Magister Artium - MA / Vocabulary knowledge is an indicator of language competence. There is a positive relationship between literacy levels and the medium of instruction. Research has shown that reading comprehension is largely dependent on the reader’s vocabulary knowledge in the language in which the text is written (Kieffer & Lesaux, 2007; Nation, 2001; Sutarsyah, Nation, and Kennedy, 1994). The lack of vocabulary knowledge is normally one of the major challenges for many university students struggling with their academic work, especially those for whom the language of tuition is not a first language. African (and Afrikaans mothertongue) students are unable to access information in their home languages because of the lack of terminology and texts in African languages (Edward and Ngwaru, 2011). There is research in South Africa showing that vocabulary is a challenge for university students, especially at first-year level (Butler & van Dyk, 2004, Manik, 2015: 236, Nkomo & Madiba, 2011). Vocabulary, being such a problem, ultimately affects the academic performance of many students. Although some universities have provided multilingual online glossaries (and other resources) in an effort to accommodate multilingual students struggling with comprehension in the medium of instruction, these modes of delivering glossaries are associated with a few problems. Consulting traditional glossaries/dictionaries disrupts the reading process and affects the flow of ideas. It is also possible that the reader will forget the term in question (or its context) right after consulting the dictionary/glossary, therefore readers have to look-up the same term in the dictionary/glossary several times to ensure that they match it with its definition accurately. In some dictionaries/glossary lists, readers will not find the desired term, or the term they find will not provide an adequate definition – which ends up frustrating the reader. Sometimes the list of definitions for one term that readers find in dictionaries/glossary lists is difficult to comprehend. Instead of providing clarity, the definitions can confuse readers even further. The comprehension of some definitions provided in dictionaries/glossary lists depend on prior understanding of several other terms.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A evidencialidade à uma categoria linguÃstica que diz respeito à fonte das informaÃÃes veiculadas e, nessa indicaÃÃo, està tambÃm relacionada com estratÃgias de (des) comprometimento do enunciador com tais informaÃÃes. No intuito de investigar a manifestaÃÃo dessa categoria na construÃÃo dos trabalhos acadÃmicos de grau do portuguÃs brasileiro contemporÃneo, a pesquisa objetiva: a) rediscutir o estatuto da evidencialidade como categoria linguÃstica; b) analisar as relaÃÃes entre modalidade e evidencialidade; c) verificar as estratÃgias utilizadas no uso das marcas de evidencialidade nas monografias, dissertaÃÃes e teses; d) identificar, descrever e analisar as marcas linguÃsticas evidenciais nos trabalhos cientÃficos em foco; e) relacionar o uso de evidenciais com estratÃgias para efeito de (des)comprometimento na construÃÃo textual. Ao identificar e interpretar as marcas evidenciais na construÃÃo dos textos acadÃmicos, a pesquisa busca contribuir para a explicitaÃÃo dos efeitos de sentido vinculados à veiculaÃÃo das informaÃÃes de forma estratÃgica, jà que essas marcas sÃo utilizadas com propÃsitos diversificados, como, por exemplo, o recurso ao chamado âargumento de autoridadeâ, a atenuaÃÃo da responsabilidade em relaÃÃo ao que à dito, a modalizaÃÃo no contÃnuo entre a certeza e a nÃo-certeza, sugerindo um grau de comprometimento em relaÃÃo à verdade da proposiÃÃo, bem como um posicionamento crÃtico em relaÃÃo a ela. A anÃlise, orientada por pressupostos funcionalistas, conta com uma dimensÃo teÃrica, voltada para a rediscussÃo dos limites conceituais entre as categorias modalidade e evidencialidade; e uma dimensÃo analÃtica, que, em constante diÃlogo com a teoria, investiga, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o uso de marcas da evidencialidade nas monografias, dissertaÃÃes e teses. A escolha desses gÃneros textuais para a constituiÃÃo do corpus justifica-se pela suposiÃÃo de que apresentam uma maior quantidade de informaÃÃo cuja fonte nÃo à o prÃprio autor, o que condiciona o uso das marcas de evidencialidade na relaÃÃo observÃvel com o grau de comprometimento do produtor relativamente à informaÃÃo veiculada. A obtenÃÃo das 1500 ocorrÃncias para esta pesquisa concretizou-se a partir da organizaÃÃo de um corpus constituÃdo por trinta trabalhos acadÃmicos de grau (dez monografias, dez dissertaÃÃes e dez teses), dos quais foi utilizado um recorte como material de anÃlise, selecionando-se a introduÃÃo, um capÃtulo de fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica e a conclusÃo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo as seguintes categorias: a) os meios linguÃsticos de expressÃo da evidencialidade no discurso acadÃmico que envolve a produÃÃo textual da monografia, da dissertaÃÃo e da tese foram especificados em relaÃÃo ao tipo de marca evidencial (item lexical ou gramatical - verbo, substantivo, adjetivo, advÃrbio, preposiÃÃo; enunciado metadiscursivo, justaposiÃÃo simples, normas citativas da ABNT; e à posiÃÃo de tal marca em relaÃÃo à fonte (anteposta, intercalada, posposta); b) os tipos de noÃÃes evidenciais caracterizadoras do aspecto semÃntico, a fonte da informaÃÃo (sujeito-enunciador, fonte externa definida, fonte externa indefinida, domÃnio comum); o acesso evidencial (direto, menos direto, indireto); a natureza evidencial da informaÃÃo (subjetiva, experiencial, inferencial, relatada); c) os aspectos pragmÃtico-discursivos, ou seja, os efeitos de sentido na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo relacionados à expressÃo do alto, mÃdio ou baixo comprometimento com o que està sendo informado. Predominou, na construÃÃo dos trÃs gÃneros de trabalhos acadÃmicos de grau, o efeito de baixo comprometimento, sendo a diferenÃa entre alto e baixo comprometimento aproximadamente a mesma nos trÃs gÃneros. Quanto aos aspectos semÃnticos, predominou a fonte externa definida, indireta e relatada, manifestada por meio de verbos dicendi, que se intercalam entre a fonte e o conteÃdo asseverado. / Evidentiality is a linguistic category related to the source of informations and also to strategies of commitment degrees of the author with these informations. With the intent of investigating the manifestation of that category in the construction of academic degree works in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, this research aims to: a) re-discuss the status of evidentiality as a linguistic category; b) analyze the relations between modality and evidentiality; c) examine the strategies employed in the use of evidentiality marks in the monographs, dissertations and theses; d) identify, describe and analyze the evidential linguistic marks in the scientific works in focus; e) relate the use of evidentials to strategies for compromise effect in textual construction. By identifying and interpreting the evidential marks in the construction of academic texts, this research seeks to contribute to express explicitly the meaning effects linked to the transmitting of information strategically, since these marks are used for diverse purposes, such as resorting to the so-called "authority argumentâ, attenuation of liability in relation to what is said, modalization in the continuum between certainty and non-certainty, suggesting a degree of commitment in relation to the truth of the proposition, also a critical positioning in relation to the proposition. This analysis, guided by functionalist assumptions, has a theoretical dimension, aimed at re-discussion of the conceptual boundaries between modality and evidentiality categories, and an analytical dimension, which, in constant dialogue with the theory, researches in a qualitative and quantitative way the use of evidentiality marks in monographs, dissertations and theses. The choice of these text genres for the corpus constitution is justified by the assumption that they present a greater amount of information whose source is not the author himself, conditioning the use of evidentiality marks in the observable relationship with the degree of commitment of the author related to the information conveyed. The acquisition of 1500 instances for this research came true from the organization of a corpus consisting of thirty academic degree (ten monographs, ten dissertations and ten theses), which was used as a cut-off for analysis: introduction, one chapter of theoretical discussions and conclusion. Data were analyzed according to these categories: the type of mark evidential (lexical or grammar item â verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition; metadiscursive statement, simple juxtaposition, quotatives marks of ABNT) and the position of such mark in relation to source (before, between, after); b) the types of concepts characteristic of the evidential semantics are described, the source of information (the utterer, defined external source, undefined external source, common domain); the evidential access (direct, less direct, undirect); the nature of evidential information (subjective, experiential, inferential, reported); c) the pragmatical and discursive aspects, that is, the effects of meaning associated with the construction of the arguments in that concerns to the expression of high, medium or low commitment to what is being reported. In three genres of academic degree, the low commitment was more frequent and the differences between high and low commitment is nearly the same in these genres. Regarding to semantic aspects, the external, indirect and reported source was the most frequent, explicit by dicendi verbs, that appear between the source and the contend asserted.

The present work describes coherence structure of English and Czech book introductions. The account of coherence is based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann and Thompson, 1988; Mann and Taboada, 2006) which posits that majority of texts have one main effect which can be described by one of their inventory of thirty-two rhetorical relations; other relations are organized in a hierarchical structure and contribute to the main effect. Out of thirty monographs compiled for each language, four book introductions were chosen to represent the English language and four to represent the Czech language. The data were annotated in terms of rhetorical structure. The qualitative analysis showed that the genre of book introduction does not differ across languages as all texts were described by the same top-level relations; the only difference concerns the position of the goal of the monograph. The queantitative analysis showed that the difference on lower levels concerns the presentation of past research: Czech focused more on presenting elements of subject-matter. Key words: coherence, rhetorical relations, Rhetorical Structure Theory, book introductions, English, Czech, monographs, genre

CARIOCA, Cláudia Ramos. A evidencialidade em textos acadêmicos de grau do português brasileiro contemporâneo. 2009. 201f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-13T14:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tess_CRCarioca.pdf: 1197726 bytes, checksum: 1bd42e1dded668aa6f2f1d4f1975201c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-09-25T23:42:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tess_CRCarioca.pdf: 1197726 bytes, checksum: 1bd42e1dded668aa6f2f1d4f1975201c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-25T23:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tess_CRCarioca.pdf: 1197726 bytes, checksum: 1bd42e1dded668aa6f2f1d4f1975201c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Evidentiality is a linguistic category related to the source of informations and also to strategies of commitment degrees of the author with these informations. With the intent of investigating the manifestation of that category in the construction of academic degree works in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, this research aims to: a) re-discuss the status of evidentiality as a linguistic category; b) analyze the relations between modality and evidentiality; c) examine the strategies employed in the use of evidentiality marks in the monographs, dissertations and theses; d) identify, describe and analyze the evidential linguistic marks in the scientific works in focus; e) relate the use of evidentials to strategies for compromise effect in textual construction. By identifying and interpreting the evidential marks in the construction of academic texts, this research seeks to contribute to express explicitly the meaning effects linked to the transmitting of information strategically, since these marks are used for diverse purposes, such as resorting to the so-called "authority argument”, attenuation of liability in relation to what is said, modalization in the continuum between certainty and non-certainty, suggesting a degree of commitment in relation to the truth of the proposition, also a critical positioning in relation to the proposition. This analysis, guided by functionalist assumptions, has a theoretical dimension, aimed at re-discussion of the conceptual boundaries between modality and evidentiality categories, and an analytical dimension, which, in constant dialogue with the theory, researches in a qualitative and quantitative way the use of evidentiality marks in monographs, dissertations and theses. The choice of these text genres for the corpus constitution is justified by the assumption that they present a greater amount of information whose source is not the author himself, conditioning the use of evidentiality marks in the observable relationship with the degree of commitment of the author related to the information conveyed. The acquisition of 1500 instances for this research came true from the organization of a corpus consisting of thirty academic degree (ten monographs, ten dissertations and ten theses), which was used as a cut-off for analysis: introduction, one chapter of theoretical discussions and conclusion. Data were analyzed according to these categories: the type of mark evidential (lexical or grammar item – verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition; metadiscursive statement, simple juxtaposition, quotatives marks of ABNT) and the position of such mark in relation to source (before, between, after); b) the types of concepts characteristic of the evidential semantics are described, the source of information (the utterer, defined external source, undefined external source, common domain); the evidential access (direct, less direct, undirect); the nature of evidential information (subjective, experiential, inferential, reported); c) the pragmatical and discursive aspects, that is, the effects of meaning associated with the construction of the arguments in that concerns to the expression of high, medium or low commitment to what is being reported. In three genres of academic degree, the low commitment was more frequent and the differences between high and low commitment is nearly the same in these genres. Regarding to semantic aspects, the external, indirect and reported source was the most frequent, explicit by dicendi verbs, that appear between the source and the contend asserted. / A evidencialidade é uma categoria linguística que diz respeito à fonte das informações veiculadas e, nessa indicação, está também relacionada com estratégias de (des) comprometimento do enunciador com tais informações. No intuito de investigar a manifestação dessa categoria na construção dos trabalhos acadêmicos de grau do português brasileiro contemporâneo, a pesquisa objetiva: a) rediscutir o estatuto da evidencialidade como categoria linguística; b) analisar as relações entre modalidade e evidencialidade; c) verificar as estratégias utilizadas no uso das marcas de evidencialidade nas monografias, dissertações e teses; d) identificar, descrever e analisar as marcas linguísticas evidenciais nos trabalhos científicos em foco; e) relacionar o uso de evidenciais com estratégias para efeito de (des)comprometimento na construção textual. Ao identificar e interpretar as marcas evidenciais na construção dos textos acadêmicos, a pesquisa busca contribuir para a explicitação dos efeitos de sentido vinculados à veiculação das informações de forma estratégica, já que essas marcas são utilizadas com propósitos diversificados, como, por exemplo, o recurso ao chamado “argumento de autoridade”, a atenuação da responsabilidade em relação ao que é dito, a modalização no contínuo entre a certeza e a não-certeza, sugerindo um grau de comprometimento em relação à verdade da proposição, bem como um posicionamento crítico em relação a ela. A análise, orientada por pressupostos funcionalistas, conta com uma dimensão teórica, voltada para a rediscussão dos limites conceituais entre as categorias modalidade e evidencialidade; e uma dimensão analítica, que, em constante diálogo com a teoria, investiga, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o uso de marcas da evidencialidade nas monografias, dissertações e teses. A escolha desses gêneros textuais para a constituição do corpus justifica-se pela suposição de que apresentam uma maior quantidade de informação cuja fonte não é o próprio autor, o que condiciona o uso das marcas de evidencialidade na relação observável com o grau de comprometimento do produtor relativamente à informação veiculada. A obtenção das 1500 ocorrências para esta pesquisa concretizou-se a partir da organização de um corpus constituído por trinta trabalhos acadêmicos de grau (dez monografias, dez dissertações e dez teses), dos quais foi utilizado um recorte como material de análise, selecionando-se a introdução, um capítulo de fundamentação teórica e a conclusão. Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo as seguintes categorias: a) os meios linguísticos de expressão da evidencialidade no discurso acadêmico que envolve a produção textual da monografia, da dissertação e da tese foram especificados em relação ao tipo de marca evidencial (item lexical ou gramatical - verbo, substantivo, adjetivo, advérbio, preposição; enunciado metadiscursivo, justaposição simples, normas citativas da ABNT; e à posição de tal marca em relação à fonte (anteposta, intercalada, posposta); b) os tipos de noções evidenciais caracterizadoras do aspecto semântico, a fonte da informação (sujeito-enunciador, fonte externa definida, fonte externa indefinida, domínio comum); o acesso evidencial (direto, menos direto, indireto); a natureza evidencial da informação (subjetiva, experiencial, inferencial, relatada); c) os aspectos pragmático-discursivos, ou seja, os efeitos de sentido na construção da argumentação relacionados à expressão do alto, médio ou baixo comprometimento com o que está sendo informado. Predominou, na construção dos três gêneros de trabalhos acadêmicos de grau, o efeito de baixo comprometimento, sendo a diferença entre alto e baixo comprometimento aproximadamente a mesma nos três gêneros. Quanto aos aspectos semânticos, predominou a fonte externa definida, indireta e relatada, manifestada por meio de verbos dicendi, que se intercalam entre a fonte e o conteúdo asseverado.

Diplomová práce se zabývá konceptem "závěrečných bakalářských prací žáků 5. tříd" na základní škole v kontextu badatelsky orientovaného vyučování. Práce si klade za cíl popsat celý proces vzniku takovéto závěrečné práce a popsat jeho souvislosti s badatelsky orientovaným vyučováním a rozvojem klíčových kompetencí. Autor v teoretické části vysvětluje jednotlivé kroky badatelsky orientovaného vyučování, definuje klíčové kompetence a přibližuje problematiku psaní a čtení odborného textu. V praktické části v kontextu badatelsky orientovaného vyučování pak analyzuje jednotlivé fáze procesu tvorby žákovské práce od výběru tématu až po závěrečnou obhajobu. Při analýze vychází ze zkušeností pedagogů základní školy a doplňuje ji o konkrétní ukázky ze žákovských prací. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA badatelsky orientovaná výuka, žákovské "Závěrečné práce", čtení a psaní odborného textu, klíčové kompetence, 1. stupeň ZŠ ABSTRACT The thesis is looking into the concept of "final theses of 5th-grade pupils" attending primary school in the Czech Republic in the context of inquiry-based learning. The thesis aims to describe the whole process of creating such pupils' thesis and explain its links to inquiry-based learning and the development of key competencies. The author explains individual steps of inquiry-based learning, defines...

Diplomová práce se zabývá konceptem "závěrečných bakalářských prací žáků 5. tříd" na základní škole v kontextu badatelsky orientovaného vyučování. Práce si klade za cíl popsat celý proces vzniku takovéto závěrečné práce a popsat jeho souvislosti s badatelsky orientovaným vyučováním a rozvojem klíčových kompetencí. Autor v teoretické části vysvětluje jednotlivé kroky badatelsky orientovaného vyučování, definuje klíčové kompetence a přibližuje problematiku psaní a čtení odborného textu. V praktické části v kontextu badatelsky orientovaného vyučování pak analyzuje jednotlivé fáze procesu tvorby žákovské práce od výběru tématu až po závěrečnou obhajobu. Při analýze vychází ze zkušeností pedagogů základní školy a doplňuje ji o konkrétní ukázky ze žákovských prací. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA badatelsky orientovaná výuka, žákovské "Závěrečné práce", čtení a psaní odborného textu, klíčové kompetence, 1. stupeň ZŠ ABSTRACT The thesis is looking into the concept of "final theses of 5th-grade pupils" attending primary school in the Czech Republic in the context of inquiry-based learning. The thesis aims to describe the whole process of creating such pupils' thesis and explain its links to inquiry-based learning and the development of key competencies. The author explains individual steps of inquiry-based learning, defines...

This study examines the strategies used in the translation from French to Swedish of an academic text written in the Central African Republic. It focuses on the two opposing translation strategies of domestication and foreignization as described by Venuti (2017) and investigates whether Venuti’s theory about foreignization as a way of resisting racism and imperialism is applicable to translations beyond the literary field. The source text of the translation is written in a former colony, in the language of the ex-colonizer, which makes it particularly interesting in terms of cultural features and brings to the fore the need of taking aspects related to racist and imperialistic ideas into account. Based on an analysis of the translation situation, several features of the translated text are being examined with regards to translational choices connected to domestication and foreignization. The results show that even though both approaches are employed, domestication is clearly the dominating strategy, and this preference for domestication is often based on an effort to promote the content and the academic value of the source text. In other words: contrary to Venuti’s ideas, domestication rather than foreignization is used as a way of resisting racism and imperialism in this particular case. Because of the narrowness of the text material investigated, no general conclusions can be drawn from this study. Some suggestions are however made at the end about broadening the general translational research framework and blur the line between literal and non-literal translation, as proposed by Vandaele (2015), and about broadening and deepening the research on the translation of non-literary hybrid texts.