Orientador: Edison Duarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:46:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gouveia_RafaelBotelho_M.pdf: 658553 bytes, checksum: dec2d5b58be7f6fa4097791a06743a51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Introdução: A prática de atividade física regular e a prática esportiva são consideradas algumas das atividades importantes no processo de reabilitação de pessoas com deficiência física. O Rugby em Cadeira de Rodas (RCR), modalidade desenvolvida para pessoas com deficiência física no mínimo de 3 membros, desde sua criação passou por constante evolução, tendo seu sistema de classificação funcional, regras e métodos de treinamento. Como modalidade coletiva o RCR tem suas particularidades que devem ser consideradas, dentre elas o desempenho do metabolismo anaeróbio dos atletas, que é um dos determinantes para o sucesso nesse tipo de modalidade. No entanto, não foi encontrado na literatura internacional ou nacional consultada, valores de referência. Logo o objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer uma referência sobre o perfil de desempenho anaeróbio de atletas de RCR, através da avaliação do Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Metodologia: Foram coletados os dados de Potência pico, média e % de Fadiga do Wingate Anaerobic Test de 10 atletas com lesão na medula espinhal, com cargas relativas a cada deficiência envolvida. Resultados: Foram encontrados para atletas da classe 0.5 valores de Ppico de 44,12 - 72,40 Watts (W), Pmédia de 27,16 - 54,78 W e %F de 46,88 - 77,29%. Para atletas 2.0 a Ppico encontrada foi de 208,22 - 248,11W, a Pmédia de 97,63 - 120,81W e o %F de 69,48 - 77,29%. Para os atletas 2.5 a Ppico de 214,93 - 272,70 W, a Pmédia de 156,49 - 170,54 W e o %F de 52,63 - 58,41%. O único atleta 3.0 avaliado apresentou Ppico de 327,83 W, Pmédia de 174,82 e %F de 69,08%. Conclusões: Os atletas avaliados têm níveis de potência pico e média próximos dos seus pares de classificação funcional, como constatado na literatura consultada, mas apresentaram valores maiores no %F, o que indica uma necessidade de treinamento da capacidade anaeróbia de trabalho / Abstract: Introduction: The regular physical activity and sports pratice are considered important in the rehabilitation process for disabled people. The Wheelchair Rugby (WR) is a sport developed for people with physical disability in at least 3 limbs, has since its creation passed for development in its classification rules, game rules and training methods. As a team sport, the WR has it is peculiarities that should be considered, as the anaerobic performance, a determinant factor for the sport. However, it's not found in the literature a standard profile about the anaerobic performance of WR athletes for the training process. Therefore the aim of this study was to establish a reference about the anaerobic performance profile of WR athletes through the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Methods: 10 athletes with spinal cord injury were evaluated with the WAnT, with relative loads for each subject and each neurological level, according the literature, with the loan relative of each deficiency involved. Results: Were found to 0.5 athletes PP values from 44.12 to 72.40 W, MP from 27.16 to 54.78 W and %F 46.88 to 77.29%. For the 2.0 athletes was found PP from 208.22 to 248.11W, MP from 97.63 to 120.81W and %F from 69.48 to 77.29%. For the 2.5 athletes PP from 214.93 to 272.70 W, MP from 156.49 to 170.54 W and %F from 52.63 to 58.41%. The only 3.0 athlete evaluated showed PP of W 327.83, MP of 174.82 and %F of 69.08%. Conclusions: The evaluated athletes have peak power and mean power levels similar to their functional classification pairs, but they presented higher values in the %F, so the necessity of training in the anaerobic capacity is indicated / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:36:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paris_JulianaViana_M.pdf: 2021706 bytes, checksum: a13f47368e9995a27be06e7430a1192f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de um ano de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas sobre a função pulmonar e a mobilidade toracoabdominal de tetraplégicos através da espirometria e da análise cinemática, sendo dividido em três partes. Na primeira parte, sete tetraplégicos foram submetidos à espirometria antes e depois de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas. Todos indivíduos apresentaram redução da função pulmonar em comparação com os valores previstos. Houve um aumento significativo na capacidade vital forçada (p= 0,01), volume expiratório forçado do primeiro segundo(p =0,02) e ventilação voluntária máxima(p= 0,03) , após um ano de treinamento.A análise de regressão entre tempo de treinamento total e as variáveis espirométricas demonstraram que os jogadores com maior tempo de treinamento tiveram maiores valores de função pulmonar (r² =0,93e 0,58, p =0,0004 e 0,004). Na segunda parte, foi estudada a análise cinemática da mobilidade toracoabdominal de tetraplégicos praticantes de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas e as diferenças de mobilidade nos compartimentos toracoabdominais após um ano de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas. Participaram dezoito voluntários, nove do grupo de lesados medulares (GL) e nove sem lesão medular fazendo parte do grupo controle (GC). Do GL, sete voluntários foram acompanhados durante um ano de treinamento. Através das curvas de volume em função do tempo, calculou-se o coeficiente de variação das curvas no tórax superior (TS), tórax inferior (TI), abdome superior (AS), abdome inferior (AI), representando a mobilidade do toracoabdominal, em volume corrente (VC) e em capacidade vital (CV). As comparações e interações entre os fatores: grupos e compartimentos toracoabdominal foram testadas utilizando ANOVA two way e para comparar as diferenças entre os coeficientes de variação GL antes e depois do treinamento foi aplicado um teste t pareado, considerado nível significância de p<0.05 para todos os testes. Em VC não houve diferença significativa quando o GC foi comparado ao GL.Em CV, os valores dos compartimentos TS, TI e AS do GC foram significativamente maiores que os valores dos mesmos compartimentos do GL. No GL, os valores do coeficiente de variação do compartimento do TS foram significativamente menores que os valores do AI; No GL antes e depois de treinamento, a mobilidade do TS foi significativamente maior na condição pós treinamento comparada a pré treinamento. Na terceira parte, comparou-se a espirometria com análise cinemática da respiração. Foram analisadas de maneira descritiva as variáveis: as curvas de volume em função do tempo, os valores médios e de desvio-padrão dos ciclos respiratório, os valores máximos dos ciclos respiratórios, diferença entre os valores máximos e a correlação de Pearson entre os valores das curvas medidos pelo dois métodos. Existiu alta correlação entre as medidas de volume feita pela espirometria e cinemetria, contudo, os valores máximos de volume toracoabdominais calculados pela análise cinemática mostram uma tendência a serem inferiores aos valores de volumes obtidos pela espirometria. O treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas, pode melhorar a função pulmonar e mobilidade toracoabdominal de lesados medulares / Abstract: This work aimed to study the effect of a year of training in wheelchair rugby on pulmonary function and thoracoabdominal mobility of tetraplegics by spirometry and kinematic analysis. This study wasdivided into three parts. In the first part, seven tetraplegics underwent spirometry before and after attending a year of wheelchair rugby training. All Subjects presented reduced lung function compared with the predicted values. There was a significant increase in forced vital capacity (p= 0,01), first minute forced expiratory volume (p= 0,02), and maximal voluntary ventilation (p= 0,03. The regression analysis between total training time and spirometric variables showed that players with longer training had higher lung function values (r² =0,93e 0,58, p =0,0004 e 0,004). In the second part, we studied the kinematical analysis of thoracoabdominal mobility of wheelchair rugby practitioners and the differences in the mobility of thoracoabdominal compartments after a year of training. Nine tetraplegics participated in the training group (TG) and nine participantswithout spinal cord injury took part as the control group (CG). Seven volunteers of the TG were monitored for one year of training. From the volume curves as function of time we calculated the coefficient of variation of the curves in the superior thorax (ST), inferior thorax (IT), superior abdomen (SA) and inferior abdomen (IA), which representied the mobility of the thoracoabdominal compartment in the vidal volume (VT) and vital capacity (VC). Comparisons and interactions between the factors groups and thoracoabdominal compartments were tested using two-way ANOVA. To compare the differences between the coefficients of variation of TG before and after training, it was applied a paired t test, considering p <0.05 for all tests. in the variable VT showed no significant difference when the CG was compared to TG. In VC, the values of the compartments ST, IT, SA to GC were significantly higher than the values of the same compartments in TG. In TG, the coefficient of variation of TS was significantly lower than the values of IA. On TG before and after training, the mobility of ST was significantly higher to the post training results compared to pre training. In the third part, we compared spirometry with kinematical analysis of the chest wall. We analyzed the descriptive variables: volume curves as a function of time, the mean and standard deviation of the respiratory cycles, the maximum values of the respiratory cycles, the difference between the maximum and Pearson correlation between the values of curves measured by the two methods. There was high correlation between the volume measurements obtained by spirometry and kinematics, however, the maximum thoracoabdominal volume calculated by kinematical analysis showed a tendency to be lower than the values of the volumes obtained by spirometry. The wheelchair rugby training can improve pulmonary function and thoracoabdominal mobility of people with spinal cord injury / Mestrado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: José Júlio Gavião de Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campionas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_MarceloMoreira_D.pdf: 3191731 bytes, checksum: 7b75c07de477e1fd4d767dd5d90a8c1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As artes marciais sempre fizeram parte da cultura e da história do homem desde o início do mundo civilizado. Elas evoluíram e se transformaram a partir das necessidades contextuais do homem, entretanto, por muito tempo serviram enfaticamente para fins militares e políticos. Com o desenvolvimento das tecnologias bélicas, em especial no fim do século XVIII e início do século XIX, as artes marciais foram perdendo a sua importância militar, ganhando outros contornos e funcionalidades. Nesse contexto, o wushu destacou-se pelas novas perspectivas de prática voltadas para a saúde, esporte e lazer. É neste cenário de modificação das antigas tradições das artes marciais que o presente estudo estabeleceu como objetivo central a identificação de como as novas funcionalidades dessas tradições possibilitam a sua prática por pessoas com diferentes e peculiares condições e quais são as possíveis modalidades a serem praticadas, vinculadas às diferentes deficiências. Para a realização desse estudo, utilizou-se como técnica a aplicação de dois questionários distintos para mapear no Brasil, o número de praticantes e a prática do wushu por pessoas com deficiência, além da realização de entrevistas com professores da modalidade, vinculados direta ou indiretamente à Confederação Brasileira de Kungfu Wushu (CBKW), indicados por esse órgão, que possuem mais de 20 anos de prática. Também foram entrevistados alguns praticantes de wushu que possuem deficiência. A partir desses dados, são apresentadas modalidades do esporte vinculadas às diferentes deficiências, no sentido de sugerir possibilidades de prática. No Brasil, foi identificada a prática de wushu por pessoas com diferentes limitações, sendo que os mais recorrentes são os que apresentam deficiência física, seguidos pelos com problemas auditivos, intelectuais e visuais. Essa prática é realizada de modo não sistemático e sem um planejamento prévio, ocorrendo a partir da procura desse público pela modalidade. A atividade física e o esporte são entendidos como foco principal da prática, entretanto, os informantes consideram que a defesa pessoal seja também uma possibilidade. Foram identificados professores de wushu com deficiência atuando no ensino dessa modalidade, lecionando para alunos com e sem deficiência. As sugestões para a prática do wushu para esse público não contemplam todas as modalidades para qualquer deficiência. Algumas são indicadas, outras sugerem restrições e necessitam de adaptações, e outras, ainda, não são indicadas. Essas sugestões estão vinculadas às diferentes e peculiares condições apresentadas pela pessoa que pretende praticar o wushu. A partir da percepção dos informantes do estudo, todas as pessoas com diferentes tipos de impedimentos podem praticar o wushu, sempre dependendo do grau da deficiência, da adaptação dos conteúdos, dos métodos de ensino, e por último, da competência do professor envolvido / Abstract: Martial arts have been part of the culture and history of humankind since the begging of the civilized world. They do not only evolved, but also adapted themselves for human necessitate. However, martial arts were used for militaries and political purposes for a long time. With the development of weapons technologies, especially in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the martial arts were losing their military importance, gaining contours and other features. In this context, wushu is highlighted by new perspectives of practice focused on health, sport and leisure. This study established as its objectives, under a changing scenario in ancient martial arts traditions, to identify how new features of these traditions allow its practice by people with different and peculiar conditions and what are the possible ways to be practiced, linked to various disabilities. In order to conduct this study, it was used as the technique to map in Brazil the number of practitioners and their practice wushu by people with disabilities, two separate questionnaires, including also interviews with people who teaches wushu, linked directly or indirectly to Brazilian Confederation of Kungfu Wushu (CBKW), given by that body, who possess over 20 years of practice. Wushu practitioners who have disabilities were also interviewed. From these data, it was presented the sport modalities linked to different disabilities, to suggest possibilities for practice. In Brazil, it was identified wushu practice by people with different limitations, and the most common were physically disabled people, followed by those with hearing, visual and mentally disabilities. This practice is carried out in a non-systematic and without prior planning, occurring due to the motivation of this public. Physical activity and sport are seen as the main focus of practice; however, the participants considered that self-defense is also a possibility. It was identified wushu teachers with disabilities working in teaching this modality for students with and without disabilities. The suggestions for practicing Wushu from this audience do not include all the arrangements for any deficiency. Some are indicated, others suggest some restrictions and require adjustments, and still others are not listed. These suggestions are linked to different and unique conditions presented by the person who intends to practice wushu. From informants' perspective of this study, everyone with different types of disabilities can practice wushu, always depending on the degree of disability, repurposing content, teaching methods, and at last, the competence of the teacher involved / Doutorado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Doutor em Educação Física

In this paper we consider the p-FEM for elliptic boundary value problems on tetrahedral meshes where the entries of the stiffness matrix are evaluated by numerical quadrature. Such a quadrature can be done by mapping the tetrahedron to a hexahedron via the Duffy transformation. We show that for tensor product Gauss-Lobatto-Jacobi quadrature formulas with q+1=p+1 points in each direction and shape functions that are adapted to the quadrature formula, one again has discrete stability for the fully discrete p-FEM. The present error analysis complements the work [Eibner/Melenk 2005] for the p-FEM on triangles/tetrahedra where it is shown that by adapting the shape functions to the quadrature formula, the stiffness matrix can be set up in optimal complexity.

The vertical cliff-face habitat is renowned for many specifically adapted plant species that exhibit a high degree of local endemism. Over a period of nine years the succulents and bulbous succulents on cliff faces in South Africa and Namibia were systematically surveyed and documented. Distinction was made between succulents growing on cliffs as part of a wider habitat and those found only on cliffs (obligate cremnophytes). Most major cliff-face habitats in the study area were visited and all plants were documented. A check list and descriptions (including adaptive traits) of the 220 obligate cremnophilous taxa are provided. During the study some 45 new cremnophilous succulent taxa were discovered and named, representing almost 20% of the total and proving that cliff habitats are some of the least studied environments, not only in southern Africa but globally. Among the newly described cremnophilous taxa is the genus Dewinteria (Pedaliaceae). Using stem length, three basic cliff-face growth forms are identified - compact or cluster-forming ‘cliff huggers’, cliff shrublets or ‘cliff squatters’ and pendent ‘cliff hangers’. Compact growth (often tight clusters or mats) is mainly associated with the winter-rainfall Succulent Karoo and Thicket regions, especially Namaqualand. However, further north the same compact growth forms are associated with an increase in altitude such as the Drakensberg Escarpment and other northern mountains. Most pendent growth forms are associated with the eastern and southeastern summer-rainfall regions; a number of smaller pendent shrublets occur on the high quartzitic sandstone mountains of the Western Cape. The degree of specialisation varies from highly adapted (smaller percentage) to less specialised (often eco-forms), and some taxa have no obvious adaptations. This study revealed a general increase in succulence in most obligate cremnophilous succulent species (compared to closely related species in other habitats), a reflection of their xeric habitat, and plants tend to be more compact. Also, there is a shift in reproductive output, including an increase in vegetative reproduction (backup), wind-dispersed seed and enriched flowering associated with certain species. Most obligate cremnophilous succulent plants in the study area have cliff-adapted features, ensuring long-term survival. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Ranamane (in Gerard 1993: 177) describes L. D Raditladi as one of the first Setswana writers of importance, a dedicated conservationist and enthusiastic developer of the Setswana language whose works have won considerable acclaim. Raditladi is well known as a prolific dramatist, novelist and poet, and as the translator of Shakespeare’s Macbeth into Setswana. He also wrote for both the Naledi ya Batswana newspaper and Kutlwano magazine (Boikutso 1985: 17). Shole (1988:97) speaks of Raditladi as the first dramatist to write history in Setswana, explaining that Raditladi drew inspiration from the historical dramas of Shakespeare. According to Gerard (1981), Boikhutso (1985) and Ranamane et al. (1986) the quality of Raditladi’s writing was widely recognised during his lifetime. He won numerous prices in for example, the IAI, the May Esther Bedford and the library competitions. In addition he received a monetary grant for the South African Publishing Company became of the exceptional quality of his writing. A representative example of Raditladi’s work is his drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato, published in (1957). A survey of the literature reveals that his drama has already been investigated, by Ranamane (1986) Shole (1988) and Malimbe (1994). However Malimbe confines her investigation to the plot, and Ranamane and Shole theirs to the plot and style of the drama. Thus, no critic has previously examined the content of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. The chief aim of this investigation is thus to critically analyse the structure of the drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato at the level of content and plot, using two research methods, namely definition and interpretation, within the context of the adapted narratological model. This model conceives of a text according to three levels, namely content, plot and style, and focuses on the topic of the content, the theme of the plot and the atmosphere of the style. Thus this research study differs from the three previous investigation of Dintshontsho tsa lorato because it focuses on the content level of the text by examining the topic, and the plot level by analysing the theme. The content of a text is coordinated by the topic to form a unified entity. The topic of the drama we are investigating is reflected in its title, namely Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. The topic is thus of vital importance, and determines the arrangement and presentation of four important elements of content, namely character, time, place and events. These four elements are examined in more detail. The characters of the drama can be grouped into two categories, namely kind-hearted persons (e.g. Mmamotia) and quarrelsome persons (e.g. Sakoma). Mmamotia the antagonist, opposes the hero, Sakoma, who tries to force her to marry him against her will. These two characters are investigated using the concepts of intention, patronage, resistance, assistance and success. Time and place together fall under setting. Setting can be defined as the natural and artificial environment in which characters in literature live and move (Roberts 1982: 1). Time is the period in which the events of the plot happen, and the order in which they happen. This can be expressed in various units, for example a day, month or year. Place denotes the geographical and topological position in which the characters in the story are situated and the events of the plot take place. Bal (1985:8) regards the place within which the characters find themselves as the ‘frame’. The last of the four elements, the events, together make up the plot of the drama, which Strachan (1988: 20) and Magapa (1997) describe as the second level of the text. Here theme is key. Theme is the message the writer actually intends to give to the audience. The theme of the drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato centres on dishonesty and unfaithfulness. The conflict begins when Sakoma is unable to marry Mmamotia because he is a foreigner in the Bangwato tribe, whose cultural beliefs forbid intermarriage. The plot is examined by focussing on the special functions in the plot of the protagonist Sakoma and the antagonist Mmamotia, and the events related to them are classified as representing either good or evil. The study of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato not only reveals how Raditladi creates his characters but also how he selects and shapes them for the purpose of dramatizing human life with all its varied manifestations. The action that takes place reveal essential character traits of the various characters, and do the words of the characters around them. For instance, Sakoma describes himself as a brave man who will not take no for an answer, and other characters describe Mmamotia as an extraordinarily beautiful woman who is extremely attractive to men. The plot is them examined according to the conflicts that occur in its various stages, namely the exposition, the development, the climax and the denouement. There are eleven distict conflicts that can be identified occurring between characters in he events of the plot. The event of Raditladi using two techniques, namely song and rhetorical questions, presents the events of the exposition, which form the first conflict that sets the plot going. In the development, several other techniques are used to show the conflicting forces of character and events and to emphasize message of the drama. The second, fourth and eleventh conflicts are discussed in detail because they involve the protagonist and the intagonist. (The other conflicts, which are between other characters, can be described as weak, and are not examined in great detail, though they are vital for creating suspense). In the climax phase the technique of dialog is examined, particularly in the conflict between the protagonist and the helper. The denouement phase has no conflict. Here Raditladi uses one important technique, namely monologue, to streangthen the presentation of the theme of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. Overall, the most frequently used techniques are dialogue, monologue, point of view, repetition, foereshadowing, rhetorical questions and are the inactive mood. This drama can be classified as a tragedy, because its ending is sad, since the three main characters die. Using this tragic ending Raditladi tries to caution his audience against dishonesty and unfaithfulness. Thus it is the theme that holds the audience to the end of the drama. / Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / MA / unrestricted

Orientador: Edison Duarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paranhos_VivianMariadosSantos_M.pdf: 1343045 bytes, checksum: c0fc2e5a6fd994aa302b9869101ed399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Considerada atualmente um problema de saúde pública, as lesões na medula espinhal na população aumentam a cada ano e com ela muitos problemas que irão acompanhar o indivíduo ao longo de toda a vida. Algumas dúvidas surgem ao trabalhar com essas pessoas pelos profissionais nutricionistas, visto as alterações fisiológicas decorrentes da lesão. Como calcular o gasto energético total diário e especificar, com maior precisão, as necessidades de calorias totais e de macronutrientes (proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e todas as vitaminas e minerais)? Como calcular esse gasto em atletas com lesão medular usuários de cadeira de rodas em suas práticas esportivas? O método comumente empregado para cálculo de gasto energético como a fórmula de Harris-Benedict, por exemplo, elaborada para indivíduos hígidos. Outro método utilizado para esse tipo de avaliação é o de calorimetria indireta, bastante preciso, porém inviável muitas vezes, quer pelo custo, quer pela dificuldade de aplicação. Esse estudo teve como o objetivo analisar o gasto energético basal através de um método de calorimetria indireta em atletas usuários de cadeira de rodas e comparar os resultados com a fórmula comumente utilizada (Harris-Benedict) buscando comparar os valores apresentados entre esses dois métodos. O estudo foi realizado com 14 indivíduos praticantes da modalidade de rugby em cadeira de rodas, com lesão da medula espinhal cervical (C5-C7), do gênero masculino, com idade entre 25 e 36 anos. Observou-se uma correlação significativa de 0,58 entre a comparação dos dois métodos e concordância significativa com intervalo de confiança entre eles de +154,3 kcal/dia até -115,5 kcal/dia. No entanto a fórmula de Harris & Benedict não prevê e não calcula o gasto relacionado à espasmos musculares, comum nessa população, dentre outras especificidades. Concluiu-se que a calorimetria indireta é um método mais preciso, validado e mais indicado para essa população quando comparado à fórmula de predição de Harris & Benedict, devido as especificidades da lesão da medula espinhal / Abstract: Currently considered a public health problem , injuries to the spinal cord in the population increase every year and with it many problems that will accompany the individual throughout life . Some questions arise when working with these people by professional nutritionists , since the physiological changes resulting from injury. How to calculate the total daily energy expenditure and to specify more precisely the needs of total calories and macronutrients ( proteins , lipids , carbohydrates and all the vitamins and minerals) ? How to calculate this expense in athletes with spinal cord injury wheelchair users in their sports practices ? The common method for calculating energy expenditure as the Harris-Benedict formula , for example , designed to healthy individuals . Another method used for this type of assessment is to indirect calorimetry quite accurate , but often impractical , either by cost or by the difficulty of implementation . This study aimed to analyze the basal energy expenditure through a method of indirect calorimetry in athletes of wheelchair users and compare the results with the commonly used formula ( Harris -Benedict ) trying to compare the values ??presented between these two methods . The study was conducted with 14 subjects practicing the sport of rugby in wheelchairs with cervical spinal cord ( C5 - C7 ) , male , aged between 25 and 36 years. There was a significant correlation of 0.58 between the two methods and a significant agreement with a confidence interval between them +154.3 kcal / day to -115.5 kcal / day. However the formula of Harris & Benedict does not provide and does not calculate the expense related to muscle , spasms common in this population , among other specifics . It was concluded that indirect calorimetry is a more accurate , validated and most appropriate method for this population when compared to the prediction formula of Harris & Benedict , because the specifics of spinal cord injury / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestra em Educação Física

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22507号 / 農博第2411号 / 新制||農||1078(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5287(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 栗原 達夫, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 山口 信次郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A representative example of Monyaise’s work is his novel Go ša Baori, published in 1970. A survey of the literature reveals that this novel has already been investigated, by Malope R.M and (1986), Shole J. S.S (1988) who analysed only the dream found in this novel. The chief aim of this investigation is thus to critically analyse the structure of the novel Go ša Baori at the level of content and plot, using two research methods, namely definition and interpretation, within the context of an adapted narratological model. This model conceives of a text according to three levels, namely content, plot and style, and focuses on the topic of the content, the theme of the plot and the atmosphere of the style. Thus this research study differs from the two previous investigations of Go ša Baori because it focuses on the content level of the text by examining the topic, and the plot level by analysing the theme. The content of a text is coordinated by the topic to form a unified entity. The topic of the novel we are investigating is reflected in its title, namely Go ša Baori. The topic is thus of vital importance, and determines the arrangement and presentation of four important elements of content, namely character, time, place and events. These four elements are examined in more detail. The characters of the novel can be grouped into two categories, namely kind-hearted person (Olebile) and quarrelsome person (Wapeipi). These two content characters are investigated using the concepts of intention, patronage, resistance, assistance and success. Time and place together fall under setting. Setting can be defined as the natural and artificial environment in which characters in literature live and move (Roberts 1982:1).Time is then the period in which the events of the plot happen, and the order in which they happen. This can be expressed in various units, for example a day, month or year. Place denotes the geographical and topological position in which the characters in the story are situated and the events of the plot take place. Bal (1985: 8) regards the place within which the characters find themselves as the ‘frame’. The last of the four elements, the events, together make up the plot of the drama, which Strachan (1988: 20) and Magapa (1997: 11) describe as the second level of the text. Here theme is the key. The theme of the novel Go ša Baori centres on jealousy and competitive spirit. The plot is examined by focusing on the special functions in the plot of the protagonist Olebile and the antagonist Wapeipi, and the events related to them are classified as representing either good or evil. This study of Go ša Baori not only reveals how Monyaise creates his characters but also how he selects and shapes them for the purpose of dramatizing human life with all its varied manifestations. The actions that take place reveal essential character traits of the various characters, as do the words of the author as he describes Wapeipi as someone who makes up his mind at once and he is prepared to be hurt emotionally. While on the other hand, Olebile is a soft spoken man and very loving who shows his love to his fiancée by buying her a big diamond ring. The plot is then examined according to the conflicts that occur in its various stages, namely the exposition, the development, the climax and the denouement. There are twelve distinct conflicts that can be identified occurring between characters in the events of the plot. Monyaise using three techniques, namely repetition, elision and motif, presents the events of the exposition, which form the first conflict that sets the plot going. In the development, several other techniques are used to show the conflicting forces of character and events and to emphasize the message of the novel. The other conflicts, which are between other characters like the helpers, can be described as medium, and are not examined in great detail, though they are vital for creating suspense. In the climax phase the techniques of focus, idioms and motif are examined, particularly in the conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist, which leads to the death of the protagonist caused by emotions and complications. The conflict in the denouement phase is characterised by a very important technique, shadow to strengthen the theme of Go ša Baori. Here Monyaise uses this important technique, to strengthen the presentation of the theme of Go ša Baori. Overall, the most frequently used techniques are repetition, motif, idioms, elision, focus, rhetorical questions and foreshadowing. This novel can be classified as a tragic novel, because at the end, the antagonist dies. Using this tragic ending, Monyaise tries to caution his audience against jealousy and a competitive spirit. Thus it is the theme that holds the audience to the end of the novel. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / MA (African Languages) / unrestricted

In the first study, non-genetic influences on pre- and post-weaning growth traits of a tropically adapted beef breed in the arid sub-tropical environment of Southern Africa were investigated. Production data of Santa Gertrudis cattle for a ten-year period were analysed. The herds were managed extensively under harsh arid environmental conditions in the northern thornveld region of Namibia. The cattle were divided into summer and winter breeding seasons, which were limited to 90 days for each group. The effect of sex, herd, season, calf birth year and cow parity group on birth weight, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, yearling weight, eighteen month weight and post-weaning growth rate were analysed. Sex was a highly significant (p < 0.001) source of variation for birth weight, weaning weight, 12 month weight, 18 month weight and significantly influenced (p < 0.05) pre and post-weaning weight gain. Bull calves were 3.05, 13.75, 123.37 and 238.99 kg heavier than the heifer calves at birth, weaning, yearling and eighteen months respectively and grew faster by 0.07 kg/day from birth to weaning and 0.65 kg/day from weaning to 12 months of age. The effect of season on birth weight, weaning weight, 18-month weight and pre-weaning growth rate was highly significant (p < 0.001). Calves born in the summer season had a lower birth weight compared to calves born in the winter season. However, the summer season calves were heavier by 17.67 kg at weaning but only by 1.7 kg at 12 months of age. They grew faster by 0.16 kg/day from birth to weaning. Calf birth year significantly influenced (p < 0.001) all traits measured with no fixed trend over time for the traits. Herd effects were highly significant (p < 0.001) for birth weight and 12-month weights and significantly influenced (p < 0.05) weaning weight, 18-month weight and growth rate from weaning to 12 months of age. The effect of cow parity was not significant on birth weight, 12-month weights, 18-month weights and post-weaning growth rates, but was significant (p < 0.05) for weaning weight and pre-weaning growth rates. Sex, herd, season of calving, calf birth year and herd x season x calf birth year significantly influenced growth traits and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the genetic merit of cattle during selection. The second study was conducted to determine the associations between lifetime cow fertility and cow frame size, also between lifetime cow fertility and pre-weaning as well as post-weaning calf growth in tropically adapted Santa Gertrudis cattle. A total of 2 506 Santa Gertrudis cows were divided according to their average lifetime calving interval (CI) into short calving interval (SCI, < 400 days, n = 914 cows) and long calving interval (LCI, > 400 days, n = 1 592 cows) groups. Calves were weighed at weaning at approximately 7 months of age. Hip height of cows and pre-weaning gain of calves of the SCI cows (135 cm and 1.01 kg/day) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the LCI cows (141 cm and 1.25 kg/day). Calves from SCI cows were born significantly earlier in the calving season than calves from LCI cows as measured by age at weaning (221 versus 189 days). As a result of compensatory growth there was no significant difference for yearling weight between progeny of SCI and LCI cows (348 kg versus 349 kg). It is concluded that SCI cows are smaller in size, with significantly lighter calves at weaning. A negative correlation exists between fertility and pre-weaning calf growth. High post-weaning calf growth is compatible with high cow fertility. In the third study, the effects of heifer frame size (FS) on their subsequent performance and the pre-weaning growth of their calves were evaluated using records collected from 1989 to 1998 from the Waterburg Estates at Otjiwarongo, Namibia. Based on hip height at 18 months of age, heifers were assigned to three different frame size (FS) groups: small (< 124 cm), medium (125 to 135 cm), or large (>136 cm). Calving rate (CR), calving date (CD), calf survival rate (CSR), reproductive efficiency (SANDEX), weaning rate (WR), birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WWT), pre-weaning ADG (P-ADG), and kilograms of calf produced per cow bred (KCB) were collected from first –(n = 830), second (n = 623) and third and greater-parity (n = 571) cows. Frame size of heifers significantly influenced (p < 0.001) their calving rate as second-parity cows with small and medium FS cows having higher CR than large FS cows. In spite of heavy culling of cows that had large FS as heifers, calving rates of second parity cows in this category were 41% less than that of second parity cows that had small and medium FS as heifers. In third or greater-parity cows, CR was greater (p < 0.05) for small FS than for medium and large FS. CSR was similar for heifers with a small, medium and large FS for the first, second and third and greater parity groups. Weaning rates of large FS (34.2 ± 11.27), second-parity cows were less (p < 0.001) than those of small (82.9 ± 5.58) and medium (79.0 ± 4.67) FS animals. Among all parity groups, BW of calves born to large FS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of small and medium FS cows. Calves weaned by small FS animals as first parity cows, had lower (p < 0.05) WWT than those weaned by medium and larger FS, but large FS weaned heavier calves (p < 0.05) than small and medium FS in the third and greater-parity group. In first parity cows, calves of large FS had greater P-ADG (p < 0.05) than those from small FS, but in second parity cows the calves from medium FS (p < 0.05) out performed those of small and large FS, while calves from third and greater parity cows of medium and larger FS had greater (p < 0.05) P-ADG than cows with a small FS. Male calves were heavier (p < 0.05) at birth, at weaning and grew faster (P-ADG) than their female counterparts. KCB was similar among small and medium FS cows, but both tended to be greater (p < 0.05) than KCB of large FS cows and as second parity cows the small and medium FS cows had an even greater (p < 0.001) advantage over the large FS animals. Small and medium FS females calved earlier, and had greater calving rates and weaning rates, as well as greater kilogram of calf produced per cow exposed than the large FS females. The performance (fertility and the growth performance of their calves to weaning) traits of the large FS were generally similar to those of smaller cows in the third and greater parity group. The reproductive efficiency (SANDEX) of large FS at first, second, third and greater parity were lower (p < 0.001) compared to the small and medium FS, due to the later calving dates. Therefore, selecting cattle for the hot and dry climatic regions of Southern Africa, under extensive management conditions and with limited supplementary feeding, the recommended cow frame size should be a medium frame. These animals have similar levels of fertility compared to small framed cows, but with similar or even better growth performances than large framed cows. In the fourth study, the objective was to determine the effect of traits such as age, sex, body weight, body length and height, body condition score (BCS), coat score (CS), skin thickness and average skin surface temperature on tick burdens of a tropically adapted beef breed. Bonsmara cattle (n= 143) were used to measure visible tick counts, body condition score, coat score, skin thickness, body height and length, body weight, body surface temperature, gender and inter calving period. Measurements were taken for a period of eight months from April to December. All animals were managed extensively on natural and cultivated pastures near George in the Southern Cape. Female animals had significantly (p<0.05) greater tick infestation (37.9±2.7) compared to male animals (16.5±1.2). Age was a significant factor p<0.001) with the younger animals below two years having (46.4±5.26) more ticks than those of two years and older (20.1±2.44). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.29; p<0.001) was reported between the infestation of ticks on the animals and the age of the animal. Animals with an average body weight below 250kg had 42% (p<0.05) more ticks compared to animals with a body weight above 250kg. Age of the animal and weight were highly correlated (r = 0.70; p<0.001), while the correlation between the number of ticks per cow and the mean weight was negatively correlated (r = -0.37; p<0.001). Skin surface temperature significantly influenced tick infestation on the animals (p<0.001). The degree of infestation increased as body surface temperature exceeded 30º Celsius. Coat score, skin thickness, body condition score and inter calving period did not significantly influence tick infestation on the animals. The infestation of ticks on the animals was significantly influenced by body height (p<0.019) and body length (p<0.001). Animals smaller than a 130cm in height had a significantly (p<0.05) greater tick infestation (36.5±5.0) compared to animals taller than 130cm (21.2±1.5). This trend was also observed for body length. Animals with a body length shorter than 145cm had a greater (p<0.05) average tick infestation of 41.3±4.5 compared to 23.2±1.3 for animals longer than 145cm, indicating a 44% greater tick infestation for the shorter animals. The selection of cattle for adaptability and thus increased production under tropical conditions, through resistance to ticks should be for animals of medium frame sizes having smoother coats that are able to dissipate heat effectively. In the fifth study, the relationship between growth parameters, scrotal circumference and sheath area in tropically adapted beef bulls was investigated. The relationship between growth parameters such as initial weight at the start of the trial, average daily gain for the trial period (ADG), average daily gain per day of age (ADA), feed conversion ratio (FCR), final weight at the end of the trial, scrotal circumference (SC) and age and sheath area in Santa Gertrudis bulls were examined. To investigate the relationship between growth parameters and scrotal circumference, growth test data of 97 on-station performance tested Santa Gertrudis bulls were used while growth results of 55 Santa Gertrudis bulls tested under semi-intensive conditions were used to investigate the relationship of sheath area with growth performance. Bulls were divided into two groups according to their average sheath area (470 cm2). 28 Bulls were assigned to the small sheath group (SSA) below 470 cm2 while 27 bulls were assigned to the large sheath group (LSA) above 470 cm2. The LSA group possessed a 15% (66 kg; p < 0.05)heavier final weight than that of the SSA group. The LSA group had a 64% (241 cm2; p < 0.05) larger sheath area (378 ± 60 vs 619 ± 161 cm2) than the SSA group. A significant phenotypic correlation between ADG (r = 0.31, p < 0.05) and sheath area was found. The correlations between sheath area and initial weight (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and between sheath area and final weight (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) were also highly significant. A highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between initial weight and SC and between final weight and SC, while significant correlations (p < 0.05) were also observed between SC and age and between SC and ADA for bulls tested intensively on station. It appears that SC and faster growth rate are compatible in young bulls. In addition, giving careful attention to sheath area in bulls, selected as yearlings is possible without necessarily sacrificing growth performance. In the sixth study, associations among growth and quantitative testicular traits of tropically adapted yearling bulls fed different dietary energy levels were investigated. High energy (HE), medium energy (ME) and low energy (LE) diets were fed to young Bonsmara bulls post-weaning and the subsequent effects on scrotal circumference (SC), average daily gain over an 84 day performance test trial period (ADG), average daily gain per day of age (ADA), body condition score (BCS), testicular histology and seminal traits were examined. Bulls fed the HE diet were significantly heavier and had a greater ADA, with the HE bulls (999.1 ± 7.13 g) out-performing the ME (804.1 ± 12.61 g) and LE (713.2 ± 12.95 g) bulls in terms of growth rate over the duration of the experimental period. Diet influenced (p < 0.001) BCS with the HE bulls (3.9 ± 0.05) having more body fat compared to the ME (3.3 ± 0.06) and LE (3.0 ± 0.08) bulls with the same effect (p < 0.001) observed in the carcass dressing percentage of the bulls fed different levels of energy. SC did not differ significantly between HE, ME and LE fed bulls. Seminal traits, such as semen concentration were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in bulls fed the HE diet (1.3 ± 0.134) compared to those fed the ME diet (2.4 ± 0.18) and LE diet (2.6 ± 0.16). Similarly, linear movement of sperm was also affected by diet and movement was slower (p < 0.05) in bulls fed the HE diet (1.7 ± 0.30) compared to bulls fed the ME diet (2.2 ± 0.31) and LE diet (3.1 ± 0.23). The percentage total major (p < 0.001) and total minor (p < 0.05) sperm defects were also greater in the HE fed bulls (27.1 ± 6.82 and 7.4 ± 0.91% compared to 9.7 ± 1.45 and 5.5 ± 0.87% for the ME fed bulls and 5.4 ± 1.26 and 3.9 ± 6.58% for the LE fed bulls). Dietary energy level significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the percentage inactive seminiferous tubuli, with bulls fed the HE diet having 35% more seminiferous tubules classified as inactive compared to those bulls fed ME and LE diets. Scrotal fat deposits were higher (p < 0.05) in bulls fed the HE diet (243.4 ± 21.59 g) compared to those fed the ME (110.0 ± 12.1 g) and LE (88.4 ± 9.65 g) diets. Correlation coefficients between SC and growth traits were generally favourable for the different dietary treatments. Correlations between live weight and SC were 0.51, 0.45 and 0.52 (p < 0.05) for the HE, ME and LE groups respectively. A negative association was observed between BCS and progressive sperm motility in bulls fed the HE diet (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). The percentage major seminal defects was negatively correlated with live weight in bulls fed the LE diet (r = -0.46, p = 0.008) and ME diet (r = -0.40, p = 0.08), while this characteristic was negatively correlated with mass movement of sperm (r = -0.63; p < 0.05) and percentage live sperm (r = -0.60; p < 0.05) in HE fed bulls. The present results suggest that feeding HE diets to young bulls influenced their testicular development and reduced their reproductive potential. In the seventh and last study, the relationship between scrotal circumference, quantitative testicular traits and growth performance in tropically adapted yearling beef bulls differing in age was investigated. The bulls were fed a high energy diet and the effect on average daily gain (ADG), average daily gain per day of age (ADA), body condition score (BCS), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), scrotal circumference (SC), seminal traits and testicular histology were examined in Bonsmara bulls (n = 34). The high energy diet contained not less than 11 MJ ME / kg DM and 13.8% CP. Bulls were fed the HE diet from an average starting age of either 210 (YB; n = 17) or 257 days (OB; n = 17) for a total of 112 days. Despite the age difference, growth and carcass traits were similar for the bulls irrespective of starting age. Scrotal weight, scrotal skin weight and scrotal skin thickness were greater (p < 0.001) in the YB (2223.4 ± 11.68g; 576.6 ± 25.17g and 4.5 ± 0.15mm) compared to that of the older group (1010.15 ± 50.10g; 255.9 ± 13.55g and 4.0 ± 0.13mm). The weight of the epididymal / spermatic cord (WESC) was heavier (p < 0.05) in the older bulls (70.2 ± 3.53g) compared to that of the younger group (47.2 ± 3.17g) with a similar trend observed when the volume of the epididymal / spermatic cord (VESC) was measured. Scrotal fat deposition was significantly (p < 0.001) increased by initial age (YB = 1164.7 ± 102.20g vs OB = 263.5 ± 27.52g). Age of the bulls also influenced (p < 0.05) the percentage inactive seminiferous tubuli, with the young bulls having 9.7% more seminiferous tubules classified as inactive compared to the older bulls. Seminal quality showed a similar trend and was generally of a lower standard than that of the group tested at an average of 369 days of age. Semen concentration (p < 0.05) and percentage linear sperm motility (p < 0.08) were the traits most affected by age. A negative correlation was evident between BCS and testis weight (r = - 0.51; p = 0.0342), testis volume (r = -0.52; p = 0.0318) and SC of dissected testis (r = -0.49; p = 0.042) in the young bulls. Correlation coefficients between SC and testis traits such as testis weight and testis volume were high (p < 0.05) for both the groups (YB; r = 0.87 and r = 0.87 and OB; r = 0.77 and r = 0.81). The relationship between SC and scrotal fat (r = 0.85) was highly significant (p < 0.001) only in the younger group. The results suggest that when bulls are fed a high energy diet, the age at which such feeding commences is of importance as regards their subsequent fertility. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted