O presente trabalho objetivou investigar as diferentes formas de organização do parque tecnológico e suas repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais. Para tanto, os seguintes pontos foram analisados: (i) os regimes jurídicos e suas vertentes pública e privada; (ii) definição e natureza jurídica do parque tecnológico; (iii) o processo de institucionalização; (iv) a função administrativa de fomento; (v) as diferentes formas de organização jurídica da entidade gestora previstas no ordenamento; (vi) os mecanismos promotores do relacionamento entre os diferentes atores integrantes da sua estrutura; (vii) quadro comparativo entre os diferentes tipos de arranjos; (viii) possíveis repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais decorrentes da forma de sua institucionalização. A pesquisa demonstrou que o parque tecnológico constitui um arranjo jurídico-institucional complexo, locus de convivência de diversos atores submetidos a distintos regimes jurídicos - ente estatal instituidor, entidade gestora, empresas residentes, universidades, centros de pesquisa, laboratórios etc - calcado em uma ideia-diretriz, a impulsão ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e investimento em produtos e processos inovadores, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável e a agregação de valor à produção. Concluiu-se que a forma de organização jurídica da sua entidade gestora, e seu respectivo regime jurídico, trazem repercussões ao funcionamento e atingimento dos objetivos do arranjo quanto ao capital e bens empregados na sua constituição e funcionamento; influência política na sua gestão; complexidade da gestão de pessoas; da contratação de bens e serviços; e da gestão patrimonial. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the different forms of organization of Technology Parks, and their repercussion in achieving institutional objectives. For this purpose, the following aspects have been analyzed: (i) the concept of legal regime and the distinction between public and private law; (ii) the definition and legal nature of the Technology Park; (iii) the institutionalisation process; (iv) the fomentation administrative function; (v) the different forms of legal organization of the managing entities stipulated by law; (vi) mechanisms for promoting the relationship between participants that integrate their structure; (vii) comparative table between different forms of arrangement; (viii) possible repercussion in achieving the institutional aims, depending on the form of the institutionalisation of the Park. The research has shown that the Technology Park constitutes a complex legal-institutional arrangement, a locus where participants that abide by different legal regimes interact - state entities that establish the Park, managing entities, resident companies, universities, research centres, laboratories etc - based on a leading idea, which is the impulsion of technological and scientific development, through research, development and investment in products and innovating processes, valuing the sustainable development and the aggregation of value to production. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the form of legal organization of the managing entity, as well as its legal regime, bring repercussions to the functioning and achievement of the objectives regarded by the arrangement, as to the capital and goods employed in its institutionalisation and functioning; political influence in its management; complexity in what concerns to human management, contracting of goods and services, and asset management.

O presente trabalho objetivou investigar as diferentes formas de organização do parque tecnológico e suas repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais. Para tanto, os seguintes pontos foram analisados: (i) os regimes jurídicos e suas vertentes pública e privada; (ii) definição e natureza jurídica do parque tecnológico; (iii) o processo de institucionalização; (iv) a função administrativa de fomento; (v) as diferentes formas de organização jurídica da entidade gestora previstas no ordenamento; (vi) os mecanismos promotores do relacionamento entre os diferentes atores integrantes da sua estrutura; (vii) quadro comparativo entre os diferentes tipos de arranjos; (viii) possíveis repercussões no atingimento dos objetivos institucionais decorrentes da forma de sua institucionalização. A pesquisa demonstrou que o parque tecnológico constitui um arranjo jurídico-institucional complexo, locus de convivência de diversos atores submetidos a distintos regimes jurídicos - ente estatal instituidor, entidade gestora, empresas residentes, universidades, centros de pesquisa, laboratórios etc - calcado em uma ideia-diretriz, a impulsão ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e investimento em produtos e processos inovadores, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável e a agregação de valor à produção. Concluiu-se que a forma de organização jurídica da sua entidade gestora, e seu respectivo regime jurídico, trazem repercussões ao funcionamento e atingimento dos objetivos do arranjo quanto ao capital e bens empregados na sua constituição e funcionamento; influência política na sua gestão; complexidade da gestão de pessoas; da contratação de bens e serviços; e da gestão patrimonial. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the different forms of organization of Technology Parks, and their repercussion in achieving institutional objectives. For this purpose, the following aspects have been analyzed: (i) the concept of legal regime and the distinction between public and private law; (ii) the definition and legal nature of the Technology Park; (iii) the institutionalisation process; (iv) the fomentation administrative function; (v) the different forms of legal organization of the managing entities stipulated by law; (vi) mechanisms for promoting the relationship between participants that integrate their structure; (vii) comparative table between different forms of arrangement; (viii) possible repercussion in achieving the institutional aims, depending on the form of the institutionalisation of the Park. The research has shown that the Technology Park constitutes a complex legal-institutional arrangement, a locus where participants that abide by different legal regimes interact - state entities that establish the Park, managing entities, resident companies, universities, research centres, laboratories etc - based on a leading idea, which is the impulsion of technological and scientific development, through research, development and investment in products and innovating processes, valuing the sustainable development and the aggregation of value to production. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the form of legal organization of the managing entity, as well as its legal regime, bring repercussions to the functioning and achievement of the objectives regarded by the arrangement, as to the capital and goods employed in its institutionalisation and functioning; political influence in its management; complexity in what concerns to human management, contracting of goods and services, and asset management.

Det här   examensarbetet har Östersunds kommuns nya stadsdel Storsjö Strand i fokus,   där arbetet går ut på att utvärdera hur kommunens hållbarhetsprogram har   fallit ut för de två första husen på Storsjö Strand och varför, samt att   undersöka vilka drivande faktorer som finns bakom byggnadernas miljöbelastning.   Hållbarhetsutvärderingen görs genom intervjuer med berörda byggherrar samt   Östersunds kommun, och drivande faktorer till miljöbelastning undersöks genom   att utföra en livscykelanalys där ingående material kopplas till en   resulterande miljöbelastning för respektive hus. Då   hållbarhetsutvärderingen utgår från intervjuer finns risk att   intervjuobjekten kan försköna fakta, vilket är en viktig begränsning vid   utläsning av resultatet. Resultatet från hållbarhetsutvärderingen   visar att trots att Östersunds kommun helt släppt sin egen utvärdering av   byggherrarna har byggherrarna ändå följt hållbarhetsprogrammet till stor del.   Slutsatserna avseende hållbarhetsprogrammet gäller främst kommunen, där dessa   hade gagnats av att förtydliga krav och mål, och kontraktera dessa krav i   markanvisningsavtal för att ge önskad effekt. För livscykelanalysen begränsas   denna främst av att alla steg i en livscykel inte är inkluderade, utan   primärt analyseras de inledande stegen. Resultatet visar för båda husen att   det till allra största del är metaller och legeringar som driver   miljöbelastning i störst grad per kubikmeter material, medan de   material som driver minst miljöbelastning är rena icke processade   naturmaterial såsom skiffer, grus och kalksten. Därutöver resulterar   konstruktionsmaterialen i den största miljöbelastningen   när hela mängden tas hänsyn till, vilket hade kunnat undersökas djupare med   snävare livscykelanalyser. / This thesis revolves around the district Storsjö   Strand, an area in Östersund which is developing to a new residential area   with high sustainability visions. The work consist of two parts; one where   the outcome of the municipality’s sustainability program is evaluated and one   where the two first buildings in the area is investigated regarding what   causes their environmental impact. The evaluation of the sustainability   program is made by interviews with the constructors and representatives from   the municipality, and the two buildings environmental impact is investigated   by performing a life cycle analysis where building material is connected to a   resulting environmental impact for each house. Since the evaluation of the   municipality’s sustainability program is based on interviews, there could be a risk for bias. The results from the   evaluation shows that both constructors have followed the sustainability   program to great extent, even though the municipality itself have dropped all planned follow-up. The conclusions   from the evaluation is that the municipality would be benefit from clarifying   goals and demands in the sustainability program, and transfer the clarified   demands to their land agreements. The limitations for the life cycle analysis is   mainly that all steps in the life cycle of a building is not included in the   analysis – only the initial steps are included. The   results for both buildings show that it is mainly metals and alloys that   drives environmental impact per cubic meter of material. The materials that   causes the smallest environmental impact per cubic meter is natural materials   that have not been processed, i.e. shale, limestone and gravel. The   construction materials will always result in the largest environmental impact   for the total quantity, simply because these materials are the largest   quantities represented in the building, and alternations of these   construction materials should be further investigated. / <p>Betyg 170707, H14.</p>

Den 1 april 2018 implementerade den svenska regeringen en flygskatt i Sverige med målet att minska den svenska flygindustrins utsläpp i atmosfären. Med hjälp av nationalekonomisk mikroteori, tidigare studier, statistik, egna beräkningar och jämförelser baserade på sekundärdata, analyserar uppsatsen den svenska flygskattens måluppfyllelse, kostnadseffektivitet och incitament till teknologisk utveckling. Uppsatsen når slutsatsen att den nuvarande utformningen av den svenska flygskatten inte uppfyller kraven för de styrmedel som främjar kostnadseffektivitet, inte ger några ytterligare incitament till teknologisk utveckling utöver EU-ETS handelssystem med utsläppsrätter samt missar klimatmålen på både nationell och internationell nivå. / On the 1st of April 2018, the Swedish government implemented a flight tax in Sweden with the goal of reducing the Swedish aviation industries atmospheric emissions. With the help of the theory of microeconomics, earlier studies, statistics, calculations, and comparisons based on secondary data, the essay analyzes the Swedish flight tax with regards to its achievement of the environmental objectives, cost-efficiency and, incentives to technological development. The essay reaches the conclusion that the current design of Swedish flight tax does not achieve the requirements of cost-efficient regulations, does not promote further incentives to technological development beyond the already established European Union Emission Trading System and does not meet the environmental objectives nationally nor internationally.

Networking of civil society organizations has been occurring in the Czech civic sector for several years. Since the nineties a number of new networks has emerged or extended their membership base. Networks can be examined diversely. This work is focused principally on the network internal operations. The aim of this work is to show the forms of organizational structure and collective action on the example of the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS). The operational objective is to determine whether the examined internal form of network has an effect on the achievement of its objectives. The hypothesis that the centralised and hierarchical forms of network achieve more likely their objectives was confirmed in this case. The analysis also revealed that the network FoRS acts as a "consensus- based organization". This type of structure has typically sparse network of interactions, weakly shared collective identity and the absence of conflicting orientation towards a defined enemy.