Digitaliseringen har visat stor påverkan på företag i Sverige och utveckling av nya teknologier sker kontinuerligt där automatiserade processer står i fokus. Mycket av det arbete som tidigare utförts manuellt på papper har redan digitaliserats inom redovisningsbranschen liksom inom många andra branscher. Däremot förutspår befintlig forskning att arbetsuppgifter är på väg att automatiseras och därmed effektiviseras vilket kräver en omställning inom företagen och kompetenskraven bland anställda. Artificiell Intelligens (AI) är en central och omtalad teknologi som förväntas bidra till omställningen, samtidigt som det finns svårigheter med att implementera denna typ av teknologi inom redovisningsbranschen i och med att lagar och regler för integritet och sekretess sätter stopp. Med detta som utgångspunkt har studien som syfte att undersöka hur den omfattande digitaliseringstrenden har påverkat kompetenskraven inom redovisningsbranschen hos små och medelstora företag, samt vilka förändringar företagen har upplevt till följd av digitaliseringstrenden. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts och åtta intervjuer har genomförts med individer som verkar inom redovisningsyrket. Resultatet av studien ska bidra till en ökad förståelse för vilka arbetsuppgifter som har förändrats och därigenom vilka kompetenser som idag efterfrågas på arbetsmarknaden inom redovisningsbranschen till följd av digitaliseringen. Studiens slutsats visar att företagen upplever att arbetsuppgifterna har förändrats och därigenom kraven på kompetenser på grund av digitaliseringen. Den största förändringen som har skett till följd av den ständiga utvecklingen av digitaliseringen är att arbetet har gått från papper till digitala system. Däremot har kompetenskraven inte genomgått så stora förändringar som tidigare forskning har hävdat trots att vissa kompetenser har utvecklats och omformats. De kompetenser som företagen upplever har förändrats idag är kraven på att de anställda ska ha färdigheter inom system- och datoranvändning, förmåga att bygga relationer, vara kommunikativ och besitta social kompetens. Uppsatsen språk är svenska. / Digitization has shown a great impact on companies in Sweden and development of new technologies takes place continuously where automated processes are in focus. Much of the work that was previously done manually on paper has already been digitized in the accounting industry as in many other industries. On the other hand, existing research predicts that tasks are about to be automated and thereby made more efficient, which requires a change within the companies and the skill requirements among employees. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a central and mentioned technology that is expected to contribute to the transformation, while there are difficulties in implementing this type of technology in the accounting industry as privacy and confidentiality laws and regulations prevents the development. With this as a base, the aim of the study is to investigate how the extensive digitization trend has affected the competence requirements within the accounting industry of small and medium-sized companies, as well as what changes the companies have experienced as a result of the digitization trend. To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative research method has been used and eight interviews have been conducted with individuals who work in the accounting profession. The result of the study should contribute to an increased understanding of which tasks have changed and thereby which skills are in demand today on the job market within the accounting industry as a result of digitization. The study's conclusion shows that the companies feel that the work tasks have changed and thereby the requirements for skills due to digitization. The biggest change that has occurred as a result of the constant development of digitization is that work has gone from paper to digital systems. On the other hand, the competence requirements have not undergone such major changes as previous research has claimed, even though certain competences have been developed and reshaped. The skills that companies experience have changed today are the requirements for employees to have skills in system and computer use, the ability to build relationships, be communicative and possess social skills. The study is written in Swedish.

Problem: That the stakeholder’s expectations don´t answer to what auditors can and may do have been a problem for several years. This problem was defined for the first time by Liggio at 1974. Since 1974 there have been several researches about the expectation gap for auditors. Purpose: The purpose of our study is to research what the audit effort in HQ Bank means for the expectation gap. Theory: The theories in our study discuss the audit profession, the definition of the expectation gap, how trust develops between individuals, the regulations that the authorities discuss and a review of earlier researches in this subject. Method: We have done a qualitative study in which we interviewed approved auditors at PwC and Convensia in addition we interviewed the chief lawyer at the Swedish financial supervisory authority to answer our purpose. Conclusions: The conclusion of our study is that the expectation gap exists between the auditors and the stakeholders. Another conclusion is that the incidents in HQ Bank have influenced the expectation gap in a negative direction, to reduce the expectation gap we suggest that adjustments of the regulations must be done and that the auditors themselves must inform their stakeholders what auditors can and may do. / Problem: Att intressenters förväntningar på revisorn inte svarar mot vad revisorn faktiskt kan och får göra har varit ett problem för revisorsyrket i många år. Detta problem definierades först av Liggio 1974. Sen dess har flertalet forskningar gjorts inom ämnet förväntningsgap. Syfte: Vår studie syftar till att undersöka vad debatten om revisionsinsatsen i HQ Bank innebär för förväntningsgapet. Teori: Uppsatsens teoretiska referensram behandlar teorier som beskriver revisorsyrket, definition av förväntningsgapet, hur förtroendet utvecklas mellan individer, de lagändringar som diskuteras samt en översikt av tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Metod: För att besvara syftet gjorde vi en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade godkända revisorer på PwC och Convensia revision. Dessutom intervjuade vi Finansinspektionens chefsjurist. Slutsatser: Denna studies slutsatser blev att det råder ett förväntningsgap mellan revisorerna och dess intressenter. Vi har även kommit fram till att händelserna i HQ Bank har påverkat förväntningsgapet i en negativ riktning, för att få bukt med förväntningsgapet anser vi att det krävs ändring av regelverken tillsammans med att revisorerna själva upplyser deras intressenter om vad en revisor faktiskt kan och får göra.

This thesis deals with accounting profession, its association in individual professional organizations and with its mutual cooperation. Mutual cooperation of professional organizations together with representative of academics environment has to resulted in independent professional organization The Czech National Accounting Board (NAB). Also thesis deals with influence of NAB´s interpretations on Czech accounting legislation. Especially its focused on interpretations which have impact on amendment of Decree for entrepreneur and on amendment of accounting act. Thesis examines interpretations which arise from accounting law amendment. At last but, not least is portion of this thesis devoted to survey which examines awareness about NAB, interpretations among main accountants and top management of accounting units and their usage in practice.

Criminals make use of accountants to assist them, knowingly or unknowingly, with complex money laundering schemes. The nature of the accounting profession places accountants in an ideal position to identify possibly money laundering activities. The purpose of this research is to consider whether the reporting obligations of South African accountants in terms of section 29 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, No 38 of 2001, as amended, corresponds sufficiently with the services they provide so as to constitute an effective anti-money laundering measure. In order to evaluate the relevance of section 29, the reporting requirements of accountants practising in South Africa are compared with those of the European Union and the United Kingdom, as well as the requirements of the Financial Action Task Force. The research study will also analyse the money laundering process and the nature of the accounting profession and consider some of the methods used to perpetrate money laundering applicable to accountants. The research found that accountants in South Africa have a duty to report suspicious transactions only when they are party to such transactions or when they are going either to receive the proceeds of crime or be used for money laundering purposes. Accordingly, in view of the fact that accountants are more likely to be in a position to observe money laundering than to be party to such a transaction, the requirements of section 29 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, No 38 of 2001, as amended, are not effective when applied to accountants. Copyright / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Accounting / unrestricted

The study was prompted mainly by the need for and possibility of collaboration or even mutual accreditation of practising chartered accountants and auditors in the countries of Southern Africa. In establishing common ground between these countries of Southern Africa it was found that the countries share not only geographical space but also strong and increasingly important trade links, movement of people between the countries and in some instances a common history, culture and language in the form of English. The current harmonisation process of accounting standards worldwide enhanced this process. A literature study was done emphasising South Africa as part of the Southern African region, with a special emphasis on accountancy education. An analysis of current international co-operation was done with special reference to the current international harmonisation process. As part ofthe background an analysis was done of the current status of the accountancy profession in each Southern African country. As this study was done from a South African perspective, the emphasis was on the views of members of the accounting profession in public practice with regard to greater cooperation in the region in the accountancy field. This was achieved by means of an empirical survey. It was found that the aforesaid professionals are overwhelmingly in support of greater cooperation in the region. They believe that it would enhance the status of individual accounting bodies worldwide~ that costs, information and infrastructure could be shared; and that it would enhance professionalism and improve service to clients. Specific areas were identified where co-operation could be improved, namely that academic training should be harmonised, practical tralning should be interchangeable and agreements should be reached with individual countries. Some concern was expressed that above all, control should be maintained over the standards of academic and practical education. It is recommended that the bodies governing the accountancy establishment in South Africa, especially the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board, should increase their current efforts to establish greater formal relations with other countries in the Southern African region. / Auditing / D. Compt. (Accounting Science)

The study was prompted mainly by the need for and possibility of collaboration or even mutual accreditation of practising chartered accountants and auditors in the countries of Southern Africa. In establishing common ground between these countries of Southern Africa it was found that the countries share not only geographical space but also strong and increasingly important trade links, movement of people between the countries and in some instances a common history, culture and language in the form of English. The current harmonisation process of accounting standards worldwide enhanced this process. A literature study was done emphasising South Africa as part of the Southern African region, with a special emphasis on accountancy education. An analysis of current international co-operation was done with special reference to the current international harmonisation process. As part ofthe background an analysis was done of the current status of the accountancy profession in each Southern African country. As this study was done from a South African perspective, the emphasis was on the views of members of the accounting profession in public practice with regard to greater cooperation in the region in the accountancy field. This was achieved by means of an empirical survey. It was found that the aforesaid professionals are overwhelmingly in support of greater cooperation in the region. They believe that it would enhance the status of individual accounting bodies worldwide~ that costs, information and infrastructure could be shared; and that it would enhance professionalism and improve service to clients. Specific areas were identified where co-operation could be improved, namely that academic training should be harmonised, practical tralning should be interchangeable and agreements should be reached with individual countries. Some concern was expressed that above all, control should be maintained over the standards of academic and practical education. It is recommended that the bodies governing the accountancy establishment in South Africa, especially the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board, should increase their current efforts to establish greater formal relations with other countries in the Southern African region. / Auditing / D. Compt. (Accounting Science)

Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Setswana / The study was prompted by the decline in accounting enrolments and the ongoing criticism due to learners’ poor performance in the Accounting subject in South Africa. Given the increasing need for accounting graduates and, more importantly, qualified accounting professionals, this study investigated the preconceived perceptions participating high school learners in selected schools in the Mafikeng area had about the accounting profession at the time of this study. The study drew on a rich body of existing literature and adopted the social cognitive career theory of Lent, Brown and Hackett (1994) to explore the factors influencing career interests of learners in accounting as a career path. A quantitative research approach with a survey questionnaire, framed within a positivist paradigm, was used to elicit opinions from learners. The findings revealed that work satisfaction, earnings potential, self-efficacy, personal interest, offering Accounting as a subject and having an accountant in the family are among the factors that significantly influenced participating learners’ career interests in accounting. / Die studie is aangespoor deur die afname in rekeningkunde-inskrywings en die deurlopende kritiek van leerders se swak prestasie in rekeningkunde in Suid-Afrika. Gegewe die toenemende behoefte vir rekeningkundegegradueerdes en, meer belangrik, gekwalifiseerde rekeningkundepraktisyns, ondersoek hierdie studie die huidige vooropgestelde persepsies wat hoërskoolleerders in Suid-Afrika van die rekeningkundige beroep het. Die studie benut die omvattende bestaande literatuur en aanvaar die sosiaal kognitiewe loopbaanteorie van Lent, Brown en Hackett (1994) om die faktore te ondersoek wat die belangstelling van leerders in rekeningkunde as 'n loopbaanrigting beïnvloed. 'n Kwantitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met 'n opnamevraelys, binne 'n positivistiese paradigma, is gebruik om menings van leerders te ontlok. Die bevindings het gewys dat werksbevrediging, verdienstepotensiaal, selfwerksaamheid, persoonlike belang, die aanbied van rekeningkunde as 'n vak en 'n rekeningkundige in die gesin van die faktore is wat leerders se loopbaanbelangstelling in rekeningkunde beduidend beïnvloed / Thutopatlisiso e tlhotlheleditswe ke kwelotlase ya ikwadiso ya dithuto tsa Palotlotlo le go kgalwa go go tswelelang pele ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya barutwana mo Palotlotlong mo Aforikaborwa. Ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegang ya dialogane tsa Palotlotlo le, sa botlhokwa tota, baporofešenale ba ba nang le borutegi jwa palotlotlo, thutopatlisiso eno e batlisisa megopolo e e gona ya ga jaana ya barutwana ba dikolo tse dikgolwane mo Aforikaborwa malebana le porofešene ya bobalatlotlo. Thutopatlisiso e dirisa letlotlo le le gona la dikwalo mme e dirisa tiori ya tselana ya tiro ya tlhaloganyo ya loago ya ga Lent, Brown le Hackett (1994) go sekaseka dintlha tse di susumetsang kgatlhego ya tselana ya tiro ya barutwana mo palotlotlong jaaka tselana ya tiro. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa patlisiso o o lebelelang dipalopalo ka dipotsolotso tsa tshekatsheko, mme e agilwe mo mokgweng wa kelotlhoko go bona megopolo ya barutwana. Diphitlhelelo di bontsha gore go kgotsofalela tiro, kgonagalo ya letseno, go ikemela, dikgatlhego tsa sebele, go rebolelwa Palotlotlo jaaka serutwa le go nna le mmalatlotlo mo lelapeng ke dingwe tsa dintlha tse di nang le tshusumetso e kgolo mo dikgatlhegong tsa barutwana tsa tselana ya tiro mo palotlotlong. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Summaries in English, Afrikaans and Setswana / The study was prompted by the decline in accounting enrolments and the ongoing criticism due to learners’ poor performance in the Accounting subject in South Africa. Given the increasing need for accounting graduates and, more importantly, qualified accounting professionals, this study investigated the preconceived perceptions participating high school learners in selected schools in the Mafikeng area had about the accounting profession at the time of this study. The study drew on a rich body of existing literature and adopted the social cognitive career theory of Lent, Brown and Hackett (1994) to explore the factors influencing career interests of learners in accounting as a career path. A quantitative research approach with a survey questionnaire, framed within a positivist paradigm, was used to elicit opinions from learners. The findings revealed that work satisfaction, earnings potential, self-efficacy, personal interest, offering Accounting as a subject and having an accountant in the family are among the factors that significantly influenced participating learners’ career interests in accounting / Die studie is aangespoor deur die afname in rekeningkunde-inskrywings en die deurlopende kritiek van leerders se swak prestasie in rekeningkunde in Suid-Afrika. Gegewe die toenemende behoefte vir rekeningkundegegradueerdes en, meer belangrik, gekwalifiseerde rekeningkundepraktisyns, ondersoek hierdie studie die huidige vooropgestelde persepsies wat hoërskoolleerders in Suid-Afrika van die rekeningkundige beroep het. Die studie benut die omvattende bestaande literatuur en aanvaar die sosiaal kognitiewe loopbaanteorie van Lent, Brown en Hackett (1994) om die faktore te ondersoek wat die belangstelling van leerders in rekeningkunde as 'n loopbaanrigting beïnvloed. 'n Kwantitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met 'n opnamevraelys, binne 'n positivistiese paradigma, is gebruik om menings van leerders te ontlok. Die bevindings het gewys dat werksbevrediging, verdienstepotensiaal, selfwerksaamheid, persoonlike belang, die aanbied van rekeningkunde as 'n vak en 'n rekeningkundige in die gesin van die faktore is wat leerders se loopbaanbelangstelling in rekeningkunde beduidend beïnvloed. / Thutopatlisiso e tlhotlheleditswe ke kwelotlase ya ikwadiso ya dithuto tsa Palotlotlo le go kgalwa go go tswelelang pele ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya barutwana mo Palotlotlong mo Aforikaborwa. Ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegang ya dialogane tsa Palotlotlo le, sa botlhokwa tota, baporofešenale ba ba nang le borutegi jwa palotlotlo, thutopatlisiso eno e batlisisa megopolo e e gona ya ga jaana ya barutwana ba dikolo tse dikgolwane mo Aforikaborwa malebana le porofešene ya bobalatlotlo. Thutopatlisiso e dirisa letlotlo le le gona la dikwalo mme e dirisa tiori ya tselana ya tiro ya tlhaloganyo ya loago ya ga Lent, Brown le Hackett (1994) go sekaseka dintlha tse di susumetsang kgatlhego ya tselana ya tiro ya barutwana mo palotlotlong jaaka tselana ya tiro. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa patlisiso o o lebelelang dipalopalo ka dipotsolotso tsa tshekatsheko, mme e agilwe mo mokgweng wa kelotlhoko go bona megopolo ya barutwana. Diphitlhelelo di bontsha gore go kgotsofalela tiro, kgonagalo ya letseno, go ikemela, dikgatlhego tsa sebele, go rebolelwa Palotlotlo jaaka serutwa le go nna le mmalatlotlo mo lelapeng ke dingwe tsa dintlha tse di nang le tshusumetso e kgolo mo dikgatlhegong tsa barutwana tsa tselana ya tiro mo palotlotlong. / Centre for Accounting Studies / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)