The content of the thesis is a complex overview of development of ICT used in accounting since its beginning to the present. The thesis is devided into four chapters: General accounting forms and techniques and their development, Impacts of ICT on accounting, Modern approaches of accounting and Possible ways of further development.

ASP.NET och PHP är i dagsläget de två mest använda back-end teknikerna för utveckling av dynamiska webbsidor. I denna studie har ASP.NET och PHP jämförts baserat på komplexitet, teknikens procentuella användning över webben, vilken teknik som används av populära webbsidor, teknikernas ålder, enkla uppgifter, plattformsberoende, kostnad, prestanda och säkerhet. Studien är riktad till nya utvecklare för att ge dem en bild av vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan ASP.NET och PHP. När skillnader och likheter redogjorts för inom nämnda områden togs rekommendationer fram som är riktade emot nya utvecklare som vill börja med webbutveckling. Två webbsidor, en med respektive teknik, har utvecklats för att ligga till grund för jämförelsen mellan teknikerna. När webbsidan inte kunde ligga till grund för jämförelsen baserades den istället på litteratur inom området. Efter att jämförelsen genomförts tilldelades teknikerna poäng baserat på vilka kriterier de hade en fördel i. Detta resulterade i att PHP fick fler poäng än ASP.NET och anses därför vara den bästa tekniken för nya användare. Rekommendationer till nya utvecklare anges efter presterat resultat och har delats in i kategorierna ’Rekommendationer för helt nya utvecklare’, ’Rekommendationer för utvecklare med erfarenhet inom C#’ och ’Rekommendationer för övriga utvecklare’.

The goal of this work has been to create an interactive visualization of weather data for the company Biometria. The weather data has been collected over a period of 2 years using a measuring device placed in a forest cabin. The forest cabin has been moved to different logging sites, and continuously sent measurement results. To understand the structure and organization of the data that would be visualized, a preliminary study and review have been conducted. Furthermore, a plan for the setup and a preliminary design of a prototype have been created. The preliminary work has formed the basis for the website developed using the ASP .NET Core framework. A login system has been developed using ASP .NET Core Identity and implemented on the website. The interactivity and visualization have been constructed by generating markers on a map when selecting a range between two dates. When clicking on a marker, a box with information such as date, temperature, and humidity is displayed. The position of the marker and its associated information are retrieved through calls to an external Application Programming Interface (API). The markers are displayed in different colors depending on the measured temperature. The construction has been developed in the Visual Studio development environment. / Målet med detta arbete har varit att skapa en interaktiv visualisering av väderdata åt företaget Biometria. Väderdata har samlats in under 2 års tid via en mätenhet som suttit på en skogskoja. Skogskojan har flyttats runt till olika avverkningsplatser och kontinuerligt skickat mätresultat. För att få förståelse om uppbyggnaden och strukturen av det data som skulle visualiseras, har en förstudie och granskning utförts. Vidare har en planering av upplägget och ett förarbete med formgivning av en prototyp skapats. Förarbetet har legat till grund för den webbplats som utvecklats med ramverket ASP .NET Core. Ett inloggningssystem har tagits fram med hjälp utav ASP .NET Core Identity och implementerats i webbplatsen. Interaktiviteten och visualiseringen har konstruerats genom att det vid val av ett spann mellan två datum, genereras markeringar på en karta. Vid klick på markeringen visas en ruta med information datum, temperatur och luftfuktighet. Positionen för markeringen och tillhörande information hämtas via anrop till ett externt API (Application Programming Interface). Markeringarna visas med olika färger beroende på mätenhetens uppmätta temperatur. Konstruktionen har tagits fram i utvecklingsmiljön Visual Studio.

Ces dernières années, différents épisodes d’intoxication ont touché les coquillages sur le littoral français et tout particulièrement les huîtres dans le Bassin d’Arcachon. Afin de venir en aide à la profession ostréicole, le Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine a mis en place un vaste projet de recherche. Au sein de ce programme, nous avons proposé d’étudier la faisabilité d’un immunocapteur, basé sur la reconnaissance anticorps/antigène, capable de détecter la présence de phycotoxines dans l’eau de mer. Les synthèses de molécules (haptènes), présentant une analogie structurale avec la partie commune des phycotoxines de la famille des ASP ont été réalisées à l'ISM. Après couplage de ces molécules à une protéine, des anticorps montrant une bonne reconnaissance des ASP ont été obtenus. La mise au point de l'immunocapteur a été effectuée en collaboration avec deux autres Unités de Recherche : le LIP (Univ. Bx II) pour l'immunologie et l'IMS (Univ. Bx I) pour la lecture et la transcription du signal sur le capteur. / In the last few years, oysters from the Arcachon Bay have been touched by several toxic episodes. To help oyster industry, an important research program was funded by the Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine. In this project, we proposed to study the feasibility of an immunosensor, based onantibody/antigen reaction, able to detect phycotoxins in seawater. Haptens showing astructural analogy with the common part of ASP toxins were synthesized at ISM. Aftercoupling of haptens with a protein carrier (BSA), antibodies showing a good ASP recognition were obtained. The transducer, a Love wave acoustic device, was developed by IMS (Univ.Bx I) and the antibodies used for specific biorecognition were characterized by LIP (Univ. BxII).

Vi har gjort vårt kandidatarbete på en webbyrå i Stockholm som heter Boman Communication. Där har vi gjort en databasdriven webbplats i flash och asp. Webbplatsen är ett komplement till en kurs som heter EBM. Kursen EBM hålls av myndigheten SBU som i sin tur är en kund till Boman. Målgruppen för EBM och därmed också webbplatsens målgrupp är bland annat professorer och läkare inom medicin och vård. På kursen tar man upp riktlinjer för hur man botar olika sjukdomar eller skador. Webbplatsen innehåller information om och till kursen. Den är uppdelad i tre delar: Allmän, Före kursen och Efter kursen. Den allmänna delen är till för att väcka ett intresse för kursen hos besökaren. Denna del kommer alla åt. De två övriga delarna kräver inloggning och är bara till för dem som anmält sig på kursen. Inloggningen är datumstyrd vilket innebär att när kursen inte har varit ännu kommer man till delen före kursen och när kursen har varit kommer man till delen efter kursen. Före kursen hittar man information på webbplatsen som man bör ta del av för att förereda sig till kursen, man kan även finna information om föreläsarna och övriga kursdeltagare. Efter kursen är webbplatsen uppdaterad med en sida för dokumentation som föreläsarna har rekommenderat, här finns även en utvärdering som kursdeltagarna uppmanas att fylla i. Vi har framförallt använt oss av programmen Macromedia Flash MX 2004 och Macromedia Dreamweaver MX 2004 men även program som Adobe Photoshop CS, Adobe Illustrator CS. / Detta är en reflektionsdel till en digital medieproduktion.

L’hypothèse de gènes chevauchants codés par le brin antisens des rétrovirus est un concept ancien. Cependant, celui-ci n’a été réellement démontré qu’il y a une dizaine d’années avec la découverte de la protéine HBZ du virus HTLV-1 et les résultats récents sur la protéine ASP du VIH-1. Les nouvelles recherches sur cette protéine ont démontré son expression in vivo, mais sa fonctionnalité est toujours inconnue. Nous avons réalisé ici, à partir d’un jeu de données de plus de 20 000 séquences, les premières analyses bioinformatiques sur l’évolution de ce gène chevauchant. Nous avons alors montré que le gène asp est conservé uniquement dans les séquences du groupe M correspondant au groupe pandémique du VIH-1. Nous démontrons de plus, une corrélation entre la présence de l’ORF ASP et la prévalence des différents groupes et sous-types. Nos analyses phylogénétiques montrent que l’apparition de l’ORF ASP est concomitante avec l’émergence de la pandémie du groupe M. Du fait du chevauchement de gènes, l’analyse de la pression de sélection induite par la protéine ASP a impliqué l’utilisation de modèles et de méthodes d’analyses spécifiques. Situé sur la phase -2, ce chevauchement entraîne une correspondance des troisièmes bases des codons de chaque gène. Si on considère un gène « fixe », les contraintes mécaniques induites par ce gène sont très importantes et le gène chevauchant dispose de très peu de flexibilité. Il est alors important d’identifier la pression de sélection propre au gène situé sur la phase -2, et montrer ainsi que sa présence et sa conservation ne sont pas seulement dues aux contraintes induites par le gène fixe. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord montré par des analyses de simulations de séquences, à l’aide d’un modèle à codon, que la présence de l’ORF ASP n’est pas due au hasard. Nous avons ensuite développé une méthode d’analyse évolutive basée sur l’étude des mutations silencieuses pour le gène fixe (ici le gène env) entraînant l’apparition ou la disparition des codons Start et Stop sur le gène chevauchant. L’application de cette méthode au gène asp montre qu’il existe bien une pression de sélection induite par la protéine ASP. / The hypothesis of overlapping genes encoded by the antisense strand of the retrovirus is an old concept. However, this one has been really demonstrated that with the discovery of the HBZ protein of HTLV-1 virus, a dozen of years ago and the recent results on the ASP protein of HIV-1. New research on this protein has demonstrated its expression in vivo, but its functionality is still unknown. We performed here, from a data set of more than 20,000 sequences, the first bioinformatic analyses on the evolution of this overlapping gene. We showed that the asp gene is conserved only in the M group sequences corresponding to the pandemic group of HIV-1. Moreover, we demonstrated a correlation between the presence of the ASP ORF and the prevalence of the various groups and subtypes. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that the appearance of the ASP ORF is concomitant with the emergence of the pandemic M group. Because of the overlapping of the genes, the analysis of the selection pressure induced by the ASP protein involved the use of models and specific analysis methods. Located in the frame -2, this overlap induces a correspondence of the third base codon of each gene. If we consider a "fixed" gene, the mechanical constraints induced by this "fixed" gene are very important and the overlapping gene has very little flexibility. Then, it is important to identify the selection pressure of the gene which is in the frame -2 and show that its presence and conservation are not only due to mechanical constraints induced by the "fixed" gene. For this, we first demonstrated by sequence simulation analysis, using a codon model, that the presence of the ASP ORF is not due to chance. Then, we developed a method of evolutionary analysis based on the study of synonymous mutations in the "fixed" gene (here the env gene) causes the appearance or disappearance of start and stop codons in the overlapping gene. When we applied this method to the asp gene, it showed that there is a selection pressure induced by the ASP protein.

A economia globalizada e os avanços tecnológicos propiciaram um novo modelo de Outsourcing de Tecnologia de Informação (TI): os provedores de serviços de aplicativos (ASP - Application Service Providers). As discussões a respeito de ASP intensificaram-se nos três últimos anos, com a proposta de comercialização do software como um serviço. Quanto maior a interdependência da área de TI com as metas de negócios das organizações, maior a ênfase dada à satisfação das expectativas do cliente quanto aos serviços prestados pelos provedores. No mercado, têm-se adotado os acordos dos níveis de serviços (SLA - Service Level Agreements) como mecanismo de controle das atividades de outsourcing. Porém, essa adoção é nova e imatura, e a literatura é escassa. Tanto os provedores quanto os cliente sentem a necessidade por estruturas de implantação semelhantes às de SLA. Essa carência é ressaltada no caso dos modelos ASP. Propondo-se a contribuir com a compressão do modelo ASP e de SLA para ASP, apresenta-se uma pesquisa exploratória das características desse modelo com SLA, de modelos de qualidade de serviços de outsourcing e finalmente de considerações que devem ser feitas para garantir a qualidade dos serviços ASP, empregando-se os SLA. / The global economy and technological advances propitiated a new model of Information Technology (IT) Outsourcing: the Application Service Providers - ASP. Discussions regarding ASP became more frequent in the last three years because of the new approach of selling software as a service. As the interdependency between the IT area and the business goals of organizations becomes greater, the emphasis on fulfilling the client\'s expectations regarding service rendered by providers becomes stronger. In the market, Service Level Agreements - SLA have been adopted as control mechanisms of outsourcing activities. However, this adoption is new and immature, and the literature on the matter is scarce. Providers and clients feel the need for implementation structures similar to SLA\'s. In lhe case of ASP models, this necessity is emphasized mainly due to the lack of conceptual information on the ASP model. In order to better comprehend lhe ASP and the SLA models for ASP, I am presenting an exploratory research about the characteristics of the new approach with SLA models, outsourcing models of service quality and considerations, which must be carried out to ensure quality of ASP services employing SLA.

Os venenos do gênero Bothrops induzem efeitos locais caracterizados por hemorragia, necrose, edema e dor intensa. Apesar da importância clínica do fenômeno de dor, os estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na gênese deste fenômeno são ainda escassos. Além disso, não existem dados sobre a capacidade do antiveneno em neutralizar este fenômeno. Neste trabalho foi investigada, a capacidade dos venenos de Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops asper e da miotoxina III (Fosfolipase A2, variante Asp 49), uma toxina isolada do veneno de Bothrops asper, em induzir hiperalgesia em ratos, a mediação química deste fenômeno e a capacidade dos antivenenos em neutralizar esta ação dos venenos. A possível correlação entre a hiperalgesia e a resposta edematogênica causada pelos venenos ou miotoxina foi também avaliada. O limiar de dor foi determinado antes e em diferentes tempos após a administração dos venenos ou toxina, empregando o teste de pressão de pata de rato. Para o estudo da resposta edematogênica, o aumento do volume das patas posteriores foi determinado por pletismografia. Os venenos e a toxina, administrados por via intraplantar, nas doses de 5µg (VBj), 15µg (VBa) ou 10µg (MIII), induziram hiperalgesia e edema, com respostas máxima na 1a (VBj, MIII) ou 2a (VBa) hora, não sendo mais detectadas na 24a hora. Para o estudo da neutralização, foram utilizados o antiveneno botrópico produzido no Instituto Butantan e o antiveneno polivalente produzido no Instituto Clodomiro Picado da Costa Rica, administrados por via endovenosa, 15 min. ou imediatamente antes ou 15 min. após a injeção dos venenos. O AVIB, quando injetado 15 min. antes do VBj, foi capaz de reverter a hiperalgesia induzida pelo veneno. Em relação ao edema, esta inibição foi observada quando o antiveneno foi administrado 15 min. ou imediatamente antes do VBj. Por outro lado, o AVCP não interferiu com a dor e o edema acarretados pelo VBa. Quando o VBj e o VBa foram incubados, in vitro, por 30 min., a 370C com os AV correspondentes, a hiperalgesia e o edema foram abolidos. Estes resultados indicam que a incapacidade do AVCP, quando administrado in vivo, de bloquear a hiperalgesia e o edema induzidos pelo VBa, não é consequência da ausência de anticorpos específicos no antiveneno, uma vez que estes efeitos foram inibidos quando o veneno foi pré-incubado com o antiveneno. Para avaliação da mediação química da hiperalgesia e do edema, os animais foram submetidos a tratamentos com inibidores de síntese, antagonistas de receptores, anticorpos ou drogas depletoras destes mediadores. Os resultados mostraram que o Hoe-140, dexametasona e NDGA inibem a hiperalgesia induzida pelo VBa, enquanto que apenas a prometazina interferiu com o edema causado pelo veneno. A hiperalgesia induzida pela MIII foi revertida pelo tratamento com prometazina, metisergida, Hoe-140, dexametasona e por NDGA, enquanto que o edema foi inibido apenas por prometazina e dexametasona. Estes dados sugerem que: a) a MIII é um importante componente do veneno para a geração de hiperalgesia, b) a bradicinina e os derivados da lipoxigenase são mediadores da dor acarretada pelo VBa e pela MIII, c) histamina e serotonina participam também da hiperalgesia induzida pela miotoxina e d) a histamina é mediador do edema induzido pelo VBa e pela MIII. Com relação à hiperalgesia induzida pelo VBj, somente o tratamento com Hoe-140 diminuiu este fenômeno, indicando a participação da bradicinina. Por outro lado, este tratamento não foi capaz de interferir com o edema induzido por este veneno. Cabe ressaltar que TEIXEIRA et al. (1994) demonstraram a participação de eicosanóides e PAF na hiperalgesia induzida pelo VBj. Os dados em conjunto sugerem ainda, dissociação entre os fenômenos de dor e edema acarretados por ambos os venenos e pela miotoxina. / Bothrops venoms cause pronounced local tissue-damage characterized by hemorrhage, myonecrosis, edema and pain. Venom-induced pain has been poorly investigated, despite its clinical relevance. Furthermore, the ability of antivenom to neutralize hyperalgesia induced by these venoms is not known. In the present study the hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops jararaca (BjV) and Bothrops asper (BaV) venom and by myotoxin III-MIII (Asp49- phospholipase A2), a toxin isolated from BaV, were investigated. The chemical mediators involved in these phenomena and the ability of the antivenom to neutralize the hyperalgesia and edema induced by these venoms were also investigated. Pain threshold was assessed before and at several intervals after venom injection, using the rat paw pressure test. Edema of paw was measured phethysmographically at the same periods of time. The intraplantar injection of BjV (5µg/paw), BaV (15µg/paw) or MIII (10µg/paw) caused hyperalgesia and edema, whose peak were observed at the 1st (BjV, MIII) or 2nd (BaV) hours after venom/toxin administration, decreasing thereafter. For neutralization studies, the antivenoms produced either at Instituto Butantan from Brazil (AVIB) or Instituto Clodomiro Picado from Costa Rica (AVCP) were administered intravenously 15 min prior to, or immediately before, or 15 min after venoms injection. When the antivenom from Instituto Butantan was injected 15 min. before BjV, the hyperalgesia and edema were abolished. Furthermore, partial inhibition of edema was also observed when the antivenom was injected together with BjV. On the other hand, hyperalgesia and edema induced by BaV were not modified by AVCP. Incubation of BjV and BaV, for 30 min. at 37oC, with the antivenoms in vitro, abolished the hyperalgesia and edema. The inability of the in vivo treatment with antivenom in abolishing hyperalgesia and edema induced by BaV seems not to be related to the lack of neutralizing antibodies in antivenom, because neutralization was achieved in pre-incubation experiments. In order to investigate the chemical mediation of hyperalgesia and edema induced by the venoms or toxin, animals were treated with several drugs. Pretreatment with Hoe-140, dexamethasone and NDGA blocked the hyperalgesia induced by BaV, whereas only promethazine reduced the edema induced by this venom. The MIII-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by promethazine, methysergide, Hoe-140, dexamethasone and NDGA, whereas the edema was reduced only by promethazine and dexamethasone. These results suggest that: a) MIII may contribute to the BaV-induced hyperalgesia, b) bradykinin and leukotrienes mediate the BaV- and MIII-induced pain and MIII; c) histamine and serotonin also participate in the myotoxin-induced hyperalgesia and d) the edema induced by BaV and MIII is mediated by histamine. Pre-treatment of the animals with Hoe-140 abolished BjV-induced hyperalgesia, suggesting that bradykinin may mediate the venom-induced hyperalgesia. However, this treatment did not modify the BjV-induced edema. It is important to stress that previous studies have shown that BjV-induced hyperalgesia is mediated, at least partially, by eicosanoids and PAF (TEIXEIRA et al.,1994). The data presented herein also suggest that distinct mechanisms may be involved in the development of hyperalgesia and edema induced by both venoms and myotoxin III.

A alta competitividade e os avanços tecnológicos propiciaram o surgimento de um novo modelo de terceirização de Tecnologia de Informação (TI), os Provedores de Serviços de Aplicativos (ASP - Application Service Providers). A proposta do modelo ASP é a comercialização de aplicativos de software como serviço. A satisfação dos clientes está diretamente relacionada à qualidade do serviço prestado. Para garantir que sejam fornecidos serviços com qualidade, é fundamental a adoção dos Acordos dos Níveis de Serviços (SLA - Service Levei Agreements) como mecanismo de controle. No entanto, são escassas as informações formalizadas que venham a contribuir com a especificação desses acordos. Propondo-se a contribuir com a compreensão de SLA para ASP, apresenta-se uma pesquisa exploratória do conceito de SLA para ASP, de modelos de qualidade e dos fatores de qualidade a serem considerados nos SLA para garantir a qualidade dos serviços prestados. / lhe current competitiveness of the global market and the continuous technological evolution pushed the risen of a new model of Information Technogy Outsourcing, the Application Service Providers (ASP). The ASP modelproposes the remote delivery of software as a service. Therefore, customers\' satisfaction is strictelly related to the quality of ser\\>ice delivered. It is highly recommended the adoption of Service Levei Agreement (SLA) as a control mechanism to assure such quality of service. However, there is a lack of formalized statements regarding the specification of these agreements. As a matter of contribution for the compreension of the SLA for ASP, this work introduces an exploratory research of the concep of SLA for ASP, and of the quality models and quality metrics to be considered by the SLA to assure the quality of the services provided.

Darbe buvo susipažinta su apsaugos sistemomis, Arduino platforma ir Android sistema. Projektuojant standartinę apsaugos sistemą su Arduino mikrokontroleriu, buvo pasirinktos tinkamiausios dalys. Rasti ir išanalizuoti galimi komunikavimo būdai tarp Arduino platformos ir Android operacinės sistemos. Pasirinktu geriausiu komunikavimo būdu, buvo realizuota standartinė apsaugos sistema, kurią galima valdyti nuotoliniu būdu internetiniu puslapiu arba Android programėle. / In this Project were been familiarized with security systems, Arduino platform and Android system. Designing a standart security system with Arduino microcontroller was choosen the most suitable components. Was choosed and analized possible ways to communicate between the Arduino platform and the Android operating system. Choosen best way of comunication, has been realized in standart security system that can be operated by remote with web page or Android application.