Espécies do gênero Valeriana são tradicionalmente utilizadas para tratar ansiedade, irritabilidade e desordens de sono. A Organização Mundial da Saúde indica o uso de preparações farmacêuticas como alternativa aos benzodiazepínicos para tratamento da ansiedade e insônia. Entre as substâncias ativas presentes no gênero Valeriana destacam-se os óleos voláteis, valepotriatos, flavonóides e lignanas. Entretanto, estudos farmacológicos com produtos isolados são escassos. Espécies nativas de Valeriana, que ocorrem no Rio Grande do Sul, têm sido estudadas em relação a sua composição química, sendo a espécie Valeriana glechomifolia a que possui maior teor de valepotriatos. Neste estudo, diferentes métodos de extração de valepotriatos foram comparados e extratos enriquecidos em valepotriatos foram testados em modelos animais de sedação, ansiedade e depressão. Valepotriatos isolados foram submetidos a ensaios de ligação a receptores benzodiazepínico e serotonérgico (5HT1A) e ensaios de atividade da enzima Na+K+ATPase. A extração por fluido supercrítico com dióxido de carbono (SCCO2) foi realizada em temperatura constante de 40 oC e pressões variáveis (90, 120, 150 e 200 bar) e demonstrou maior teor de valepotriatos que os métodos de extração por maceração em ultrassom e maceração Entre as diferentes pressões de extração utilizadas no método de SCCO2, o maior teor de valepotriatos foi apresentado pela fração obtida na pressão de 90 bar. Todos os extratos mostraram o mesmo perfil qualitativo de valepotriatos. Flavonóides também foram obtidos através de maceração por ultrassom em metanol. A dose letal mediana dos valepotriatos obtidos por maceração por ultrassom foi de 42±3 mg/kg, i.p. Esta mesma solução extrativa, na dose de 10 mg/kg, v.o. (gavage), foi inefetiva no labirinto em cruz elevado e tempo de sono barbitúrico, sugerindo a ausência de propriedades ansiolíticas e hipnótico-sedativas. Resultados similares foram obtidos com a solução extrativa enriquecida em flavonóides. Valtrato, acevaltrato, 1-b-acevaltrato, diavaltrato e o flavonóide codificado como B6 não apresentaram ligação ao sítio benzodiazepínico do complexo receptor GABAA, nem ao receptor serotonérgico (5HT1A) viii na faixa de concentração de 1-100 μM. Os valepotriatos inibiram a atividade da enzima Na+K+-ATPase na faixa de concentração micromolar. A fração de valepotriatos obtida por SCCO2 (10 mg/kg, gavage) foi efetiva no teste da natação forçada, sem interferir na atividade locomotora espontânea, sugerindo uma atividade do tipo antidepressiva. Em conclusão, a extração por fluido supercrítico com dióxido de carbono mostrou-se eficiente para a obtenção de frações enriquecidas em valepotriatos e estas substâncias representam uma nova classe química com atividade inibitória não seletiva da enzima Na+K+ATPase, e com atividade do tipo antidepressiva. / Species of the genus Valeriana are traditionally used to treat anxiety, irritability and sleep disorders. The World Health Organization indicates pharmaceutical preparations of V. officinalis as an alternative to benzodiazepine drugs for treating anxiety and insomnia. Volatile oil, valepotriates, flavonoids and lignan have been suggested as active substances of the Valeriana genus. However pharmacological studies on isolated compounds are scarce. Species of Valeriana native to Rio Grande do Sul have been studied regarding their chemical composition being Valeriana glechomifolia the species with highest valepotriate’ contents. In this study different methods of extraction of valepotriates from aerial parts of V. glechomifolia were compared, and valepotriate’ enriched extracts were tested in mice models of sedation, anxiety and depression. Isolated valepotriates were submitted to binding to benzodiazepine and 5HT1A receptors, and assayed for the Na+K+ATPase inhibitory activity. The extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was carried out at 40 oC under 90, 120, 150 or 200 bar affording higher valepotriates contents than maceration with dichloromethane and ultrasound. The highest valepotriates yielding was obtained with SCCO2 (40 oC , 90 bar). All extracts presented the same qualitative valepotriate’ profile. Flavonoids were also obtained from methanol extracts. The median lethal dose of valepotriates obtained by maceration was determined as 42±3 mg/kg, i.p. This valepotriate’ enriched extract (10 mg/kg, p.o., gavage) was ineffective in the elevated plus maze and barbiturate sleeping time tests suggesting that it does not present anxiolitic or hypnotic-sedative properties. Similar results were obtained with flavonoids’ enriched extract. Valtrate, acevaltrate, 1-b-acevaltrate, diavaltrate and the flavonoid named B6 did not bind to benzodiazepine site of receptor GABAA complex neither to serotonergic receptor (5HT1A) at 1-100 μM. The valepotriates inhibited the Na+K+ATPase activity at micromolar concentration range. The valepotriates fraction obtained by SCCO2 (10 mg/kg, gavage) was effective in the forced swimming test without interfering with the spontaneous locomotor activity suggesting that it presents an antidepressant-like activity. In conclusion the extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide is valuable to obtain valepotriates enriched fractions; and valepotriates seem to represent new chemical entities with no selective inhibitory activity of Na+K+ATPase, as well as with antidepressant-like activity.

Resumo: A capacidade de bactérias endofíticas em solubilizar fosfato inorgânico é alvo de grande interesse por parte dos microbiologistas, uma vez que as fosfatases são responsáveis por hidrolisar compostos orgânicos produzindo fósforo solúvel. Dessa forma, a fosfatase ácida ligada à membrana (MBAP) foi obtida a partir de Enterobacter sp. isolada de raízes de Cattleya walkeriana (Orchidaceae) e identificada pelo seqüenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. A expressão da enzima mostrou-se estritamente regulada pelo fósforo (expressão ideal em 7 mm). O pH ótimo aparente (3,5) não foi afetado pela concentração de p-nitrofenilfosfato. Em pH 3,5, a enzima é uma fosfomonidrolase inespecífica capaz de hidrolisar os substratos PNPP (61,2 U/mg), ATP (19,7 U/mg), e o pirofosfato (29,7 U/mg), com K0.5 de 0,06 mM, 0,11 mM e 0,08 mM, respectivamente. A enzima exibi cinética "Michaelina" para o pNPP (n=1,2). Para o ATP e o pirofosfato interações sítio-sítio foram observadas com n=1,6 e 2,3, respectivamente. Os íons de magnésio foram potentes estimuladores (K0.5=2,2 mM), enquanto o arsenato e o fosfato foram potentes inibidores competitivos. A atividade PNPPase foi inibida pelo EDTA, mas não pelo cálcio, levamisol, zinco, cobalto e phidroximercuribenzoato. A entalpia de inativação térmica foi da ordem de 77,5 kcal.mol- 1. Os resultados sugerem que a produção da fosfatase ácida ligada à membrana representa um mecanismo de solubilização do fosfato mineral aumentando a disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas / Abstract: The ability of endophytic bacteria in solubilizing inorganic phosphate is of great interest by microbiologists since phosphatases are responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of organic compounds producing soluble phosphorus. Thus, the membranebound acid phosphatase (MBAP) was obtained from Enterobacter sp. isolated from Cattleya walkeriana (Orchidaceae) roots and identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The enzyme expression was demonstrated to be strictly regulated by phosphorus (optimal expression at 7 mM). The enzyme was obtained by centrifugation at 100.000g for 1 h at 4ºC. The apparent optimal pH (3.5) was not affect by p-Nitrophenyl phosphate concentration. At pH 3.5, the enzyme showed a broad substrate specificity hydrolyzing different substrates such as PNPP (61.2 U/mg), ATP (19.7 U/mg), and pyrophosphate (29.7 U/mg), with K0.5 values of 0.06 mM, 0.11 mM and 0.08 mM, respectively. The hydrolysis of PNPP by the enzyme exhibited "Michaelian" kinetics with n= 1.2. For ATP and pyrophosphate site-site interactions were observed with n= 1.6 and 2.3, respectively. Although magnesium ions were stimulatory (K0.5= 2.2 mM), arsenate and phosphate were a powerful competitive inhibitor. The PNPPase activity was inhibited EDTA but not by calcium, levamisole, zinc, cobalt and phydroxymercurybenzoate. The ΔH for thermal inactivation was 77.5 kcal.mol-1. Our results suggest that the production of a membrane-bound acid phosphatase might be one mechanism of mineral phosphate solubilization turn it's nutrients availability to plants / Orientador: João Martins Pizauro Junior / Coorientador: Cecília Maria Costa do Amaral / Banca: Mariana Carina Frigieri / Banca: Jesus Aparecido Ferro / Mestre

All living cells contain the electrogenic enzyme Na/K ATPase, whose function is to pump ions against the electrochemical gradient, in order to provide potential energy which is later used for cellular processes such as action potentials, muscle contraction and facilitated transport. Using a technique developed in our lab, exploiting the molecule's voltage dependence, it is possible to increase this pump function by many folds. Optical measurement of the membrane potential of living cells was made using a potentiommetric dye, with successful manipulation of the ionic concentration and membrane potential reported. Additional supporting results are presented, along with extension of this field to the study of cardiac Myocytes, representing a progression to Mammalian cells, with advantages to future clinical research evident. Successful manipulation of membrane potential was also achieved using cells in a two dimensional tissue matrix, which more closely approximates the living system, and hence is closer to an eventual clinical application. Also, expedited recovery from electrical injury was recorded, demonstrating a possible therapeutic application of the technique.

[Truncated abstract] Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells responsible for the resorption of the mineralized bone matrix during the process of bone remodelling. During activation towards bone resorption, polarization of the osteoclast results in the formation of a unique plasma membrane, the ruffled border, the actual resorptive organelle of the osteoclast. Through this domain protons are actively pumped into the resorption lacuna creating an acidic microenvironment that favours the dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix. The polarised secretion of protons is carried out by the action of the vacuolar-type (H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), composed of functionally and structurally distinct subunits of the V1 and V0 domains. The general structure of the V-ATPase complex is highly conserved from yeast to mammals, however, multiple isoforms for specific V-ATPase subunits do exist exhibiting differential subcellular, cellular and tissue-specific localizations. This study focuses on the molecular identification and characterization of V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 and the d2 isoform of the V0 domain d subunit in osteoclasts. Using the techniques of cDNA Subtractive Hybridization and DNA Micro-Array analyses respectively, the accessory subunit Ac45 and the d2 isoform of the V0 domain d subunit were identified in RAW264.7-cells derived OcLs. ... Using web-based computational predictions, two possible transmembrane domains, an N-terminus 'signal anchor' sequence and a C-terminus dilysine- like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal were identified. By confocal microscopy, EYFP-tagged e was found to localize to the perinuclear region of transfected COS-7 cells in compartments representing the ER and Golgi apparatus with some localization in late endosomal/lysosomal-like vesicles. ER truncation of e did not alter its subcellular localization but exhibited significantly weaker association with Ac45 compared to the wild-type as depicted by BRET analyses. Association with the other V0 subunits remain unaffected. This may hint at a possibility that Ac45 may play a role in the masking of the ER signal of e following it's incorporation into the V0 domain. Although no solid evidence for a role in the assembly of the mammalian VATPase have been established, subunit e still represents a potential candidate whose role in the V-ATPase complex requires further investigation. Collectively, the data presented in this thesis has provided further insight into the composition of the osteoclast V-ATPase proton pump by: 1) identifying an accessory subunit, Ac45 which shows promise as a potential candidate for the regulation and/or targeting of the V-ATPase complex in osteoclasts and truncation of its targeting signal impairs osteoclastic bone resorption; 2) identification and preliminary characterization of the d2 isoform of the V0 domain d subunit whose exact role in the V-ATPase complex and in osteoclasts remains to be determined, although its has been implicated to be essential for osteoclastic function; and 3) Preliminary characterization of subunit-e, a potential assembly factor candidate for the mammalian V-ATPase V0 domain.

Doctor of Philosophy (Medicine) / Glutamate transporters play a role in removing extracellular excitatory neurotransmitter, L-glutamate into the cells. The rate of the uptake depends on the density of the transporters at the membrane. Some studies claimed that glutamate transporters could transit between the cytoplasm and the membrane on a time-scale of minutes. The present study examined the distribution of glutamate transporter GLAST predominantly expressed in rat cortical cultured astrocytes between the membrane and the cytoplasm by using deconvolution microscopy and then analyzing the images. The regulation of the distribution of GLAST was studied in the presence of glutamate transporter substrate (D-aspartate), purinergic receptor activators (α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine), neuroleptic drugs (clozapine, haloperidol), ammonia (hyperammonia) and Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors (ouabain, digoxin and FCCP). It was demonstrated that the translocation of GLAST towards the plasma membrane was induced by D-aspartate, α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine, clozapine and ammonia (at 100 μM and very high concentrations of 10 mM). However, the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity had an opposite effect, resulting in redistribution of GLAST away from the membrane. It has previously been claimed that the membrane-cytoplasm trafficking of GLAST was regulated by phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinase C delta (PKC-delta). Involvement of this mechanism has, however, been put to doubt when rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor, used to test the hypothesis showed to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase-mediated uptake of Rb+, suggesting that rottlerin influenced the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. As Na+/K+-ATPase converts ATP to energy and pumps Na+, K+ ions, thus helping to maintain normal electrochemical and ionic gradients across the cell membrane. Its inhibition also reduced D-aspartate transport and could impact on the cytoplasm-to-membrane traffic of GLAST molecules. Furthermore, rottlerin decreased the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase by acting as a mitochondrial inhibitor. The present study has focused on the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by rottlerin, ouabain and digoxin in homogenates prepared from rat kidney and cultured astrocytes. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was measured by the absorption of inorganic phosphate product generated from the hydrolysis of ATP and the fluorescent transition of the dye RH421 induced by the movement of Na+/K+-ATPase. This approach has a potential to test whether the rottlerin effect on Na+/K+-ATPase is a direct inhibition of the enzyme activity. Rottlerin has been found to block the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner in both rat kidney and astrocyte homogenates. Therefore, rottlerin inhibited the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase directly in a cell-free preparation, thus strongly indicating that the effect was direct on the enzyme. In parallel experiments, ouabain and digoxin produced similar inhibitions of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in rat kidney while digoxin blocked the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase to a greater extent than ouabain in rat cortical cultured astrocytes. In a separate set of experiments, Na+/K+-ATPase in the astrocytic membrane was found to be unsaturated in E1(Na+)3 conformation in the presence of Na+ ions and this could explain the differences between the effects of digoxin and ouabain on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat astrocytes. In addition, it was found that at low concentrations of rottlerin, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was increased rather than inhibited. This effect was further investigated by studying rottlerin interactions with membrane lipids. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase has been reported to be regulated by membrane lipids. The enzyme activity can be enhanced by increasing fluidity of the lipid membrane. I have, therefore, proposed that rottlerin binds to the membrane lipids and the effects of rottlerin on Na+/K+-ATPase are mediated by changes in the properties (fluidity) of the membrane. The hypothesis was tested by comparing rottlerin and a detergent, DOC (sodium deoxycholate), for their binding to the lipids by using a DMPC (1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine) monolayer technique. DOC has been shown to both increase and inhibit activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a manner similar to that displayed by rottlerin. The effects of rottlerin and DOC on the DMPC monolayers were studied by measuring the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and surface area per DMPC molecule. I established that both rottlerin and DOC decreased the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and increased the surface area per DMPC molecule. This indicates that both rottlerin and DOC penetrated into the DMPC monolayers. If rottlerin can interact with the lipids, changes in fluidity of the lipid membrane cannot be ruled out and should be considered as a possible factor contributing to the effects of rottlerin on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Overall, the study demonstrates that rottlerin is not only a PKC-delta inhibitor but can have additional effects, both on the enzyme activities (Na+/K+-ATPase) and/or on lipid-containing biological structures such as membranes. The findings have implication not only for studies where rottlerin was used as a supposedly specific PKC-delta inhibitor but also for mechanisms of its toxicity.

Le puissant anti-paludéen, l'artémisinine a été décrit comme inhibiteur de l'activité ATPasique de PfATP6 après son expression dans des ovocytes de Xénope. PfATP6 est l'unique ATPase Ca2+ du réticulum endo/sarcoplasmique de P. falciparum, le parasite responsable du paludisme. Quand un acide aminé de SERCA1a de lapin (E255) est muté en son équivalent dans PfATP6 (L), l'activité de ce mutant exprimé en ovocyte de Xénope est inhibée en présence d'artémisinine. Après expression de ce mutant et de PfATP6 dans S. cerevisiae puis leur purification, nous avons constaté qu'aucune de ces deux protéines n'était sensible à l'artémisinine. En parallèle, nous montrons que PfATP6 purifiée est sensible aux principaux inhibiteurs de SERCA mais elle est moins sensible à la thapsigargine que ne l'est SERCA1a. Les résultats présentés ici suggèrent que le méchanisme d'action de l'artémisinine est complexe et ne peut pas être du à une interaction directe entre l'artémisinine et PfATP6. D'autre part, la purification de PfATP6 laisse entrevoir l'opportunité de mieux caractériser cette protéine voire même de développer de nouveaux anti-paludéens en recherchant des inhibiteurs de cette protéine.

L'ATPase-Ca2+ du réticulum sarcoplasmique de muscle squelettique rapide (SERCA1a) est une protéine membranaire qui permet le transport actif de deux ions calcium depuis le cytosol jusque dans la lumière du réticulum. Depuis 2000, l'obtention de nombreuses structures à résolution atomique de cette enzyme a été un atout majeur pour comprendre son cycle catalytique (Toyoshima, Nakasako et al. 2000). Toutefois, avant 2007, les formes de cette enzyme cristallisées en absence de calcium avaient été obtenues en présence d'un inhibiteur fixé au domaine membranaire. Nous avons d'abord montré, notamment par des techniques de spectroscopie de fluorescence et de protéolyse ménagée, que l'interaction de la protéine avec ces inhibiteurs, qui rend l'ATPase incapable d'adopter certaines des conformations présentes au cours de son cycle catalytique, avait certainement induit des biais significatifs dans la structure de certaines des formes cristallisées avant 2007 (Montigny, Picard et al. 2007). Nos résultats ont stimulé la recherche de structures nouvelles, en absence ou en présence d'inhibiteurs, dont l'analyse a pleinement confirmé nos conclusions. L'utilisation de ces inhibiteurs pendant la cristallisation de la protéine solubilisée était jusque là jugée utile pour protéger celle-ci de son éventuelle inactivation irréversible en présence de détergent (Lund, Orlowski et al. 1989). Utilisant le glycérol pour ralentir cette inactivation, nous avons mis en évidence des conséquences inattendues de l'interaction de l'ATPase avec deux des détergents communément utilisés pour sa cristallisation, son isolement ou sa simple étude (Montigny, Arnou et al. 2008). En présence de glycérol, nous avons également pu étudier certains traits de fonctionnement de trois mutants de l'ATPase, purifiés après expression hétérologue dans la levure S. cerevisiae : un mutant d'un des sites de fixation du calcium (i.e. capable de fixer un seul des deux calciums) (Montigny, Arnou et al. 2008) et deux autres mutants bloquant l'enzyme dans des états particuliers du cycle catalytique (Marchand, Winther et al. 2008). Parallèlement à ces études, nous avons élucidé le mystère des propriétés de fluorescence anormales d'une forme particulière de l'enzyme SERCA1a marquée au FITC dans son site nucléotidique. Nous avons mis en évidence une phosphorylation imprévue du FITC lié, conduisant à une très faible fluorescence, particulièrement stable dans le temps. Les conditions de cette phosphorylation impliquent une réorganisation de l'orientation relative des domaines cytosoliques de l'ATPase lors de l'étape de relargage des ions calcium vers la lumière du réticulum (McIntosh, Montigny et al. 2008). Dans toutes nos études, il nous a fallu évidemment tenir compte de la possible chélation des cations divalents interagissant avec l'enzyme (calcium, magnésium, ...) par les anions présents. Par pH métrie et à l'aide de sondes colorées, nous avons vérifié que le magnésium n'était PAS chélaté par le tampon Mops classiquement utilisé, contrairement à ce qui était rapporté dans certaines tables de constantes d'association (Montigny and Champeil 2007). A cette occasion, mettant notre savoir-faire au service de collègues du laboratoire, nous avons également précisé les différents complexes formés par association entre le cadmium (Cd2+) et le glutathion réduit (GSH-) (Leverrier, Montigny et al. 2007), afin de mieux comprendre lesquels de ces complexes étaient le plus susceptibles de se former au cours de la détoxication cellulaire du Cd2+. Abréviations : ATPase, AdénosineTriPhosphatase ; SERCA1a, Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, isoforme 1a ; FITC, fluorescéine isothiocyanate ; Mops, acide 4-morpholinopropanesulfonique.

La F1-ATPase des mitochondries de coeur de boeuf est inactivée par les dérivés 2',3'-dialdéhydiques de l'ATP, ADP et AMP (dialATP, dialADP, dialAMP). L'analyse de la cinétique d'inactivation enzymatique montre qu'en l'absence de Mg2+, l'inactivation résulte de la fixation d'une mole d'analogue de nucléotide par unité active de F1-ATPase. L'analogue le plus efficace est le dialADP, suivi par le dialAMP et le dialATP. L'utilisation de nucléotides radioactif montre que l'inactivation complète nécessite la fixation d'environ 11 moles de dialADP par mole de F1. Après correction pour le marquage non-sélectif, le le nombre de dialADP fixés spécifiquement est de 3 par F1. Par électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide en présence de dodécylsulfate de sodium (SDS), le dialADP se fixe de manière covalente principalement sur les sous-unités alpha et beta.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé l'étude du fonctionnement de Ccc2, l'ATPase à cuivre de S. Cerevisiae sous deux aspects. Le premier, cellulaire, concerne une étude de sa localisation et de sa fonction; le second, biochimique, est une étude du mécanisme du transport du cuivre par l'ATPase. L'étude de la distribution intra-cellulaire de Ccc2 montre que l'ATPase n'est pas confinée dans l'appareil de Golgi, mais qu'elle est distribuée dans tous les compartiments de la voie sécrétoire, ainsi qu'à la membrane de la vacuole. Cette dernière localisation, qui n'avait jamais été décrite, nous a permis de montrer la participation de Ccc2 à l'accumulation de cuivre dans la vacuole. Il s'agit du premier transporteur actif découvert pour cette fonction. D'autre part, l'étude biochimique nous a permis de mettre en évidence la fixation de deux cuivres dans le domaine nucléotidique isolé. Deux acides aminés importants pour cette liaison du cuivre ont été identifiés, les cystéines 708 et 718. Reste à découvrir le rôle de ces sites dans le transport du cuivre par Ccc2.

Dans cette thèse est présentée une nouvelle stratégie de purification de SERCA1a après son expression hétérologue chez S. cerevisiae.. La protéine est fusionnée à un domaine accepteur de biotine, biotinylé in vivo par la levure. La procédure de purification, basée sur la forte interaction entre avidine et biotine, permet d'obtenir une protéine active pure à 40-50%. Une étape supplémentaire de filtration sur gel en HPLC a permis d'augmenter la pureté d'environ 70%, tout en conservant une très bonne activité spécifique. Les cristaux obtenus de SERCA1a ainsi purifiée diffractent les rayons X à 3,1Å. <br />Cette nouvelle méthode de purification a été appliquée avec succès au mutant SERCA1a-E309Q. De petits cristaux de ce mutant ont pu être isolés. Cette méthode a également permis de purifier SERCA3a, bien que le faible taux d'expression de la protéine de fusion chez S. cerevisiae limite la quantité purifiée. En parallèle, des essais d'immunolocalisation cellulaire de SERCA3a dans différentes lignées cellulaires et dans des coupes de peau ont été réalisés