PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of a hip (Evenson algorithm) and wrist-worn (Crouter algorithm) accelerometer in assessing time spent in different intensity categories in pre-adolescent girls during semi-structured dance classes using direct observation (D.O.) as the criterion measure. The secondary aim of this study was to examine the validity of a wrist-worn accelerometer for dichotomizing pre-adolescent girls as meeting or not meeting different preselected doses of moderate-to-vigorous PA compared to the hip-worn accelerometer. METHODS: Data were collected and analyzed on a total of 6 participants (age = 10.22 ± 2.38) for the primary aim. Additionally, data was collected and analyzed on a total of 20 participants (age = 8.6 ± 1.6) for the secondary aim. RESULTS: Compared to D.O., the wrist-worn accelerometer was inaccurate in measuring time spent in light PA, vigorous PA and MVPA. Additionally, the hip-worn accelerometer was inaccurate in measuring time spent in sedentary time, light PA, vigorous PA and total PA. Further, for the secondary aim, there was a significant difference between device location and meeting PA dosage for three days and five days. CONCLUSION: Traditional accelerometer algorithms rely on the activity count cut-point method which provides mixed to poor results of activity intensity classification regardless of wear location. Future research should move away from the activity count cut-point method and aim to develop algorithms that use more of the rich data available from the accelerometers’ acceleration signal.

PURPOSE: To understand the influences of mechanical loading on bone adaptation, the ground reaction force (GRF) applied to the bone must be quantified. The use of force plates in a lab setting is the accepted method for quantifying GRFs; however, this is not feasible in free-living situations. Recent developments in accelerometer technology may provide the ability to evaluate the effects of mechanical loading on bone outside of laboratory settings. The purpose of this project was to validate an accelerometer for the measurement of mechanical loading by comparing its output against GRFs. METHODS: Male and female participants (n = 20 males, 20 females; 18 to 49 yr) completed 10 repetitions of 9 common everyday movements (stand, walk, jog, run, 15 cm jump, step down from curb, drop down from curb, forward hop, and side hop) on a force plate with an accelerometer worn on their right hip. Then, a subset (n = 5 males, 5 females) wore an accelerometer on their right hip and played basketball, volleyball, and dodgeball as a group. Finally, all 40 participants wore an accelerometer home for 7 days. All activities were organized into derived activity categories labeled as low-, moderate-, and high-mechanical-load-intensity and used with 59 possible accelerometer variables to predict mechanical load. Models were fit using the randomForest package in R. Model performance (coefficient of determination [R2] and median absolute error) was evaluated using cross-validation. RESULTS: The percentage of variation mechanical load intensity explained by the models ranged from 0.27 to 0.78 with median absolute errors ranging from 0.20 to 0.49. The model with R2 = 0.78 contained the known activity categories and the accelerometer variables, but this is not realistic for free-living situations where activity categories will not be known. The two free-living models with the highest R2 values included derived activity categories and accelerometer variables, and estimated, on average, 21.1 and 20.7 hours per day in low-intensity, 1.6 and 1.7 hours per day in moderate-intensity, and 0.0 and 0.5 hours per day in high-intensity osteogenic activity, respectively. CONCLUSION: It is assumed that higher intensity activities (i.e., jumping vs. jogging) result in higher GRF values, but depending on the actual execution of the movement, this is not always the case. This research demonstrated that models containing the accelerometer variables performed better in predicting GRF than those containing only the derived activity categories. This supports the hypothesis that accelerometers provide valuable objective information when evaluating mechanical loading on bone.

Sedentary behavior (SB) contributes to many negative health-related outcomes. Motivation to reduce SB and increase physical activity (PA) are necessary to reduce co-morbidities. Tracking SB and PA provides objective data to help promote wellness. The purposes of this quasi-experimental study were to 1) determine the accuracy of three commercially available activity trackers compared to research-grade accelerometers, and 2) explore whether using these activity trackers led to a change in activity level one week after gathering baseline data. Activity trackers used in this study were Apple Watch, Fitbit Surge, and Microsoft Band 2. A convenience sample of college-age students and community members wore the research-grade ActiGraph 3GTX+ accelerometer on the non-dominant wrist for one week. Participants returned and the activity tracker was added to the non-dominant wrist with the ActiGraph 3GTX+ for another week. All activity trackers significantly differed from the ActiGraph accelerometers. Fitbit Surge had a significant regression equation that could adjust for this difference, but not Apple Watch or Microsoft Band 2. Participants had below average sedentary time, exhibiting 288.4 min/day (SD 100.7) of SB. They also surpassed United States PA standards, averaging 130.3 (SD 48.8) min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Few significant changes in activity level transpired between week 1 and week 2. In a group that already has low SB and high PA, activity trackers do not seem to make an impact on activity levels. Further testing is required to determine if activity trackers are motivating to reduce SB and increase PA in groups with different activity profiles.

Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig del i alla människors liv och på senare år har flera tekniker utvecklats för att mäta just denna parameter. Detta har bidragit till en stor utveckling bland flertalet olika portabla tekniker, ofta i form av aktivitetsmätare, för att underlätta mätningar för alla inblandade. I samarbete med Energimetaboliska Laboratoriet (EML) på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala studeras i denna studie kliniska aktivitetsmätare som används för monitorering av barn och unga vuxna. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för de olika aktivitetsmätarnas modeller och fabrikat samt hur placeringar av dessa förhåller sig till varandra. Den parameter som jämfördes i studien var energiförbrukning som presenteras i kilokalorier (kcal). Jämförelsen gjordes mellan tre olika sorters aktivitetsmätare: ActiGraph GT9X Link som placerades runt handled, ActiGraph wGT3X-BT som placerades runt ankel samt Philips ActiCal som placerades runt både handled och ankel.Aktivitetsmätarna i denna studie mäter rörelse genom inbyggda accelerometrar. Accelerometrarna innehåller rörliga komponenter som förflyttas beroende på hur den som bär aktivitetsmätarna rör sig. Rörelserna omvandlas sedan till signaler som utlöser så kallade ”counts”. Counts är en storhet vars syfte är att registrera verkliga rörelser. För att erhålla counts så måste rörelsen antingen överstiga ett förutbestämt tröskelvärde eller låta de rörliga komponenterna genomföra en full cykel, exempelvis röra sig upp och sedan ned. Counts beräknas senare till bärarens energiförbrukning genom olika typer av algoritmer.I den empiriska studie som gjordes medverkade 13 deltagare som fick bära aktivitetsmätarna under ett helt dygn med start vid midnatt. Deltagarnas längd, vikt och ålder samlades in för att programmera aktivitetsmätarna enligt leverantörernas instruktioner. Extrahering av data skedde i tillverkarnas egna program ActiLife v6 13.1 och ActiCal v3.0 där beräkning av energiförbrukning skedde. När data var insamlad sammanställdes det i Microsoft Excel v16.72 för att enklare visualisera skillnader i energiförbrukning mellan deltagarna. Insamlade data jämfördes sedan statistiskt för att dra slutsatser om eventuella skillnader. Inga referensvärden användes i studien då aktivitetsmätarna endast jämfördes mot varandra.Resultaten visade tydliga skillnader mellan både fabrikat och placering beroende på vilka modeller som jämfördes. En relativt stor skillnad i energiförbrukning uppmättes mellan ActiGraph GT9X Link och wGT3X-BT där aktivitetsmätaren som placerades runt handleden uppmätte högre energiförbrukning för samtliga deltagare. En liknande skillnad uppmättes även vid jämförelse av ActiGraph GT9X Link och Phillips ActiCal placerad runt handled. Ingen statistisk skillnad kunde påvisas mellan ActiGraph wGT3X-BT och ActiCal, när de placerades runt ankeln. De båda placeringarna av ActiCal påvisade att dess tolkning av energiförbrukning ej skiljer sig åt särskilt mycket. / Background:Physical activity is a big part of everyone’s life and health. In recent years, the development of methods to monitor physical activity has increased drastically. Common parameters to measure are heart rate and respiratory rate but also physical movement. This is commonly measured with a wristwatch. Furthermore, there are several models made for clinical use, but the issue is that it is unknown how these activity monitors compare to each other. Aim:The aim of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the activity monitors ActiGraph GT9X Link, wGT3X-BT and Philips ActiCal for clinical use and how they compare to each other in regard to measuring energy expenditure. It also aims to investigate differences in monitor placement and how that affects the outcome. Method:An empirical study was made with 13 participants wearing the ActiGraph GT9X Link on the wrist, wGT3X-BT on the ankle and the Philips ActiCal on both places during a 24-hour period. The data collected was then analyzed to compare the monitors. Result:Differences were found between the two ActiGraph monitors as well as the ActiCal and ActiGraph GT9X Link placed on the wrist. The ActiGraph GT9X Link had overall the highest rate of energy expenditure. Furthermore, the ActiCal had the most similar results when comparing placement. Conclusion:The conclusion was that the ActiGraph GT9X Link is the most sensitive monitor and the ActiCal most reliable regarding placement.

Physical activity improves health while combating the obesity epidemic. However, quantifying physical activity through self-report questionnaires or objective measures can provide varying results. The purposes of these studies were to determine if time, body mass index, or treatment assignment could affect the validity of physical activity measurements. The data were part of a larger physical activity promotion study conducted at the Miriam Hospital/Brown Medical School in Providence, Rhode Island and in communities in Southeastern Massachusetts from 2002 to 2005. In this trial, 280 women, with a mean age of 47.1 years, were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: Choose to Move (n=93), Jumpstart (n=95) and Wellness (n=92). A randomly selected sub sample of participants simultaneously wore an ActiGraph accelerometer and completed a 3-Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire at baseline, 3 months and 12 months. Body mass index and treatment assignment were also used in-group comparisons. The results indicated that all components of time, BMI and treatment assignment influenced the accuracy of self-reported measurements when compared to objective accelerometer data. Additional research is essential to uncover the independent aspects considered influential to these physical activity measurements to enhance study design and participant outcomes in future trials. / Kinesiology

Background:  In recent years the interest in self-care has expanded, with sleep playing a big part. Concurrently, the development of self-monitoring wristwatches has enabled individuals to track their sleep. Commonly these are called sleep trackers. Since many sleep trackers are not developed for clinical use, their credibility is questionable, and it is unclear how they compare to clinical sleep trackers.  Aim: This study aims to obtain a clear understanding of which of the sleep trackers ActiGraph GT9X Link and Polar Vantage V2 is most reliable when measuring sleep. ActiGraph GT9X Link is developed for clinical purposes, and Polar Vantage V2 is developed for commercial use. To quantify the comparison, the differences in measuring multiple sleep parameters will be observed.  Method:  An empirical study was conducted with 16 participants included. Each participant wore both watches for one night’s sleep and journaled their sleep in a sleep diary. The data was then collected and analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.  Results:  The result highlighted that ActiGraph GT9X Link had a wider distribution of the sleep parameters in comparison to Polar Vantage V2, with three out of five sleep parameters showing a significant difference. Polar Vantage V2 also conformed better to the sleep diary for almost all 16 participants.  Conclusion:  Polar Vantage V2 has a significantly higher accuracy in tracking many sleep parameters than ActiGraph GT9X Link. What the future holds for ActiGraph GT9X Link is unclear since it was outperformed by a commercially used wristwatch which does not meet the EU requirements of a medical device by MDR (regulations for medical devices, EU 2017/745). / Under senare år har intresset för allmänhälsan ökat, och i ett mer tekniskt samhälle är information mer lättillgängligt än någonsin. Ett av de främsta bidragen till förbättrad hälsa är att individen får högkvalitativ sömn. Detta görs enklast genom att man sover tillräckligt länge, men det handlar även om att spendera tillräcklig med tid oavbrutet i de olika sömnstadierna som sker under sömnen. Dessa sömnstadier heter REM (Rapid eye movement) och NREM (Non rapid eye movement) sömn. REM är det stadiet då individen drömmer. I denna fas återhämtas kroppens kognitiva förmåga. NREM är en gruppering av alla övriga sömnstadier, vanligen kallat för lättsömn och djupsömn. Att få tillräckligt med tid inom dessa sömnstadier är väsentligt för kroppens fysiska återhämtning. Polysomnografi (PSG) är en metod som används inom klinisk neurofysiologi för att undersöka individens sömn och dess relaterade parametrar. Generellt anses det som den gyllene standarden för sömnmätning, då den mäter alla relevanta parametrar som har koppling till sömnen. Metoden är dessvärre dyr samt omständlig för patienten då den kräver elektrodkopplingar över hela kroppen, och måste göras i en kontrollerad miljö. Kliniken har därför infört aktivitetsmätare med sömnmätningsfunktioner, även kallat sömnmätare. Beroende på dess utformning och inställningar så kan sömnmätare bäras på bland annat handleden, höften eller fotleden. Sömnmätare utgår huvudsakligen ifrån rörelser för att bedöma sömn. För detta används en inbyggd accelerometer, vilket är en sensor som mäter rörelser och omvandlar det till en signal. Signalen tolkas med inbyggda sömnalgoritmer, för att bedöma minutvis om individen sover eller ej. I moderna sömnmätare finns det vanligtvis även flera inbyggda sensorer. Dessa bevakar vissa fysiologiska parametrar och användarens omgivning för att assistera vid sömnbedömningen. Ofta förekommer en fotopletysmograf i moderna sömnmätare, vilket är en sensor som mäter bland annat pulsen. I dessa sömnmätare så används specialiserade sömnalgoritmer, där både användarens rörelser och puls tas hänsyn till för sömnbedömning.  En välstuderad sömnmätare är ActiGraph GT9X Link, som används på det Energimetaboliska Laboratoriet (EML) på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala, denna är endast utrustad med en accelerometer. ActiGraph GT9X Link är utvecklad för kliniska bedömningar, och har validerats av mycket forskning. Samtidigt har många kommersiella sömnmätare börjat utvecklas. En av dessa är Polar Vantage V2, som är utrustad med både accelerometer och fotopletysmograf. Dock har det inte gjorts någon tidigare jämförande forskning kring Polar Vantage V2:s sömnmätning.  I detta projekt utfördes en jämförande studie mellan ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2. Den empiriska studien innehöll 16 deltagare, där varje deltagare fick under en natt bära båda sömnmätarna samtidigt och sova hemma. Syftet av studien var att jämföra sömnmätarna för att se vilken som har pålitligast sömnregistrering. Eftersom studien inte innefattade PSG fanns det inget referensvärde att förhålla sig till, istället användes en kompletterande sömndagbok som deltagarna själva fyllde i. Där fick deltagarna ange när de la sig till sängs, när de vaknade samt tider för eventuella avbrott under natten.  För att bedöma vilken sömnmätare som ansågs pålitligast så observerades skillnader mellan båda sömnmätarna och med sömndagboken. Ifall en sömnmätare skulle skilja sig avsevärt iv mycket i sin sömnmätning skulle det tyda på att den var mindre pålitlig. Frågeställningen som användes var: “hur skiljer sig de två sömnmätarna ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2 vid insamling av sömnlängd, sömneffektivitet och avbrott med hänsyn till en sömndagbok?”. Datainsamling skedde med respektive sömnmätares mjukvara och sömndagbok, och sammanställdes sedan i Excel. All data visualiserades i Excel med punktoch låddiagram, samt analyserades skillnaderna mellan sömnmätarna i Rstudio med hypotestester.  Utifrån syftet av studien tyder resultaten på att ActiGraph GT9X Link är mindre pålitlig än Polar Vantage V2 vid sömnregistrering. I resultaten hade GT9X Link en större spridning av samtliga sömnparametrar i jämförelse med Polar Vantage V2. Dessutom avvek GT9X Link mer från sömndagboken för nästan alla testpersoner. Från hypotestesterna kunde Vantage V2 bevisa en signifikant högre precision i att mäta flera sömnparametrar än GT9X Link.  Hur framtiden ser ut för GT9X Link är oklart, då en kommersiell sömnmätare tydligt överträffar dess kapabilitet gällande sömnregistrering. Samtidigt saknar den kommersiella sömnmätaren från Polar klassificering som en medicinteknisk produkt. Den strider därmed mot EU-förordningen av medicintekniska produkter (MDR) för klinisk användning. På grund av detta går det endast att rekommendera Vantage V2 över GT9X Link i sammanhang som ej berör patienter, exempelvis vidare forskningsarbete kring sömn.

A avaliação da atividade física com o uso do acelerômetro é um método quantitativo, não invasivo, sendo mais preciso que métodos subjetivos, como questionários com proprietários, que podem muitas vezes induzir a erros. Seu uso pode ser relevante na rotina clínica para avaliações de terapias medicamentosas e cirúrgicas além de comportamentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a atividade física de cães da raça Border Collie que vivem em diferentes ambientes, como apartamento (grupo I), casa (grupo II), campo (grupo III) e centro de treinamento (grupo IV). Foram coletados os dados de 54 animais, sendo oito de apartamento, 18 de casa, 11 de campo e 17 em centro de treinamento de pastoreio, durante 72h com o uso do acelerômetro. O tempo de atividade sedentária foi maior em cães do grupo I em relação aos do grupo II e aos do grupo III. Já os cães do grupo IV tiveram maior tempo em atividade sedentária em relação aos do grupo III. O tempo de atividade leve a moderada foi maior no grupo III comparado ao grupo I e ao grupo IV, enquanto que o tempo de atividade vigorosa em minutos foi maior entre os cães do grupo II em relação ao grupo I. O tempo em atividade leve a moderada e vigorosa somados do grupo I foi menor que dos grupos II e III, enquanto o tempo do grupo III foi maior que do grupo IV. Contagem dos áxis integrados por minuto do grupo I foi menor tanto em relação do grupo II quanto III. Sendo assim, cães tem sua atividade física alterada conforme o ambiente e com exceção da atividade leve a moderada, animais de apartamento tem menos atividade física do que os de casa. Cães de casa e campo não tiveram nenhuma diferença de atividade física, bem como cães de apartamento e centro de treinamento nos parâmetros analisados. / The use of subjective methods to evaluate levels of physical activity, as owner questionnaires, may led to misguided information. The use of the accelerometer allows physical activity to be measured quantitatively. Therefore, comparison between different published data is possible. The use of the accelerometer in the clinical practice allows evaluating the outcome of medical and surgical treatment, as so behavior changes. In this study, we report the use of the accelerometer to evaluate the level of activity of 54 Border Collie dogs. The animals were divided in four groups according to their living status: eight animals lived in an apartment (group I), 18 in a house (group II), 11 in a farm (group III) and 17 in a shepherd-training center (group IV). The accelerometer was attached to the animal’s collar for 72 hours. The group I presented longer sedentary behavior than groups II and III. Group IV presented longer sedentary behavior than group III. Group III showed longer period of light-moderate physical activity when compared to group I and IV. For vigorous intensity of physical activity, the time spent by group II was longer than group I. The total time of light-moderate and vigorous physical activity of group I was smaller than groups II and III, while group III was superior to group IV. Group I integrated axis mean counts per minute was smaller than group II and III. Therefore, dogs modify their physical activity according to their living status. Apartment subjects showed less physical activity than home subjects, except in the light-moderate category. There was no statistic difference comparing house and farm living animals, nor apartment and shepherd-training center housing.

A avaliação da atividade física com o uso do acelerômetro é um método quantitativo, não invasivo, sendo mais preciso que métodos subjetivos, como questionários com proprietários, que podem muitas vezes induzir a erros. Seu uso pode ser relevante na rotina clínica para avaliações de terapias medicamentosas e cirúrgicas além de comportamentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a atividade física de cães da raça Border Collie que vivem em diferentes ambientes, como apartamento (grupo I), casa (grupo II), campo (grupo III) e centro de treinamento (grupo IV). Foram coletados os dados de 54 animais, sendo oito de apartamento, 18 de casa, 11 de campo e 17 em centro de treinamento de pastoreio, durante 72h com o uso do acelerômetro. O tempo de atividade sedentária foi maior em cães do grupo I em relação aos do grupo II e aos do grupo III. Já os cães do grupo IV tiveram maior tempo em atividade sedentária em relação aos do grupo III. O tempo de atividade leve a moderada foi maior no grupo III comparado ao grupo I e ao grupo IV, enquanto que o tempo de atividade vigorosa em minutos foi maior entre os cães do grupo II em relação ao grupo I. O tempo em atividade leve a moderada e vigorosa somados do grupo I foi menor que dos grupos II e III, enquanto o tempo do grupo III foi maior que do grupo IV. Contagem dos áxis integrados por minuto do grupo I foi menor tanto em relação do grupo II quanto III. Sendo assim, cães tem sua atividade física alterada conforme o ambiente e com exceção da atividade leve a moderada, animais de apartamento tem menos atividade física do que os de casa. Cães de casa e campo não tiveram nenhuma diferença de atividade física, bem como cães de apartamento e centro de treinamento nos parâmetros analisados. / The use of subjective methods to evaluate levels of physical activity, as owner questionnaires, may led to misguided information. The use of the accelerometer allows physical activity to be measured quantitatively. Therefore, comparison between different published data is possible. The use of the accelerometer in the clinical practice allows evaluating the outcome of medical and surgical treatment, as so behavior changes. In this study, we report the use of the accelerometer to evaluate the level of activity of 54 Border Collie dogs. The animals were divided in four groups according to their living status: eight animals lived in an apartment (group I), 18 in a house (group II), 11 in a farm (group III) and 17 in a shepherd-training center (group IV). The accelerometer was attached to the animal’s collar for 72 hours. The group I presented longer sedentary behavior than groups II and III. Group IV presented longer sedentary behavior than group III. Group III showed longer period of light-moderate physical activity when compared to group I and IV. For vigorous intensity of physical activity, the time spent by group II was longer than group I. The total time of light-moderate and vigorous physical activity of group I was smaller than groups II and III, while group III was superior to group IV. Group I integrated axis mean counts per minute was smaller than group II and III. Therefore, dogs modify their physical activity according to their living status. Apartment subjects showed less physical activity than home subjects, except in the light-moderate category. There was no statistic difference comparing house and farm living animals, nor apartment and shepherd-training center housing.

A avaliação da atividade física com o uso do acelerômetro é um método quantitativo, não invasivo, sendo mais preciso que métodos subjetivos, como questionários com proprietários, que podem muitas vezes induzir a erros. Seu uso pode ser relevante na rotina clínica para avaliações de terapias medicamentosas e cirúrgicas além de comportamentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a atividade física de cães da raça Border Collie que vivem em diferentes ambientes, como apartamento (grupo I), casa (grupo II), campo (grupo III) e centro de treinamento (grupo IV). Foram coletados os dados de 54 animais, sendo oito de apartamento, 18 de casa, 11 de campo e 17 em centro de treinamento de pastoreio, durante 72h com o uso do acelerômetro. O tempo de atividade sedentária foi maior em cães do grupo I em relação aos do grupo II e aos do grupo III. Já os cães do grupo IV tiveram maior tempo em atividade sedentária em relação aos do grupo III. O tempo de atividade leve a moderada foi maior no grupo III comparado ao grupo I e ao grupo IV, enquanto que o tempo de atividade vigorosa em minutos foi maior entre os cães do grupo II em relação ao grupo I. O tempo em atividade leve a moderada e vigorosa somados do grupo I foi menor que dos grupos II e III, enquanto o tempo do grupo III foi maior que do grupo IV. Contagem dos áxis integrados por minuto do grupo I foi menor tanto em relação do grupo II quanto III. Sendo assim, cães tem sua atividade física alterada conforme o ambiente e com exceção da atividade leve a moderada, animais de apartamento tem menos atividade física do que os de casa. Cães de casa e campo não tiveram nenhuma diferença de atividade física, bem como cães de apartamento e centro de treinamento nos parâmetros analisados. / The use of subjective methods to evaluate levels of physical activity, as owner questionnaires, may led to misguided information. The use of the accelerometer allows physical activity to be measured quantitatively. Therefore, comparison between different published data is possible. The use of the accelerometer in the clinical practice allows evaluating the outcome of medical and surgical treatment, as so behavior changes. In this study, we report the use of the accelerometer to evaluate the level of activity of 54 Border Collie dogs. The animals were divided in four groups according to their living status: eight animals lived in an apartment (group I), 18 in a house (group II), 11 in a farm (group III) and 17 in a shepherd-training center (group IV). The accelerometer was attached to the animal’s collar for 72 hours. The group I presented longer sedentary behavior than groups II and III. Group IV presented longer sedentary behavior than group III. Group III showed longer period of light-moderate physical activity when compared to group I and IV. For vigorous intensity of physical activity, the time spent by group II was longer than group I. The total time of light-moderate and vigorous physical activity of group I was smaller than groups II and III, while group III was superior to group IV. Group I integrated axis mean counts per minute was smaller than group II and III. Therefore, dogs modify their physical activity according to their living status. Apartment subjects showed less physical activity than home subjects, except in the light-moderate category. There was no statistic difference comparing house and farm living animals, nor apartment and shepherd-training center housing.

The new Health 4.0 concept brings the idea of combining modern technologies from field of science and technology with research in healthcare and medicine. This work realizes a system of secured actigraph data transfer and preprocessing based on the concept of Health 4.0. The system is successfully designed, implemented, tested and secured. With the help of a non-invasive method of monitoring the movement and temperature of the subject using the GENEActiv actigraph allows the system to securely transfer, process and evaluate the subject's sleep data using the machine learning algorithm XGBoost. The proposed system is in accordance with the valid law of the Czech Republic and meets legal requirements.