Research trials performed in the greenhouse compared the tolerance and response of Hordeum jubatum and desirable pasture grass species to herbicides, salinity, and flooding. Desirable grass species used in this study included: `Fawn' tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), `Garrison' creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus), `Palaton' reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), `Climax' timothy (Phleum pratense), `Alkar' tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum), `Potomac' orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and `Mustang' altai wildrye (Leymus angustus). Tolerance to herbicides, salinity, and flooding varied significantly among grass species. Herbicide tolerance was tested using four herbicides at five rates each. The herbicides used were imazapic (Plateau), propoxycarbazone (Olympus), sulfosulfuron (Outrider), and flucarbazone (Everest) at rates of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 g ha-1. Foxtail barley was least tolerant of sulfosulfuron and propoxycarbazone. Tall fescue, creeping foxtail, and reed canarygrass were susceptible to all the herbicides tested. Timothy and foxtail barley were moderately tolerant while tall wheatgrass exhibited the greatest tolerance to flucarbazone. Orchardgrass was most tolerant to propoxycarbazone. Salinity tolerance was determined by exposing grasses to increasing electrical conductivity (EC) over time. Reed canarygrass and timothy were most susceptible to salinity. Orchardgrass, creeping foxtail, and tall fescue were moderately tolerant of salinity. Foxtail barley, altai wildrye, and tall wheatgrass exhibited the highest tolerances to salinity, and continued to persist at the highest EC levels tested. Flooding tolerance was determined by flooding grasses in 18 cm of water for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Grasses that were able to extend above the water surface survived, whereas plants that failed to extend beyond the water surface experienced higher mortality rates.

In recent years psychologists have increased awareness and concern regarding the quality of mental health services provided to people of color. For several reasons clients of color often find traditional mental health services foreign or unhelpful. To help diminish obstacles faced by clients of color, several authors have advocated traditional mental health treatments be modified to better match clients' cultural contexts. Researchers have also begun investigating outcomes associated with culturally modified mental health treatments, often contrasting them with traditional mental health services. Recently numerous studies containing empirical data have been published. To date there has been no attempt to review this rapidly growing body of literature. Due to the sheer number of studies analyzing the efficacy of culturally modified treatment, the literature has become large and unwieldy. The present study used meta-analytic methodology to gather and organize quantitative data obtained from such studies. Across 80 studies that met criteria to be included in this meta-analysis, the resulting random effects weighted average effect size was d = .44, indicating a moderately strong benefit of culturally adapted treatments relative to traditional treatments. To further examine whether the association of treatment outcome and culturally modified treatments varied as a function of various sociodemographic variables, a series of categorical (and where appropriate, continuous) moderator analyses were conducted. Moderation effects were ascertained only for participant age and for Hispanic populations, with studies consisting of participants of higher chronological age and higher percentages of Hispanic participants having effect sizes of greater magnitude than studies with participants of younger ages or with few Hispanic participants. These results may indirectly provide evidence for the importance of client acculturation, given that older populations tend to be less acculturated (and therefore more in need of cultural modifications) than younger populations and that Hispanic populations are more likely to speak Spanish, necessitating adaptation of therapy to be conducted in their native language. Other variables, such as participant gender, did not moderate the results. Overall, the findings provide evidence for the benefit of modifying psychotherapy to match the cultural context of the client. Recommendations for future research on the topic are provided.

Origami can be a powerful source of design inspiration in the creation of reconfigurable systems with unparalleled performance. This thesis provides fundamental tools for designers to employ as origami-based designs are pursued in their respective fields of expertise. The first chapter introduces origami and makes connections between origami and engineering design through a survey of engineered applications and characterizing the relationship between origami and compliant mechanisms. The second chapter evaluates the creasing of non-paper sheet materials, such as plastics and metals, to facilitate origami-based compliant mechanism design. Although it is anticipated that most origami-based design will result from surrogate folds (indirect methods of replacing the crease), it is valuable to provide information that may help in more direct approaches for origami-based design in materials other than paper. Planar sheets of homogeneous material are considered as they maintain the principles fundamental to origami (flat initial state, low cost, readily available). The reduced stiffness along the axis of the crease is an enabling characteristic of origami. Hence a metric based on the deformation of the crease compared to the deformation of the panels enables engineering materials to be evaluated based on their ability to achieve the "hinge-like" behavior observed in folded paper. Advantages of both high and low values of this metric are given. Testing results (hinge indexes, residual angles, localized hinge behavior and cyclic creasing to failure) are presented for various metals and polymers. This methodology and subsequent findings are provided to enable origami-based design of compliant mechanisms. The third chapter proposes a basic terminology for origami-based design and presents areas of considerations for cases where the final engineering design is directly related to a crease pattern. This framework for navigating from paper art to engineered products begins once the crease pattern has been selected for a given application. The four areas of consideration are discussed: 1) rigid foldability 2) crease characterization 3) material properties and dimensions and 4) manufacturing. Two examples are concurrently presented to illustrate these considerations: a backpack shell and a shroud for an adjustable C-Arm x-ray device used in hospitals. The final chapter provides concluding remarks on origami-based design.

Globally, people with paraplegia experience reduced participation in sport and physical activity (Blauwet, 2005). This physical inactivity is highly correlated to poor health outcomes, social isolation, and low levels of self-efficacy for people with paraplegia (Rolston, 2014). In Trinidad and Tobago, these rates of physical inactivity are disproportionately higher than rates in developed countries (Richardson, 2018). Interviews with leaders of disability organizations in Trinidad and Tobago revealed that there are limited opportunities for sport/physical activity for people with disabilities, attributed primarily to lack of funding, lack of legislation, and negative socio-cultural attitudes towards people with disabilities. Triathlon for All is a needs-based, evidence-based pilot program aimed at improving self-efficacy and improving overall quality of life for people with paraplegia in Trinidad and Tobago. Triathlon for All is a 12-week adapted triathlon training program with reflective discussion sessions, culminating in a competitive triathlon event. The program will be delivered through the Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Therapy Association (TTOTA). The results from this program will contribute to health promotion and advocacy efforts in Trinidad and Tobago, with the long-term aim of advancing equal rights and opportunities for persons with disabilities in Trinidad and Tobago.

Detta examensarbete inom utbildningen Civilingenjör arkitektur inriktning husbyggnad vid Luleå tekniska universitet har fokuserat på att anpassa Le Corbusiers Unité d’Habitation till ett skandinaviskt klimat för att skapa en nära nollenergibyggnad, tänkt att placeras i Norrbotten. Unité d'Habitation är en multifunktionsbyggnad som innehåller element från den sovjetiska kollektivismen och Le Corbusiers idé var att designa en byggnad som innehöll en hel stads funktioner, såsom lägenheter, butiker, en restaurang, ett konstgalleri och ett bibliotek mm. för att minska restiderna och inge en större gemenskap bland de boende. Med hjälp av sina radikala idéer skapade Le Corbusier genom detta projekt, en ikonisk brutalismbyggnad och en arkitektonisk referens av stor betydelse för hans arkitekturarv som jag har studerat genom mitt examensarbete.  Projektet begränsades till att designa och konstruera en modern version av Unité d'Habitation anpassad till ett skandinaviskt klimat och vara byggd i hållbara material, som kunde godkännas enligt BBR som en nära nollenergibyggnad, vilket verifierades genom beräkningar med stöd av statistiska data från andra energieffektiva flerbostadshus i norra Sverige. Det har tagit Boverket över fem år att implementera ett fungerande ramverk för nära nollenergibyggnader, vilket används idag genom BBR 29 i Sverige. Slutsatsen av en grundlig forskningsprocess blev att man med tjock isolering, installation av ett FTX-ventilationssystem för återvinning av värmen i frånluften och genom att installera solpaneler för lokal energiproduktion mm. skulle kunna möjliggöra en sådan byggnad, inspirerad av tidigare referensexempel av t.ex. Ralph Erskine och andra moderna energieffektiva byggnader i Sverige. Beräkningarna visade att byggnaden är ca 89 % självförsörjande på energi med hänsyn till värme- och varmvattenbehov. Det är därför troligt att minimivärdet i BBR om EPPET  = 0,75 kwh/ kvm per år uppfylls med marginal. Minimikravet på Um värde i BBR 29 om 0,4 W/ (m2 K) skulle sannolikt också vara lätt att nå med tanke på att väggarnas uppbyggnad och de energibesparande åtgärder som vidatagits liknar ett passivhus, vilket mina beräkningar också visat.  Byggnaden ritades med ett betongpelarsystem likt Le Corbusiers byggnad, men istället för att genomgående konstrueras i betong används en träpanelfasad konstruerad av limträreglar med 380 mm mineralullsisolering för att möta hårdare energikrav. Den söderorienterade byggnaden har formen av en trapets och med inglasade, öppningsbara terrasser i söder för att förhindra överhettning på sommaren. Inglasningen är täckt med en remsa av solpaneler, vilket även inkluderar taket förutom i norr, samt delvis fasaderna till öst och väst för att göra byggnaden mer energieffektiv. Byggnaden har 10 våningar exklusive garage med 68 lägenheter, butiker, restaurang, gym, café, livsmedelsbutik, basketplan, apotek och spa för att nämna några funktioner. Liksom Le Corbusiers originalbyggnad ger den intrycket av att ha en upplöst fasad genom att balkongerna är indragna i byggnaden, vilket även fungerar som ett klimatskydd. Övriga balkonger samt entrén är även de klimatskyddade. Med prioritet på funktion, energieffektivitet och klimatanpassning, blir byggnaden väl lämpad för det kalla nordskandinaviska klimatet. / This bachelor thesis in Architectural Engineering on the subject of adapting Le Corbusiers Unité d’Habitation for a Scandinavian climate has focused on climate adapted architecture and energy efficiency measures to create a modern Scandinavian version of the building designed as a near-zero energy building meant to be constructed in Norrbotten, Sweden. It is my final work of my education in Architectural Engineering with specialization House Building at Luleå University of Technology. Unité d’Habitation is a multi-function building which contains elements from the Soviet collectivism and Le Corbusiers idea was to design a building containing the functions of a whole city within, such as apartments, stores, a restaurant, an art gallery and a library etc. to reduce travel times and to give a greater sense of community among the residents. Using his radical ideas, he created an architectural reference object of big importance for the brutalism movement and his architectural legacy, which I have studied for this climate adaptive project.  It has taken the Swedish Building-Code Authority, Boverket, nearly five years to implement a functioning framework for near-zero energy buildings that is used today. A thorough research process was concluded with that by using for ex. thick insulation, installing a FTX- ventilation system for recycling the heat in the outflow of air and by installing solar panels for local energy production, could make possible such a building inspired by earlier reference examples by Ralph Erskine and later modern buildings in Sweden.   The project was limited to design and construct a modern near-zero energy building inspired by Unité d’Habitation adapted to a Scandinavian climate using sustainable materials. This was verified by calculations using statistical data from other energy efficient multi-dwelling apartment buildings and by comparing the structure of the building to other modern energy-efficient buildings and to passive house regulations. The calculations showed that the building is about 89 % self-sufficient on energy with regard to heating and hot water demand. The required minimum Um - value of 0,4 W/ (m2 K) according to BBR 29, would probably also be easy to reach with good margin, considering that the walls and energy-saving measures taken is similar to that of a passive house which my calculations also have shown.  The new climate adapted building was designed with a pillar system in concrete like Le Corbusier’s original building but with a wood panel façade instead and with 380 mm internal insulation to improve the energy efficiency. Priority was set on function, energy efficiency and climate adaption for the building to fit the cold northern Scandinavian climate. The south-oriented building has the shape of a partly sloped trapezoid and with glazed terraces to the south. The glazing is sloped and covered with a strip of solar panels to make snow easier sliding down in the winter while also protecting the terraces. The glazing is openable to prevent overheating in the summer. The roof and the façade to the east and west are also completely or partly covered in solar panels. The building has 10 floors plus a garage, 68 apartments, a restaurant, gyms, a café, a basketball court, stores, a kinder-garden school, a grocery store, a pharmacy and a spa to mention a few functions. Like Le Corbusiers original building, the façade gives the impression of being dissolved by having the balconies retracted in the building which also serves as an effective climate protection.

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This thesis makes contributions to the methodology of quantitative description of the tilting systems of perovskite structures and theoretical analysis of high-pressure phase transitions of representative perovskites. Chapter 1 and 2 introduce the perovskite structures, tilting classification and descriptions. The structures in each of the 15 tilt systems have been decomposed in to the amplitudes of symmetry-adapted modes in order to provide a clear and unambiguous definition of the tilt angles. A general expression in terms of tilt angles for the ratio of the volumes of the two polyhedra within the perovskite structure is derived. Chapter 3 uses the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential calculations to investigate the high-pressure to phase transition and elasticity of LaAlO3 perovskite. This second order transition is determined to occur at ~14 GPa by the pressure variation of the squared frequency of the soft R-point mode in the structure. Elastic moduli are inverted from the calculated stress-strain data by the singular value decomposition method. The Landau parameters for this phase transition are calibrated from the calculation results. Chapter 4 uses the same method to investigate the high-pressure phase transitions and elasticity of YAlO3 perovskite. The Pnma, Imma, I4/mcm, , perovskite structures and the NH4CdCl3-, Gd2S3-, U2S3-, CaIrO3-type structures are considered. A continuous Pnma to Imma transition occurs at ~89 GPa, determined from the soft Z-point mode of the Imma structure. Then, a discontinuous Imma to I4/mcm transition occurs at ~100 GPa, suggested by the relative enthalpies and phonon dispersions. The elasticities of the Pnma, Imma and I4/mcm structures show mechanical stabilities compatible with the phase transitions. The NH4CdCl3- and CaIrO3-type structures are dynamically stable although not energetically favorable. The relative A/B site polyhedral volume ratios are found to qualitatively reproduce the relative enthalpies of the perovskite structures. / Ph. D.