Title: Evaluation of the number drowned people in the Czech Republic in the years 1998-2018 Objective: Evaluation of the number of drowned people in the Czech Republic, depending on age, sex and cause of drowning in the years 1998-2018. Methods: Search of available resources. Collecting data from the Czech Statistical Office and information portals. Results: The group 50-64 years of age in the terms of drowning is the most risky age group. The age group 10-14 years is the least risky. The ratio of all drowned men and women is 2,7:1. The most common cause of drowning is unspecified drowning. In many cases, it is not possible to determine the cause of the drowning. Keywords: Drowning, International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Water Rescue Service, Accidental drowning and submersion

The dissertation thesis deals with the problem of relevant volume of natural shrinkage and accidental losses of retail stock quota calculation. In frame of the dissertation thesis, factors affecting an extent of accidental shortage of inventories in retail business are investigated here. Then, possible approaches to a calculation of relevant volume of such a quota are recognized as well. By its scope, the dissertation thesis reacts on a problem that exists within the income taxes law since 1995, but any conceptual solution of this problem is still missing. This current problem that is felt especially in retail business is right the problem of relevant volume of a quota of natural shrinkage and accidental loses calculation. The dissertation thesis is based on wide research that has been done in both, in retail businesses and on the side of tax administration too. On the basis of this research’s outcomes, the main factors affecting an extent of accidental losses of retail stock have been determined. Then these factors and evaluation of their influence became construction elements of two mathematic models for the calculation of relevant volume of a quota of natural shrinkage and accidental losses of inventories in retail business. These models are the model that is based on the statistic method of multiple regression and the model based on the fuzzy logic, respectively on the fuzzy mathematics. For the conclusion of the dissertation thesis, both models are discussed from the point of their relevance as well as from the view of their practical application. Theoretical and practical contributions of the dissertation thesis are also concluded here along with an outline of possible future research in this area.

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No / Postural instability in older people is associated with an increased risk of falling. This experiment investigated the effects of different gaze strategies on postural stability in older people, when using distance single-vision compared with multifocal (progressive addition lens and bifocal) spectacles. METHODS: Eighteen healthy older habitual multifocal spectacle-wearers (mean age 72.1 +/- 4.0 years) participated in a randomised, cross-over study. Postural stability during quiet standing was assessed as the root mean square excursion in the centre of pressure (RMS-COP) in the antero-posterior direction. Ground reaction force data were collected (for 30 seconds), while subjects viewed one of two visual targets (one square metre) of different spatial frequencies and contrasts, while wearing either distance single-vision or multifocal (progressive addition and bifocal) spectacles. The visual targets were positioned either ahead at eye-level or on the ground (viewing distance 2.06 metres) and viewed under the following head-gaze conditions; 'head neutral-gaze forward', 'head flexed-gaze down' and 'head neutral-gaze down'. RESULTS: The type of spectacles worn or the target viewed had no significant effect on postural stability but postural stability deteriorated (antero-posterior RMS-COP excursion increased) in the 'head neutral-gaze down' compared with the 'head flexed-gaze down' and 'head neutral-gaze forward' conditions (5.9, 5.5 and 5.0 mm respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal use had no effect on standing postural stability. Irrespective of spectacles worn, when fixating a visual target positioned at ground level, postural stability was better in the 'head flexed-gaze down' condition compared with the 'head neutral-gaze down' condition. A useful strategy to reduce falling in the older person might be to advise multifocal and distance single-vision spectacle-wearers to flex their heads rather than just lower their eyes when looking downwards.

No / PURPOSE: Epidemiologic research has shown that multifocal spectacle wearers (bifocal and progressive addition lenses [PALs]) are more than twice as likely to fall than are nonmultifocal spectacle wearers, with this risk further increasing when negotiating stairs. The present study investigated whether step and stair descent safety is improved by using single-vision distance lenses. METHODS: From a stationary standing position on top of a block, 20 long-term multifocal wearers stepped down (from different block heights) onto a lower level wearing bifocal, progressive addition, or single-vision distance lenses. RESULTS: Use of single-vision distance spectacles led to an increased single-limb support time, a reduced ankle and knee angle and vertical center-of-mass velocity at contact with the lower level, and a reduced ankle angular velocity and vertical center-of-mass velocity during initial landing (P < 0.03). These findings indicate that landing occurred in a more controlled manner when the subjects wore single-vision distance spectacles, rather than tending to "drop" onto the lower level as occurred when wearing bifocals or PALs. CONCLUSIONS: Use of single-vision distance spectacles led to improvements in landing control, consistent with individuals' being more certain regarding the precise height of the lower floor level. This enhanced control was attributed to having a view of the foot, step edge, and immediate floor area that was not blurred, magnified, or doubled and that did not suffer from image jump or peripheral distortions. These findings provide further evidence that use of single-vision distance lenses in everyday locomotion may be advantageous for elderly multifocal wearers who have a high risk of falling.

Unplanned extubation is premature removal of endotracheal tube, is an adverse event; which can either, be accidental during a nursing procedure or self deliberate by the patient. The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care was used as conceptual model for this study. A retrospective descriptive design revealed that over a period of two years, 327 patients admitted to the intensive care unit require intubation of which 40.4% were self-deliberate extubation and 59.4% accidental extubation. Of the accidental extubated patients, 29.8% had physical restrains, 57.6% received sedation, 43.9% had analgesic infusion and 38.9% were on neuromuscular blockade. A means Glasco Coma Scale was 9.4 and 56% of the patients were reported as being. Most patients (89.9%) required re-intubation. The findings also revealed that 49.1% of the nurses who cared for the patients when the extubation occured had one patient at the time. Also, 84.2% of nurses had 0-6 years of nursing experience and 74% of nurses had less than five years of ICU experience. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Migration within the body of an infected host is one of the most important parts in the life cycle of flukes, including schistosomes. Migration of avian and mammalian visceral schistosomes has been a quite well studied topic (Haas a Haeberlein, 2009), which became more attractive after the discovery of T. regenti, an avian schistosome which is able to migrate through the nervous tissues of infected birds and mammals as well. Migration of T. regenti and T. szidati schistosomula within the definitive (duck) and the accidental (mouse) hosts is the main topic of the diploma thesis. This work continues with the research of K. Blažová (Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague) who studied migration of T. regenti within the definitive hosts infected perorally with cercariae or hepatopancreases of the infected intermediate snail, Radix lagotis (unpblished). She proved that T. regenti schistosomula are able to use the central nervous system for migration to the nasal mucosa of infected birds. In our work, we focused on the early phase of migration within the perorally infected birds and mice. Invasion of esophagus by T. regenti cercariae in vitro is not conditioned by secretion of glandular products, including cathepsin B2 of T. regenti (TrCB2). Activity of TrCB2 against mucins, the main components...

Det här examensarbetet går ut på att jämföra EKS 11 och SS-EN 1991-1-7 olika beräkningsmodeller för olyckslaster. Ifall en byggnad endast har ett trapphus som enda nödutgång krävs det att den dimensioneras för olyckslaster. Dessa olyckslaster delas upp i två olika grupper, kända- och okända olyckslaster. Kända olyckslaster är exempelvis påkörning när byggnaden ligger nära en väg och explosion ifall det finns exempelvis gasledningar i byggnaden. Okända olyckslaster är de laster där man inte kan dimensionera för ett exakt värde. Istället dimensionerar man för att minska konsekvenserna av lasten där främsta alternativet är att använda de krav som ställs på väsentliga bärverksdelar och applicera dem på de bärande konstruktionsdelarna. Alternativt när byggnaden inte har gasledningar så kan man beräkna för okända laster genom att dimensionera via värdet som uppkommer från en gasexplosion, 34 kN/m2. Dimensioneringen anpassas efter ett verkligt projekt konstruerat av Structor. Tidigare problem har uppstått vid tolkning av eurokodens beräkningsgång och därför har eks 11 kommit med förtydliganden och med mer triviala lösningar kring olyckslaster. Beräkningsgången för de olika olyckslasterna ser olika ut beroende på om man följer eks 11:s metod eller eurokodens metod. Målet med arbetet är att förtydliga skillnaderna mellan de olika beräkningsgångarna och se vad som ligger till grund för dom. För att kunna skapa en bredare förståelse kring olyckslaster har eurokoden, EKS 11, litteratur och Structor varit till stor hjälp. Examensarbetet är avgränsat till olyckslaster när det bara finns ett trapphus som enda utrymningsväg där det sker en jämförelse mellan EKS 11 och SS-EN 19911-7. Resultatet visar att de två olika beräkningsgångarna ger två olika svar vid beräkning av både kända- och okända laster. Ekvationerna för att räkna fram olyckslaster i de olika standarderna tar hänsyn till olika saker vilket leder till olika resultat. Slutsatsen som går att dra är att det alltid finns olika förutsättningar för varje projekt. Därför bör det göras en riskanalys i projekteringsskedet för att avgöra vilken standard som ska användas för det aktuella projektet. / This dissertation is based on a comparison between the two different procedures on accidental actions in the Swedish norm EKS 11 and SS-EN 1991-1-7. If a construction only has a stairwell as the only emergency exit it requires that accidental actions determines. These accidental actions are categorized mainly to known and unknown accidental actions. Known accidental actions are for example collision by a vehicle or a gas leak from a gas pipe in the building. Unknown accidental actions are those loads that cannot be completely determined. Instead an analyze how to decrease the damage by accidental actions are used. The main approach is to value members as key elements, in effect making them strong enough to withstand a prescribed hazard loading. An alternative if the construction does not have any gas pipes is to use the pressure of 34 kN/m2 to represent the static equivalent from a notional gas explosion. The values in the work are based from a project constructed by the Swedish company Structor. Previously difficulties have occurred while comprehending the Eurocode’s calculation procedures therefore the new Swedish norm EKS have clarified a lot about accidental actions. The calculation procedures results in two different answers between the Eurocode and the Swedish norm EKS. The aim with this dissertation is too clarify the differences between them and perceive the reasons behind it. To be able to have a wider understanding of the subject accidental actions a screening has occurred of the Eurocode, the Swedish norm EKS and literature. The Swedish company Structor has also shared a lot of knowledge on the subject. The dissertation has been limited to accidental actions on stairwells as the only emergency exit and a comparison between the Swedish norm EKS 11 and SS-EN1-7. The outcome of the two different calculations shows two different results of the known and unknown accidental actions. The equations for calculating accidental action in the different standards considerate different things which leads to different results. The conclusion is that there always are different conditions in every project. Therefor a risk assessment should be done before the construction begins to determine which standard is the most suitable for the project.

Para a qualificação do processo de implantação do protocolo de quedas de uma instituição hospitalar, houve a necessidade de escutar a equipe de enfermagem em relação à como percebe o protocolo, suas qualidades, dificuldades e desafios. Estudo qualitativo descritivo desenvolvido num hospital público federal de Porto Alegre/RS, com o objetivo de descrever a opinião da equipe de enfermagem sobre o uso do protocolo de prevenção de quedas. A coleta das informações ocorreu em junho de 2015, por meio de questionário aberto, através de pergunta descritiva, tendo um total de 26 participantes. As informações foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, resultando nas categorias temáticas “A importância do protocolo”, “A melhor maneira de prevenir quedas”, “Pontos a serem melhorados no protocolo” e “Pontos fortes do protocolo”, sendo a categoria temática “Pontos a serem melhorados no protocolo” a mais evidenciada, tendo sido abordada por todos os participantes do estudo. Os profissionais trouxeram que percebem o protocolo como importante, mas que precisa ser adaptado ao contexto institucional e ao contexto dos diferentes setores, expandindo a responsabilidade da realização do mesmo para além da equipe de enfermagem. Os resultados possibilitam inferir que para ampliar a qualidade da assistência através da cultura de segurança do paciente e da otimização da prevenção de quedas nos ambientes hospitalares, torna-se importante a participação dos profissionais na implantação dos protocolos. / To qualify the process of implementation of accidental falls protocol from an institutional hospital, there was the necessity to listen to the nursing staff, concerning how they perceive the protocol, its qualities, difficulties and challenges. This is a qualitative and descriptive study, which was developed at a public hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. It aimed to describe the nursing team’s opinion about using the protocol falls prevention. Data collection was carried out in June 2015 through opened questionnaire and descriptive questions, from which 26 persons participated. Data was submitted to content analysis, from which resulted thematic categories: “The protocol importance”, “The best way to prevent accidental falls”, “Protocol: things to be improved” and “Protocol: real strength”, being the thematic category “Protocol: things to be improved” the most evidenced, which was also approached by all participants. Professional brought up that they notice the protocol as important, but it has to be adapted to the institutional context and to the different sectors’ context either, expanding the responsibility to beyond the nursing staff. The results enabled to infer that the participation of professionals to implementing the protocols is important, in order to extend the quality of assistance through the culture of patient’s safety and optimization of fall prevention in hospitals. / Para la cualificación del proceso de implantación del protocolo de caídas de un hospital, hubo la necesidad de escuchar el equipo de enfermería en relación a como se lo percibe el protocolo, sus calidades, dificultades y desafíos. Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, desarrollado en un hospital público federal de Porto Alegre/RS. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la opinión del equipo de enfermería sobre el uso del protocolo de prevención de caídas. La recolecta de datos fue llevado a cabo en junio de 2015, por medio de cuestionario abierto, a través de pregunta descriptiva, teniendo un total de 26 participantes. Las informaciones fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido, resultando en las categorías temáticas “La importancia del protocolo”, “La mejor manera de prevenir caídas”, “Puntos a serien mejorados en el protocolo” y “Puntos fuertes del protocolo”, siendo la categoría temática “Puntos a serien mejorados en el protocolo” la más evidenciada, teniendo sido abordada por todos los participantes de estudio. Los profesionales trajeran que perciben el protocolo como importante, más que precisa ser adaptado al contexto institucional y al contexto de los distintos sectores, expandiendo la responsabilidad de la realización del mismo para además del equipo de enfermería. Los resultados posibilitan inferir que para ampliar la calidad de la asistencia a través de la cultura de seguridad del paciente y de la optimización de la prevención de caídas en los hospitales, se torna importante la participación de los profesionales en la implementación de los protocolos.