Filmes foram preparados com êxito dissolvendo e misturando quitosana com celulose de sisal no sistema de solvente NaOH/tiouréia. Nenhum solvente residual foi encontrado nos filmes preparados, conforme mostrado por análise elementar (S) e absorção atômica (Na). Os filmes foram caracterizados por técnicas como espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada Fourier, difração de raios-X e análise térmica (TG, DSC e DMTA). A compatibilidade de ambos biopolímeros foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, em cujas imagens o filme de biocompósito mostrou uma organização intermediária entre a rede de fibra de celulose e a homogeneidade do filme de quitosana. Interações com água foram estudadas por medida de ângulos de contatos de uma gota d\'água com a superfície do filme, isoterma de absorção de umidade e relaxometria de RMN T2. A análise de ângulo de contato mostrou uma deformação que pode ocorrer na superfície devido a alta afinidade destes materiais com a gota d\'água. O sistema de solvente NaOH/tiouréia levou a despolimerização de ambos biopolímeros, mas sem provocar perda da capacidade de formação de filme dos mesmos. Resultados de índice de cristalinidade sugeriram que as interações entre quitosana e o solvente foram mais intensas do que as interações entre celulose e o solvente. Os resultados de relaxometria de RMN T2 do biocompósitos mostrou que as características da quitosana prevaleceram sobre as da celulose no que se refere as interações com água. Acetatos de celulose de sisal com diferentes graus de substituição foram preparados em meio homogêneo (DMAc/LiCl como sistema de solvente) e caracterizados por RMN 1H (determinação do grau de substituição), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (determinação da massa molar média) e análise térmica (TG e DSC). Filmes deste acetato de celulose de sisal com diferentes graus de substituição, com e sem reforço de celulose de sisal, foram preparados com êxito a partir de soluções de DMAc/LiCl. Nenhum solvente residual foi encontrado nos filmes preparados, conforme evidenciado por análise elementar (Na) e absorção atômica (Li). Na caracterização dos filmes, foram utilizadas técnicas de análise térmica (DSC, TG e DMTA) e ensaio de tração que mostraram que os filmes de acetatos de celulose mais substituídos apresentam decomposição térmica em temperaturas mais elevada e são menos resistentes a tração que os filmes de acetatos de celulose menos substituídos. A partir da análise de isoterma de absorção de umidade, foi possível constatar que os filmes de acetatos de celulose mais substituídos são consideravelmente menos higroscópicos que os filmes de acetatos de celulose menos substituídos. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram que os filmes de acetato com diferentes graus de substituição apresentam morfologia distinta. Tanto a associação de celulose de sisal com quitosana quanto com acetato de celulose, obtido de celulose de sisal, mostrou melhoras nas propriedades dos filmes, gerando um interesse em novas pesquisas e aplicações destes materiais. / Films were successfully prepared by dissolving and mixing chitosan and sisal cellulose in NaOH/thiourea solvent system. No residual solvent was found in the prepared films, as shown by elemental analysis (S) and atomic absorption (NA). They were characterized by conventional techniques such as Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and thermal analysis (DSC, TG, DMTA). The compatibility of both biopolymers was evaluated by scanning electron microscopic, in which the biocomposite film showed an organization interposed between the cellulose fiber mesh and chitosan films homogeneity. Water interactions were studied by measuring contact angles, humidity absorption isotherms and NMR T2 relaxometry. Contact angle analysis pointed out the deformation that can occur at the surface due to the high affinity of these materials with the drop of water. The solvent system, NaOH/thiourea, led to depolymerization of both biopolymers, without causing loss of film forming capacities. Results about crystalline-properties index suggested that the interactions between chitosan and solvent were more intense than the interactions between cellulose and solvent. The behavior of the T2 NMR relaxometry of biocomposites showed more evident interaction between chitosan and water compared to cellulose-water interaction. Sisal cellulose acetates with different degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared in homogeneous environment (DMAc/LiCl as solvent) and characterized by NMR 1H (determining the degree of substitution), size exclusion chromatography (determination of molar mass average) and thermal analysis (TG and DSC). Sisal cellulose acetate films of varying degrees of substitution (DS), were successfully prepared using DMAc/LiCl as solvent system, with and without sisal cellulose strengthening. No residual solvent was found in the prepared films, as verified by elemental analysis (Na) and atomic absorption (Li). The characterization of the films were carried out by thermal analysis techniques (DSC, TG and DMTA) and traction test which showed that the cellulose acetate films with bigger DS present thermal decomposition at higher temperatures and are less resistant to traction than cellulose acetate films with smaller DS. From humidity absorption analysis, it was found that the cellulose acetate films with higher DS are considerably less hygroscopic than cellulose acetate films with lower DS. From scanning electron microscopic analysis it was possible to evaluate that acetate films with different DS have distinct morphology. Sisal cellulose association with both chitosan and cellulose acetate obtained from sisal cellulose, showed improvements in the properties of films, generating an interest in new research and applications of these materials.

No description available.

Deuteration is the replacement of a hydrogen atom by deuterium atom in a molecule. The replacement begins at the most acidic hydrogen in the molecule. In ATP, the deshielded hydrogen is C8-H which is the first replaced during deuteration. During ATP deuteration some of the ATP is hydrolysed to ADP concurrently. Using kinetic analysis, it was confirmed that the ATP hydrolysis that occurs is 1st order in ATP concentration, while the hydrogen replacement is 2nd order. The ATP and its C8 deuterated analogue were tested against three enzymes shikimate kinase (SK), acetate kinase (AK) and glutamine synthetase (GS) to determine if a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) exists in these systems. With AK and GS, the KIED increased as the KIEH decreased, while with SK the KIED decreased as the KIEH increased as the concentration of the ATP or deuterated analogue increased. Deuteration of imidazole and purine compounds reduced the specific activity of AK or SK at low concentrations in an enzyme-catalysed reaction. From a library of imidazole-containing compounds that inhibited SK, three compounds were selected and their IC50 values were determined on the SK-catalysed reaction. These compounds show a differential potency and efficiency between their protonated and deuterated analogues when compared in a 1:1 mixture. Synthesized purines incorporating three different substituents at N-9 were tested against AK or SK for their ability to lower the specific activity of the enzymes used / Physics / M. Sc. (Physics)

Este trabalho visou compreensão da solvatação em solventes puros e misturas binárias, e aplicar as informações obtidas para analisar o efeito de solventes na síntese de líquido iônico, e na dependência das propriedades de filmes de acetatos de celulose, AC, sobre o grau de substituição do éster. Para a compreensão da solvatação utilizou-se compostos (sondas solvatocrômicas) cujos espectros Uv-Vis são sensíveis às propriedades do meio. Juntamente com tais sondas, foram usadas outras duas ferramentas: (i) Modelo de solvatação preferencial; proposto por nosso grupo e que descreve a composição da camada de solvatação da sonda, considerando a existência de um \"agregado\" água - solvente orgânico. (ii)Correlações multi-paramêtricas de energia livre de solvatação; que correlacionam uma propriedade dependente do meio com as propriedades dos solventes e suas misturas. Primeiramente, estudamos a solvatação de pares de sondas que possuíam pKas semelhantes e lipofilicidades diferentes em solventes próticos. Concluiu-se que a acidez e a dipolaridade/polarizabilidade dos solventes são as propriedades mais importantes. As conclusões foram corroboradas por cálculos teóricos, que mostraram a relação entre as características estruturais da sonda e suas susceptibilidades às propriedades do meio. O mesmo conjunto de sondas foi usado no estudo de misturas água-solventes próticos. Neste, aplicou-se com sucesso o modelo de solvatação acima mencionado e, de forma inédita, conseguimos racionalizar as constantes de equilíbrio para a troca das espécies presentes (água, solvente e água-solvente) na camada de solvatação com as propriedades dos solventes puros e/ou das misturas binárias. Os resultados revelaram que a composição da camada de solvatação é regida pelas propriedades de solventes, em particular a lipofilicidade e basicidade. As sondas RB e WB foram estudadas em misturas de água com alcoóis e com solventes apróticos. O intuito era ampliar a aplicabilidade do modelo de solvatação, para o qual precisávamos conhecer o volume molar do agregado, VSolv-A, e a constante de dissociação, Kdissoc, do agregado água-solvente. Estas duas grandezas eram obtidas de forma simultânea, através de dados de densidade. Desta vez, fizemos uso de cálculos teóricos para obter, de forma independente, o volume molar e depois utilizá-lo, como parâmetro constante (não ajustável) na cálculo de Kdissoc. A comparação dos resultados mostrou que, por ambas as abordagens, o desvio entre os valores de Kdissoc era mínimo. Por outro lado, em nenhum caso a ordem de Kdissoc se alterava. Esta observação deve-se ao fato de que o cálculo simultâneo de Kdissoc e VSolv-A foi sempre baseado em número grande de dados de densidade (18) de forma que os ajustes por interação não convergissem para um falso mínimo; o nível de teoria usado nos cálculos teóricos foi adequado. Quanto às aplicações, ficou evidente como a escolha do solvente afeta a velocidade da síntese do líquido iônico. Em relação aos filmes de AC, tentamos reproduzir as propriedades dos mesmos, através de uso de dois modelos etanol-acetato de etila e celulose-triacetato de celulose. Os dados da mistura líquida mostraram solvatação preferencial; foram tratados com sucesso pelo mesmo modelo aplicado para misturas binárias aquosas. O modelo sólido reproduziu os dados da AC qualitativamente. / This work is aimed at understanding solvation in pure solvents and binary mixtures and, the application of the information obtained in order to analyze the solvents effects on the synthesis of an ionic liquid, and on the dependence of the properties of cellulose acetate films, CA, on the degree of substitution of the ester. To understand salvation, was have used compounds (solvatchromic probes), whose UV-vis spectra are susceptible to the environment properties. In addition to these probes, were used more two tools: (i) Preferential solvation model; it was proposed by our research group and describes the composition of the probe solvation shell, considering the existence of an aggregate between water and organic solvent. (ii) Multi-parameter solvation free energy equations that correlate the solvent dependent properties with solvents properties and their mixtures. At first, we have studied pairs of probes that have similar pKa values and different lipophilicity in protic solvents. We have concluded that solvent acidity and dipolarity/polarizability are the most important properties. These conclusions are supported by theoretical calculations, that have shown the relationship between structural features of the probe and its susceptibility to environment properties. The same set of probes was used in order to study water - protic solvents mixtures. In this, we have applied the above cited solvation model successfully and rationalized the equilibrium constants of the exchange of species present (water, solvent and water -solvent) in the solvation shell with the properties of pure solvents and / or binary mixtures. These results revealed that the composition of solvation shell is controlled by the properties of solvents, in special, lipophilicity and basicity. The probes RB and WB were studied in mixtures of water with alcohols and with aprotic solvents. The intention was to broaden the applicability of the solvation model, for which, we needed to know the molar volume of the aggregate VSolv-W, and the dissociation constant, Kdissoc, of the same. Previously, these two quantities were obtained, simultaneously, by iteration of density data. We have used theoretical calculations in order to obtain VSolv-W and then use it as constant parameter (not adjustable one) in the calculation of Kdissoc. Comparison of the results showed that, in both approaches, the differences between Kdissoc values were minimal. Moreover, the order of Kdissoc has not changed. This observation is due to the fact that the simultaneous calculation of Kdissoc and VSolv-W was always based on a large number of density data (18) so that the interation did not converge to a false minimum; the level of theory used in the theoretic calculations was appropriate. Regarding applications, our results showed the importance of the choice of solvent to the synthesis of an ionic liquid. We have attempted to reproduce the properties of CA by the use of two models, ethanol-ethyl acetate and cellulose triacetate-cellulose. The data of the liquid mixture showed preferential solvation; were successfully treated by the same model applied to aqueous binary mixtures. The solid model reproduces the CA data qualitatively.

Deuteration is the replacement of a hydrogen atom by deuterium atom in a molecule. The replacement begins at the most acidic hydrogen in the molecule. In ATP, the deshielded hydrogen is C8-H which is the first replaced during deuteration. During ATP deuteration some of the ATP is hydrolysed to ADP concurrently. Using kinetic analysis, it was confirmed that the ATP hydrolysis that occurs is 1st order in ATP concentration, while the hydrogen replacement is 2nd order. The ATP and its C8 deuterated analogue were tested against three enzymes shikimate kinase (SK), acetate kinase (AK) and glutamine synthetase (GS) to determine if a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) exists in these systems. With AK and GS, the KIED increased as the KIEH decreased, while with SK the KIED decreased as the KIEH increased as the concentration of the ATP or deuterated analogue increased. Deuteration of imidazole and purine compounds reduced the specific activity of AK or SK at low concentrations in an enzyme-catalysed reaction. From a library of imidazole-containing compounds that inhibited SK, three compounds were selected and their IC50 values were determined on the SK-catalysed reaction. These compounds show a differential potency and efficiency between their protonated and deuterated analogues when compared in a 1:1 mixture. Synthesized purines incorporating three different substituents at N-9 were tested against AK or SK for their ability to lower the specific activity of the enzymes used / Physics / M. Sc. (Physics)

Este trabalho visou compreensão da solvatação em solventes puros e misturas binárias, e aplicar as informações obtidas para analisar o efeito de solventes na síntese de líquido iônico, e na dependência das propriedades de filmes de acetatos de celulose, AC, sobre o grau de substituição do éster. Para a compreensão da solvatação utilizou-se compostos (sondas solvatocrômicas) cujos espectros Uv-Vis são sensíveis às propriedades do meio. Juntamente com tais sondas, foram usadas outras duas ferramentas: (i) Modelo de solvatação preferencial; proposto por nosso grupo e que descreve a composição da camada de solvatação da sonda, considerando a existência de um \"agregado\" água - solvente orgânico. (ii)Correlações multi-paramêtricas de energia livre de solvatação; que correlacionam uma propriedade dependente do meio com as propriedades dos solventes e suas misturas. Primeiramente, estudamos a solvatação de pares de sondas que possuíam pKas semelhantes e lipofilicidades diferentes em solventes próticos. Concluiu-se que a acidez e a dipolaridade/polarizabilidade dos solventes são as propriedades mais importantes. As conclusões foram corroboradas por cálculos teóricos, que mostraram a relação entre as características estruturais da sonda e suas susceptibilidades às propriedades do meio. O mesmo conjunto de sondas foi usado no estudo de misturas água-solventes próticos. Neste, aplicou-se com sucesso o modelo de solvatação acima mencionado e, de forma inédita, conseguimos racionalizar as constantes de equilíbrio para a troca das espécies presentes (água, solvente e água-solvente) na camada de solvatação com as propriedades dos solventes puros e/ou das misturas binárias. Os resultados revelaram que a composição da camada de solvatação é regida pelas propriedades de solventes, em particular a lipofilicidade e basicidade. As sondas RB e WB foram estudadas em misturas de água com alcoóis e com solventes apróticos. O intuito era ampliar a aplicabilidade do modelo de solvatação, para o qual precisávamos conhecer o volume molar do agregado, VSolv-A, e a constante de dissociação, Kdissoc, do agregado água-solvente. Estas duas grandezas eram obtidas de forma simultânea, através de dados de densidade. Desta vez, fizemos uso de cálculos teóricos para obter, de forma independente, o volume molar e depois utilizá-lo, como parâmetro constante (não ajustável) na cálculo de Kdissoc. A comparação dos resultados mostrou que, por ambas as abordagens, o desvio entre os valores de Kdissoc era mínimo. Por outro lado, em nenhum caso a ordem de Kdissoc se alterava. Esta observação deve-se ao fato de que o cálculo simultâneo de Kdissoc e VSolv-A foi sempre baseado em número grande de dados de densidade (18) de forma que os ajustes por interação não convergissem para um falso mínimo; o nível de teoria usado nos cálculos teóricos foi adequado. Quanto às aplicações, ficou evidente como a escolha do solvente afeta a velocidade da síntese do líquido iônico. Em relação aos filmes de AC, tentamos reproduzir as propriedades dos mesmos, através de uso de dois modelos etanol-acetato de etila e celulose-triacetato de celulose. Os dados da mistura líquida mostraram solvatação preferencial; foram tratados com sucesso pelo mesmo modelo aplicado para misturas binárias aquosas. O modelo sólido reproduziu os dados da AC qualitativamente. / This work is aimed at understanding solvation in pure solvents and binary mixtures and, the application of the information obtained in order to analyze the solvents effects on the synthesis of an ionic liquid, and on the dependence of the properties of cellulose acetate films, CA, on the degree of substitution of the ester. To understand salvation, was have used compounds (solvatchromic probes), whose UV-vis spectra are susceptible to the environment properties. In addition to these probes, were used more two tools: (i) Preferential solvation model; it was proposed by our research group and describes the composition of the probe solvation shell, considering the existence of an aggregate between water and organic solvent. (ii) Multi-parameter solvation free energy equations that correlate the solvent dependent properties with solvents properties and their mixtures. At first, we have studied pairs of probes that have similar pKa values and different lipophilicity in protic solvents. We have concluded that solvent acidity and dipolarity/polarizability are the most important properties. These conclusions are supported by theoretical calculations, that have shown the relationship between structural features of the probe and its susceptibility to environment properties. The same set of probes was used in order to study water - protic solvents mixtures. In this, we have applied the above cited solvation model successfully and rationalized the equilibrium constants of the exchange of species present (water, solvent and water -solvent) in the solvation shell with the properties of pure solvents and / or binary mixtures. These results revealed that the composition of solvation shell is controlled by the properties of solvents, in special, lipophilicity and basicity. The probes RB and WB were studied in mixtures of water with alcohols and with aprotic solvents. The intention was to broaden the applicability of the solvation model, for which, we needed to know the molar volume of the aggregate VSolv-W, and the dissociation constant, Kdissoc, of the same. Previously, these two quantities were obtained, simultaneously, by iteration of density data. We have used theoretical calculations in order to obtain VSolv-W and then use it as constant parameter (not adjustable one) in the calculation of Kdissoc. Comparison of the results showed that, in both approaches, the differences between Kdissoc values were minimal. Moreover, the order of Kdissoc has not changed. This observation is due to the fact that the simultaneous calculation of Kdissoc and VSolv-W was always based on a large number of density data (18) so that the interation did not converge to a false minimum; the level of theory used in the theoretic calculations was appropriate. Regarding applications, our results showed the importance of the choice of solvent to the synthesis of an ionic liquid. We have attempted to reproduce the properties of CA by the use of two models, ethanol-ethyl acetate and cellulose triacetate-cellulose. The data of the liquid mixture showed preferential solvation; were successfully treated by the same model applied to aqueous binary mixtures. The solid model reproduces the CA data qualitatively.

De nouveaux processus de cyclisation d’allènes fonctionnalisés catalysées par des triflates métalliques sont présentés. Deux stratégies ont été développées. Dans un premier temps, une réaction de type carbonyl-ène intramoléculaire à partir de cétones γ-alléniques est développée. Cette réaction se déroule dans des conditions très douces avec une charge catalytique en triflate de bismuth(III) de seulement 1 mol%. Cette stratégie a ensuite été étendue à d’autres dérivés cétones γ-alléniques. Les alcools diéniques résultants ont pu être engagés avec succès dans une réaction de type Diels-Alder menant à la formation de structures polycycliques fonctionnalisées avec de bons rendements et une excellente régio- et diastéréosélectivité. La cyclisation d’éthers d’énol catalysée par les triflates métalliques a été par la suite étudiée. Cette stratégie permet d’obtenir des dérivés cyclopentènes avec de bons rendements en utilisant seulement 0,1 mol% de triflate de bismuth(III). Des dérivés dihydrofuranes peuvent être également formés par cette stratégie. Ces produits résultent de l’attaque nucléophile du carbone central de l’allène sur l’éther d’énol activé. Cette réactivité a pu être inversée en utilisant un complexe d’or(I) comme catalyseur en présence d’un nucléophile externe, donnant ainsi naissance à des produits différents. Dans une dernière partie, des applications dans le domaine de la chimie des arômes et des parfums ont été développées. Des dérivés acétates et alcools alléniques ont été synthétisés et exposés à des tests olfactifs, révélant des tonalités olfactives intéressantes. Des notes fruitées et florales dominantes et des nuances vertes et boisées ont été détectées. / Novel processes of metal triflate-catalyzed cyclizations of functionalized allenes are presented. Two strategies have been developed. In a first part, the intramolecular carbonyl-ene reaction with γ-allenic ketones is described. This reaction proceeds under very mild conditions using only 1 mol% of bismuth(III) triflate. The scope of this reaction was extended to several γ-allenic ketone derivatives, featuring various substitution patterns. The resulting dienols were successfully engaged in a Diels-Alder reaction allowing the formation of polycyclic functionalized frameworks in good yields with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivities. In a second part, the metal triflate-catalyzed cyclization of allenic-enol ethers is described. This reaction gives access to cyclopentene derivatives in good yields using only 0.1 mol% of bismuth(III) triflate. Dihydrofuran derivatives could also be formed using this strategy. This cycloisomerisation reaction proceeds through an initial enol ether activation, followed by the nucleophilic attack of the allene moiety. This reactivity could be inverted using a gold(I) catalyst, in the presence of an exogenous nucleophile, allowing the formation of different products. Within our interest in flavor and fragrance chemistry, allenic acetates and alcohols have been synthesized and subjected to olfactive evaluation, revealing dominant fruity and floral notes. Green and woody undertones have been detected as well.

In this thesis, it has been studied the deamination of aromatic amines, through in situ formed diazonium salts as reaction intermediates, catalyzed by salicylic acid, a nontoxic, eco-friendly and economic catalyst. In the early part of the thesis (Chapter I) it has studied the deamination process using THF as solvent as hydrogen donor and anilines as radical source, to carry the hydrodeamination reaction, as well as the process in its deuterodeamination manner using deuterated solvent. Following with this study in Chapter II and Chapter III, it has been studied the addition of the aromatic radicals, generated with the methodology employed in the first chapter, to different types of double bond, to form α-arylketones (Chapter II) and γ-aryl lactones, throw a following intramolecular cyclization (Chapter III). Finally, in Chapter IV was studied the construction of arylphosphonates, starting from anilines as radical source, and triphenylphosphite, and in this case specially, mechanism was hard explored. In every work, the methodologies could be scaled-up above 1 g, reaction mechanisms were proposed and studied through control and mechanistical experiments, and follow reactions were carried out.

Les bioverres du système quaternaire SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 obtenus par fusion doivent être coulés à 1400°C, ce qui ne permet pas la mise en forme de matériaux complexes comme par exemple des composites macroporeux en biocéramiques (HA et TCP) recouverts d’une couche uniforme de bioverre. Pour contourner cette limitation, la voie sol-gel a été utilisée dans cette étude. Le but principal a été de synthétiser par le procédé sol-gel, deux compositions quaternaires du système SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 habituellement obtenues par fusion. Il s’agit des compositions 45S5® de L.L. Hench et 47Q de C. Duée. Ces verres sont inversés, c’est à dire qu’ils contiennent plus d’éléments modificateurs (calcium et sodium) que d’éléments formateurs (silicium et phosphore). Pour la synthèse sol-gel, du TEOS (TétraEthylOrthoSilicate) et du TEP (TriEthylPhosphate) ont été utilisés pour introduire les formateurs. En utilisant des précurseurs minéraux pour le calcium et le sodium, il existe des difficultés à maintenir le gel amorphe lors de son séchage. En effet, les précurseurs minéraux sont le siège de mécanismes de dissolution-précipitation liés entre autres aux solvants choisis, à la nature et à la concentration des anions dans le milieu. L’étude s’est donc orientée vers l’utilisation d’autres précurseurs des modificateurs afin de limiter la part des anions qui contribuent au phénomène de précipitation non souhaité. Deux procédés de synthèse originaux ont été alors mis au point avec des précurseurs alcoolates, acétates et du glycérol. Avec ces procédés, la nature amorphe des composés a été confirmée et leurs caractéristiques thermiques ont été ensuite étudiées. Tous les verres sol-gel réalisés sont bioactifs. Les compositions de base, 45S5® et 47Q, ont été ensuite dopées avec de l’argent afin de doter les bioverres d’une action antibactérienne. Des cellules L132 ont été utilisées pour évaluer la toxicité des poudres des deux procédés solgel. Le procédé le moins toxique a été conservé pour la suite de l’étude. Les bioverres dopés et non dopés ont été alors déposés à la surface d’échantillons plats et macroporeux en HA et TCP par une technique de trempage-retrait. Des tests de prolifération et de formation de biofilms par Pseudomonas aeruginosa ont été réalisés sur des pastilles de TCP recouvertes et ont mis en évidence un effet toxique des dépôts contenant de l’argent. Des mesures de prolifération et de vitalité sur des cellules humaines MG63 ont été également réalisées et ont permis d’observer également un effet toxique. Cet effet n’est pas souhaitable dans ce cas car il affecte la biocompatibilité de l’implant. Il devrait cependant être confirmé par d’autres tests réalisés avec d’autres lignées cellulaires. / Bioglasses of quaternary system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 obtained by melting are cast at 1400 ° C, which does not allow the shape of complex materials, for example macroporous bioceramics composites (HA and TCP) coated with an uniform layer of bioglass. To overcome this limitation, the sol-gel process has been used in this study. The aim has been to synthesize by sol-gel process, two quaternary compositions usually obtained by melting in the SiO2- CaO-Na2O-P2O5 system. These are two compositions: 45S5® of L.L. Hench and 47Q made by C. Duée. These glasses are reversed, ie they contain more modifiers elements (calcium and sodium) as formers elements (silicon and phosphorus). For the sol-gel synthesis, TEOS (TetraEthylOrthoSilicate) and TEP (TriEthylPhosphate) have been used to introduce the formers. When minerals precursors are used for calcium and sodium, there are difficulties to maintain amorphous the gel during its drying. Indeed, minerals precursors have some dissolution-precipitation mechanisms linked to the selected solvents and the nature and concentration of anions in the medium. The use of other modifiers precursors has been made in the study to limit the proportion of anions contributing to the undesired precipitation phenomenon. Two original synthesis methods have been developed with alkoxide precursors, acetates and glycerol. With these processes, the amorphous nature of the compounds has been confirmed and their thermal characteristics have been studied. All sol-gel glasses are bioactives. The compositions, 45S5® and 47Q, have been doped with silver to add an antibacterial action to the bioglasses. L132 cells have been used to test the toxicity on the powders of the two sol-gel processes. The least toxic process is has been retained for the other tests. Doped and undoped bioglasses have been coated on the surface of flat and macroporous samples of HA and TCP by a dip-coating technique. Proliferation tests and biofilms formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been made on coated TCP and show toxic effects of silver. Proliferation and vitality tests have been also made on MG63 human cells and have allowed to observe a toxic effect. This effect is not suitable in this case because it affects the biocompatibility of the implant. It would, however, be confirmed by other tests with other cell lines.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.