) treaty approach on reduction of the strategic arms between the Russian Federation and the United States of America into the wider context of international treaties, analysis of the new disarmament treaty denoted as The New START Treaty, which replaced START I Treaty, and its comparison with the previous treaties and drafts of treaties. In doing so this thesis also summarises the longer-range development of the bilateral treaty approaches on the reduction of strategic arms between the United States and Russia, or the Soviet Union respectivelly, which goes back deep into the times of the Cold War and comprises the crucial negotiations of SALT and INF treaties. The thesis focuses not only to the text of the treaties and their drafts alone but also on the particular stages of negotiations. Then, The New START Treaty is the subject of more detailed analysis in the final two chapters, as...

Title: Effect of Arm Work Intensity on Energy Expenditure in Nordic Walking. Objectives: The aim of study is to assess energy expenditure of walking, Nordic Walking with low and high intensity of arm work. Methods: We tested 14 men in averge age 24,1 ± 1,8 years, body mass 74,3 ± 6,4 kg and height 179,1 ± 5,4 cm on laboratory treadmill. We used indirect calorimetry for assess energy expenditure influnced by intensity of arm work and different slopes. Descriptive statistics was used for basic evaluation. Analysis of varince with repeated measures (2x3) was used to assess statistical differences. The significance level was set at alfa ≤ 0,05. Results: We observed significant increase in the energy expenditure of Nordic Walking with high intensity in slopes 0 % and 10 % (39,60 ± 3,65 kJ.min-1 ; 58,79 ± 4,63 kJ.min-1 ) of arm work compared with Nordic Walking with low intensity of arm work (33,32 ± 3,64 kJ.min-1 ; 53,52 ± 4,78 kJ.min-1 ) and walking (31,26 ± 2,71 kJ.min-1 ; 52,66 ± 3,81 kJ.min-1 ). Increasing the energy expenditure of Nordic Walking with low intensity of arm work (33,32 ± 3,64 kJ.min-1 ; 53,52 ± 4,78 kJ.min-1 ) compared with walking (31,26 ± 2,71 kJ.min-1 ; 52,66 ± 3,81 kJ.min-1 ) in slopes 0 % and 10% did not reach significant difference. There was a significant increase in all...

Title: Cross-bridged cyclams as manganese(II) chelators Autor: Bc. Luděk Míka Department: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jan Kotek, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: modrej@natur.cuni.cz Abstract: The aim of this project was to synthesize a new kind of Mn(II) complexes with ligands derived from cross-bridged cyclam. These complexes may be potentially used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Six macrobicyclic ligands with various pendant arm were synthesized, three complexes were sucesfully prepared. Electrochemical properties of prepared manganese(II) complexes with synthesized ligands were studied using cyclic voltammetry. Relaxivity of prepared complexes was determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Keywords: cross-bridged cyclam, phosphonate, phosphinate, pendant arms, manganese

ABSTRACT This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of public sector anti-corruption reform efforts in democratic South Africa. These reforms are contextualized within the international theory, literature and policy debate that has emerged over the past decade on the control of corruption within the context of democratic governance. To evaluate the effectiveness of anti-corruption reforms the thesis first covers a number of broad themes including: conceptions, causes and consequences of corruption; main theoretical approaches underpinning anti-corruption reforms; and methodologies to evaluate the effectiveness and seriousness of anti-corruption efforts. Specifically focusing on South Africa, the thesis looks at the nature and extent of corruption both pre and post 1994; recent legislative, institutional, and policy interventions to control public sector corruption; and, as an illustrative case study of grand corruption, an in-depth analysis of the government’s handling of allegations of corruption in the Strategic Defense Procurement Package or “arms deal.” The findings of the thesis are mixed: I argue that democracy is a necessary albeit insufficient condition for effectively fighting corruption. Although South Africa has an impressive array of institutions, laws and policies to counter public sector corruption, the most important ingredient for successful reforms, namely an indication of sustained political will, is not yet fully in evidence. The government’s mishandling of allegations of corruption in the arms deal is a case in point, suggesting chronic weaknesses on the part of institutions such as parliament to safeguard the public interest. Lack of regulation in the funding of political parties remains the “Achilles heel” of anti-corruption reform efforts. So far as concerns further theoretical framing of corruption studies I conclude that a focus on social empowerment (Johnston) in the context of democratic consolidation, including an active civil society and vigilant media, is crucial for the effective fight against corruption in new democracies such as South Africa.

Les microlithes sont retrouvés souvent en grand nombre dans les niveaux archéologiques attribués au Mésolithique. Dès leur découverte durant le dernier quart du XIXe, ils ont attiré toute l’attention des préhistoriens, d’une part, par leurs dimensions réduites et la variabilité de leurs formes dites parfois géométriques et, d’autre part, parce qu’ils étaient les seuls représentants de ce qui pouvait alors passer pour un outillage préhistorique au sein d’un assemblage lithique déconcertant et d’une industrie particulièrement pauvre en outillage osseux. Notre propre travail naît du constat que les classifications traditionnelles des microlithes attribués à la période Mésolithique ne sont pas suffisantes pour caractériser les systèmes techniques dont ils sont issus. Si ces classifications sans lien avec une réalité fonctionnelle précise ont servi à sérier le Mésolithique et à en décrire la variabilité géographique, la variabilité mise en évidence ne permet pas d’expliquer les dynamiques culturelles expliquant cette diversité des faits techniques. Nous avons donc appréhendé le microlithisme comme un équipement, plus précisément une partie d’un équipement vulnérant répondant à un besoin physico-technique fondamental pour les sociétés de chasseurs de l’Holocène, à savoir acquérir leurs ressources carnées. L’observation à la loupe binoculaire de l’ensemble de notre corpus nous a permis d’accéder à une vision très précise des caractéristiques morphologiques des supports et des méthodes de retouche. Celle-ci nous a conduite à proposer de nouveaux critères pour la classification morphotechnique des microlithes. En parallèle, nous avons mis en place une batterie d’expérimentations nous permettant de tester le piétinement, la fabrication et l’utilisation des armatures de projectile de ces objets. Ces tests nous ont permis de créer un modèle fonctionnel interprétatif de la fragmentation et de la dispersion des microlithes selon leur position sur la hampe. Ils nous ont également fourni la possibilité d’évaluer leur efficacité et leur rôle selon leurs caractéristiques morphotechniques. La dernière partie de notre travail est consacrée à un retour sur notre corpus archéologique. La synthèse de nos résultats permet d’établir un pont entre nos résultats expérimentaux et nos observations archéologiques de façon à proposer de nouvelles explications sur le fonctionnement des microlithes mésolithiques. / Microliths are often found in large numbers in archaeological layers attributed to the Mesolithic. Since their discovery in the last quarter of the nineteenth century they have attracted the attention of prehistorians, firstly because of their small size and the variability of their shapes – oftentimes described as geometric – and secondly because they were the only representatives of what appeared to constitute a prehistoric toolkit within a little understood lithic assemblage and a particularly meagre bone tool industry. Our own work originates from the observation that traditional classifications of microliths attributed to the Mesolithic period are not sufficient to characterize the technical systems that produced them. Even though these classifications were unrelated to a specific functional reality, until now they were used to classify the Mesolithic and describe its geographic variability. But they did not allow us to highlight the cultural dynamics explaining the diversity of technical artefacts. We thus approached the microlith as a piece of equipment, specifically a wound-generating tool which fulfilled a fundamental physical-technical need for the Holocene societies of hunters; namely that of acquiring meat. The minute observation of our entire collection of microliths using a stereomicroscope allowed us to acquire a clear understanding of the morphological characteristics of the supports and re-sharpening methods that were used. This led us to propose new criteria for the morpho-technical classification of microliths. In parallel, we have developed a series of experiments specifically designed to test the trampling, the manufacture and the usage of these objects as projectile arms. These tests allowed us to create an interpretive functional model of fragmentation and dispersion of microliths according to their position on throwing shaft. These tests also provided the opportunity of evaluating their effectiveness and their role according to their morpho-technical characteristics. The last part of our work is devoted to a re-analysis of our archaeological collection. The summary of our results allows us to establish a bridge between our experimental results and our archaeological observations to propose some preliminary explanations on the workings of Mesolithic microliths.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência a partir do confronto dos princípios arms length e da praticabilidade. Inicialmente, são relatadas as principais características históricas e metodológicas do desenvolvimento da disciplina nos âmbitos internacional e brasileiro. Em seguida, é apresentada uma teoria dos conflitos normativos, amparada nas doutrinas de Dworkin e Alexy, para sustentar que a colisão de princípios deflagrada pela variedade de mecanismos que mitigam a realização do arms length em favor da praticabilidade na legislação brasileira deve ser avaliada pelo exame da proporcionalidade conduzido por uma correta fundamentação argumentativa. Defende-se, depois, que o arms length e a praticabilidade estão inseridos no ordenamento constitucional-tributário brasileiro com a natureza de princípios jurídicos respectivamente justificados pelas ideias de igualdade particular e igualdade geral. Configurado o cenário da colisão, é analisada a proporcionalidade dos seguintes mecanismos: definição do aspecto subjetivo, exclusão dos royalties e da transferência de tecnologia, restrições da comparabilidade, margens de lucro predeterminadas, liberdade de escolha de métodos, vedação de outros métodos e utilização de safe harbours. A partir dos resultados da análise, conclui-se que o regime brasileiro não é eficaz no controle dos preços de transferência. Sugere-se, então, um conjunto de medidas alternativas que constitua um meio termo entre a desproporcional praticabilidade obtida com os mecanismos do atual regime e a diminuta praticabilidade da disciplina internacional. / This study examines the Brazilian transfer pricing regime by facing arms length and practicability principles. Initially, historical and methodological characteristics of the discipline development are reported both from international and Brazilian perspectives. Then, based on Dworkin and Alexy doctrines, a normative conflicts theory supports that the collision between principles produced by a variety of mechanisms, which mitigate arms length results by promoting practicability, should be evaluated through a proportionality exam conducted under a correct argumentative discourse. Thereafter it advocates that arms length and practicability are inserted in the Brazilian constitutional tax system as legal principles justified by particular and general equality ideas respectively. Once the collision scenario is configured, proportionality of the following mechanisms is analysed: subjective aspect definition, royalties and technology transfers exclusion, comparability restrictions, predetermined gross margins, choice of methods freedom, other methods prohibition and safe harbours usage. The analysis concludes that there is no efficacy in Brazilian transfer pricing regime. Therefore it suggests a number of alternative measures which constitutes a midterm between the disproportional practicability of the current regime mechanisms and the diminished practicability of the international discipline.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência sob o enfoque das diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar. Inicialmente são relatadas suas principais características como a questão do arms length principle, seu histórico e aplicação, para em seguida falar-se acerca da disciplina no âmbito da OCDE e no direito comparado. Na sequência é abordada a legislação brasileira sobre o tema, a posição da jurisprudência, seu confronto com a valoração aduaneira, bem como sua relação com os acordos para se evitar a dupla tributação. Após configurado este cenário de introdução do estudo e seus principais contornos, são efetivamente analisadas as diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar, notadamente em relação à recepção do arms length, a adoção de margens fixas e a questão da superioridade hierarquica dos tratados para se evitar a dupla tributação e a lei interna, no caso a lei dos preços de transferência / This study examines the Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime from the standpoint of the different views that the issue may have. Initially the main characteristics are reported, for example, the arm\'s length principle, its history and application, thereafter it advocates the discipline within the OECD and comparative law. Following is addressed the Brazilian Transfer Pricing legislation, the position of jurisprudence facing with the customs valuation, and their relation with the double tax treaty. Once set up this introduction study scenario and its main outlines, are effectively analyzed the different views that the subject may have, especially with respect to the receipt of the arm\'s length principle, the adoption of fixed margins and the issue of hierarchical superiority of double tax treaties and domestic law, in case, transfer pricings law.

A diversidade de estruturas de captura de presas (tentáculos e braços orais) em medusas adultas está associada a diferentes mecanismos de captura e hábitos alimentares. O entendimento do desenvolvimento dessas estruturas pode esclarecer a mecânica da alimentação e, consequentemente, aumentar o conhecimento sobre as consequências tróficas dos recorrentes blooms de cifomedusas. No entanto poucos estudos descrevem o desenvolvimento inicial das estruturas de captura e sua interação com o ambiente fluido (i.e., número de Reynolds, Re). Em vista disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os estágios de desenvolvimento em espécies de Rhizostomeae (Mastigias papua, Cassiopea sp., Cotylorhiza tuberculata, Catostylus townsendi, Catostylus mosaicus, Lychnorhiza lucerna, Phyllorhiza punctata e Rhopilema esculentum) e \"Semaeostomeae\" (Chrysaora plocamia e Aurelia cf. sp. 4), com foco na umbrela e nos braços orais (capítulo 1); testar a hipótese de que diferentes temperaturas durante o crescimento geram desenvolvimento diferenciado da umbrela e dos braços orais, que compensariam o efeito da camada limite sob baixas temperaturas (i.e., baixo Re) para o funcionamento efetivo dessas estruturas como filtros coletores (capítulo 2); caracterizar a distribuição da epiderme ciliada e os fluxos produzidos em éfiras e medusas jovens de Lychnorhiza lucerna, medir a espessura da camada de água que os cílios conseguem mover e calcular o Re em torno dos digitata coberto por cílios (capítulo 3). Para isso as éfiras foram submetidas a tratamentos específicos e fotografadas até completarem 35 dias de idade e foi filmado o transporte de partículas pela epiderme ciliar. Concluímos que a caracterização do desenvolvimento inicial de distintas linhagens de éfiras de Scyphozoa possibilitou o conhecimento da morfologia das medusas, i.e., de suas estruturas natatórias e alimentares, propiciando, assim o entendimento de suas funções. Por sua vez, cifomedusas se mostraram resilientes às variações de temperatura, exibindo um crescimento diferenciado que deve garantir a manutenção das funções das estruturas natatórias e alimentares. A epiderme ciliar está presente ao longo de toda a medusa e moveu uma camada de água de até 0,28 mm. O batimento ciliar colabora com o mecanismo alimentar com o transporte de partículas e atua na dinâmica de mecânica de fluidos por criar fluxos na mesma direção do fluxo gerado pelas contrações umbrelares, ajudando a diminuir o efeito da camada limite. Por fim, ressaltamos que este trabalho mostrou a relevância de se estudar conjuntamente o desenvolvimento morfológico, o comportamento e a mecânica de fluidos para se compreender de forma complementar os mecanismos subjacentes à ecologia alimentar de importantes predadores marinhos como as medusas de Scyphozoa / The diversity of prey capture structures (tentacles and oral arms) in adult jellyfish is associated with different capture mechanisms and feeding habits. The understanding of these structures development can clarify the feeding mechanics and, consequently, increase the knowledge about the trophic consequences of the recurrent jellyfish blooms. However, few studies describe the capture structures initial development and their interaction with the fluid environment (i.e., Reynolds number, Re). The objective of this work was to describe the development stages in Rhizostomeae (Mastigias papua, Cassiopea sp., Cotylorhiza tuberculata, Catostylus townsendi, Catostylus mosaicus, Lychnorhiza lucerna, Phyllorhiza punctate and Rhopilema esculentum) and \"Semaeostomeae\" (Chrysaora plocamia and Aurelia cf. sp. 4) species, focusing on the bell and oral arms (chapter 1); to test the hypothesis that different temperatures during growth generate a differentiated development of the bell and oral arms, which would compensate for the boundary layer effect under low temperatures (i.e., low Re) for the effective functioning of these structures as collector filters (Chapter 2); to characterize the distribution of the ciliated epidermis and the flows produced in ephyrae and young jellyfish of Lychnorhiza lucerna, to measure the water layer thickness that the cilia can move and to calculate the Re around the digitata covered by cilia (Chapter 3). For this, the ephyrae were submitted to specific treatments and photographed until they were 35 days old and the transport of particles through the ciliary epidermis was filmed. We conclude that the initial development characterization of different strains of Scyphozoa ephyrae makes it possible to know the morphology of jellyfish, i.e., their swimming and feeding structures, thus providing an understanding of their functions. On the other hand, scyphomedusa showed to be resilient to the temperature variations, exhibiting a differentiated growth that must guarantee the maintenance of the swimming and food structures functions. The ciliary epidermis is present throughout the jellyfish and has moved a layer of water up to 0.28 mm. The ciliary stroke collaborates with the food mechanism with the transport of particles and acts on the dynamics of fluid mechanics by creating flows in the same direction of the flow generated by the bell contractions, helping to diminish the effect of the boundary layer. Finally, we highlight that this work showed the relevance of jointly studying the morphological development, behavior and fluid mechanics to comprehend in a complementary way the mechanisms underlying the food ecology of important marine predators such as Scyphozoa jellyfish

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries