The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how students on the computer game development program at Ljud och bild skolan, define creativity and what they experience strengthen respective weakens their creative ability. The Swedish “gymnasieskola” (Upper secondary school) has an assignment to stimulate student’s creativity, an ability described as one of the most important skills today by leading expertise in pedagogic. However, several teachers in Sweden believe there is a lack of research concerning creativity in schools. By both interviewing and conducting a survey regarding the student’s view on creativity, evidence have been found to suggest that all partaking students had a similar view on creativity. The most frequent answer when asked about creativity was the ability to come up with unique solutions to problems by “thinking outside of the box”. The result of the study points to a few different factors being important on strengthen the student’s perceived creativity; the importance of inspiration material such as music and video games being the most important. As for factors that weakened their creativity; stress, tiredness and bad work environment were seen as the main reasons.The main two conclusions from the study are the lack of up-to-date research around students and their perceived creativity and the importance to include student’s own thoughts and ideas in the process.

The increasing demand for connectivity and broadband wireless access is leading to the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks. The overall scope of 5G is greater in client width and diversity than in previous generations, requiring substantial changes to network topologies and air interfaces. This divergence from existing network designs is prompting a massive growth in research, with the U.S. government alone investing $400 million in advanced wireless technologies. 5G is projected to enable the connectivity of 20 billion devices by 2020, and dominate such areas as vehicular networking and the Internet of Things. However, many challenges exist to enable large scale deployment and general adoption of the cellular industries. In this dissertation, we propose three new additions to the literature to further the progression 5G development. These additions approach 5G from top down and bottom up perspectives considering interference modeling and physical layer prototyping. Heterogeneous deployments are considered from a purely analytical perspective, modeling co-channel interference between and among both macrocell and femtocell tiers. We further enhance these models with parameterized directional antennas and integrate them into a novel mixed point process study of the network. At the air interface, we examine Software-Defined Radio (SDR) development of physical link level simulations. First, we introduce a new algorithm acceleration framework for MATLAB, enabling real-time and concurrent applications. Extensible beyond SDR alone, this dataflow framework can provide application speedup for stream-based or data dependent processing. Furthermore, using SDRs we develop a localization testbed for dense deployments of 5G smallcells. Providing real-time tracking of targets using foundational direction of arrival estimation techniques, including a new OFDM based correlation implementation.

No description available.

Abstract The struggle for Swedish foreign policy – How Swedish foreign policy was defined and established between the years 1867–1905 as a result of prevailing political power-sharing   AIMS – The aim of this master thesis is to problematize how the Swedish foreign policy was defined politically in the context of the existing constitutional power-sharing model between the bicameral parliament and the ruling monarch. The period 1867–1905 is considered an earlier phase in the political process towards modern parliamentarianism in Sweden. DESIGN – An overall theoretical perspective of a correlation between domestic- and foreign policy is applied, and complemented with a theoretical position of which actor has the priority to define Swedish foreign policy. The thesis uses a methodology of extensive argumentation analysis, with a thematic division between the internal political arena on one side, and on the other side the parliamentary arena. The first arena is analyzed by combining political programs with the monarchs’ autobiographies and memoir. The second arena uses parliamentary debate protocols, parliamentary bills. In this way the thesis generates a selection and a greater understanding of various political issues which is of concern to the actual foreign policy definition in the annual official political throne speeches of the Swedish monarch. RESULTS – A variety of political issues are regarded as of foreign political importance within the internal political arena and is distinguished by a degree of correlations with ideological, ideal and political domestic issues. Such issues are then reflected in the parliamentary arena, through debates in both first and second chambers. The range of issues addressed is not only of constitutional importance, regarding the monarch’s executive power over the different foreign policy areas, but also concerning which political approach should be applied to define the main principle of Swedish foreign policy. Together, the parliamentary debates reveals which arguments influence the definition of foreign policy and which actors who claim the priority to define Swedish foreign policy – all within the existing frame of the power-sharing system. CONCLUSIONS – The thesis concludes that the actors of various parliamentary committees, and especially the constitutional committee, not only had the crucial argument which determined the outcome of the numerous parliamentary debates. Same actors also had the priority to define the main arguments on which the foundations of the monarch’s foreign policy political guidelines where dictated.

Sexmissbrukets underliggande orsaker skiljer sig åt och detta beror på flera faktorer som exempelvis internet, alkohol och droger. Denna studie behandlar sexmissbrukets utveckling under åren 1990 till 2000. Studiens syfte är att visa på den samexistens som begreppet anses ha med andra missbruk som visas genom de faktorer som kommer att nämnas i studien. Studien som är en litteraturbaserad översikt bygger på sex artiklar och en rapport som analyserats utifrån systemteorin. Studien visar att sexmissbruk kan tolkas på olika sätt beroende på den målgrupp som kommer i kontakt med begreppet. Det centrala är att sexmissbruk ses som ett dolt problem och utvecklas genom samexistensen med alkohol och droger. Denna samexistens initieras under slutet av 1990-talet och det sker en drastisk ökning under 2000-talet. Det vi kan konstatera i studien är att resultatet av ökningen har ett direkt samband med utvecklingen och användningen av internet i kombination med alkohol och droger. Min slutsats är därmed att internet och cybersex i kombination med nämnda droger leder till den samexistens som studien visar på. Studien visar alltså på att faktorerna har ett samband med varandra och att sexmissbruk inte bara är ett missbruk, utan även multipla missbruk, ett blandmissbruk.

Ranamane (in Gerard 1993: 177) describes L. D Raditladi as one of the first Setswana writers of importance, a dedicated conservationist and enthusiastic developer of the Setswana language whose works have won considerable acclaim. Raditladi is well known as a prolific dramatist, novelist and poet, and as the translator of Shakespeare’s Macbeth into Setswana. He also wrote for both the Naledi ya Batswana newspaper and Kutlwano magazine (Boikutso 1985: 17). Shole (1988:97) speaks of Raditladi as the first dramatist to write history in Setswana, explaining that Raditladi drew inspiration from the historical dramas of Shakespeare. According to Gerard (1981), Boikhutso (1985) and Ranamane et al. (1986) the quality of Raditladi’s writing was widely recognised during his lifetime. He won numerous prices in for example, the IAI, the May Esther Bedford and the library competitions. In addition he received a monetary grant for the South African Publishing Company became of the exceptional quality of his writing. A representative example of Raditladi’s work is his drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato, published in (1957). A survey of the literature reveals that his drama has already been investigated, by Ranamane (1986) Shole (1988) and Malimbe (1994). However Malimbe confines her investigation to the plot, and Ranamane and Shole theirs to the plot and style of the drama. Thus, no critic has previously examined the content of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. The chief aim of this investigation is thus to critically analyse the structure of the drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato at the level of content and plot, using two research methods, namely definition and interpretation, within the context of the adapted narratological model. This model conceives of a text according to three levels, namely content, plot and style, and focuses on the topic of the content, the theme of the plot and the atmosphere of the style. Thus this research study differs from the three previous investigation of Dintshontsho tsa lorato because it focuses on the content level of the text by examining the topic, and the plot level by analysing the theme. The content of a text is coordinated by the topic to form a unified entity. The topic of the drama we are investigating is reflected in its title, namely Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. The topic is thus of vital importance, and determines the arrangement and presentation of four important elements of content, namely character, time, place and events. These four elements are examined in more detail. The characters of the drama can be grouped into two categories, namely kind-hearted persons (e.g. Mmamotia) and quarrelsome persons (e.g. Sakoma). Mmamotia the antagonist, opposes the hero, Sakoma, who tries to force her to marry him against her will. These two characters are investigated using the concepts of intention, patronage, resistance, assistance and success. Time and place together fall under setting. Setting can be defined as the natural and artificial environment in which characters in literature live and move (Roberts 1982: 1). Time is the period in which the events of the plot happen, and the order in which they happen. This can be expressed in various units, for example a day, month or year. Place denotes the geographical and topological position in which the characters in the story are situated and the events of the plot take place. Bal (1985:8) regards the place within which the characters find themselves as the ‘frame’. The last of the four elements, the events, together make up the plot of the drama, which Strachan (1988: 20) and Magapa (1997) describe as the second level of the text. Here theme is key. Theme is the message the writer actually intends to give to the audience. The theme of the drama Dintshontsho tsa Lorato centres on dishonesty and unfaithfulness. The conflict begins when Sakoma is unable to marry Mmamotia because he is a foreigner in the Bangwato tribe, whose cultural beliefs forbid intermarriage. The plot is examined by focussing on the special functions in the plot of the protagonist Sakoma and the antagonist Mmamotia, and the events related to them are classified as representing either good or evil. The study of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato not only reveals how Raditladi creates his characters but also how he selects and shapes them for the purpose of dramatizing human life with all its varied manifestations. The action that takes place reveal essential character traits of the various characters, and do the words of the characters around them. For instance, Sakoma describes himself as a brave man who will not take no for an answer, and other characters describe Mmamotia as an extraordinarily beautiful woman who is extremely attractive to men. The plot is them examined according to the conflicts that occur in its various stages, namely the exposition, the development, the climax and the denouement. There are eleven distict conflicts that can be identified occurring between characters in he events of the plot. The event of Raditladi using two techniques, namely song and rhetorical questions, presents the events of the exposition, which form the first conflict that sets the plot going. In the development, several other techniques are used to show the conflicting forces of character and events and to emphasize message of the drama. The second, fourth and eleventh conflicts are discussed in detail because they involve the protagonist and the intagonist. (The other conflicts, which are between other characters, can be described as weak, and are not examined in great detail, though they are vital for creating suspense). In the climax phase the technique of dialog is examined, particularly in the conflict between the protagonist and the helper. The denouement phase has no conflict. Here Raditladi uses one important technique, namely monologue, to streangthen the presentation of the theme of Dintshontsho tsa Lorato. Overall, the most frequently used techniques are dialogue, monologue, point of view, repetition, foereshadowing, rhetorical questions and are the inactive mood. This drama can be classified as a tragedy, because its ending is sad, since the three main characters die. Using this tragic ending Raditladi tries to caution his audience against dishonesty and unfaithfulness. Thus it is the theme that holds the audience to the end of the drama. / Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / MA / unrestricted

This research aims to investigate the development of the Sepedi detective story, and to classify existing works into appropriate sub-genres. The study will use the methods of comparison, grouping, description and interpretation. The growth and development of the Sepedi detective story from 1951 to 1998 is discussed and the influence of Ramaila’s short stories from the collection Molomatsebe (1951) on other Sepedi detective stories shown. Various problems are examined, including (a) the scarcity of Sepedi detective stories as compared to the number of stories in European languages, and (b) the classification principles suitable for determining the different sub-genres. The study uses a narratological approach, which examines texts focusing on three levels, namely content, structure (plot) and style. This study pays particular attention to the first two levels, though the last level, style, is discussed briefly in the closing chapter. In the investigation the definitions of a detective story formulated by various literary theorists are discussed, and the challenge of classifying detective stories into sub-genres examined. The most important classification systems found in the literature are those formulated by Boileau and Narçejac, Groenewald, and Dresden and Vestdijk. The classification approach used in this study is based on the characteristic features that distinguish a detective story from other genres. The most important characteristic of the detective story is mystery. The concept of mystery is therefore explained in detail, and various sub-genres classified according to the presence of one (occasionally more) of the following elements: (a) the real character of the detective is a mystery, (b) the name of the criminal is a mystery, (c) the name of the victim is a mystery, (d) the evidence that reveals the mystery at the end, and (e) the investigation that reveals the mystery. The different narrative techniques that authors can use to keep the mystery concealed so as to arouse the readers’ interest are explored. Methods to build tension and suspense in a narrative are also investigated. Lately some researchers of Sepedi detective stories have encountered problems in dealing with works that have both mystery and romantic sub-plots. This research study therefore mentions the difference between a detective story and a love story. It is not unusual for a detective story author to bring love affairs into the narrative, because these can be used to relieve tension. In the closing chapter, short remarks are made about the third layer of the text, namely style. Dresden and Vestdijk’s arguments concerning style are taken as the basis for these remarks. They discuss a curious characteristic of detective plots. This is that, though emotional and disturbing acts such as murder or rape are central to a detective story, the mystery surrounding these acts in the plot of the story turns the story into a puzzle rather like a mathematical problem, which is gradually solved as the plot progresses, with the result that the criminal is not viewed negatively. Whether or not he/she is punished is not a central issue; sometimes the criminal even escapes punishment through committing suicide. Death in this type of story has no meaning. This emotional independence is what forms the basis of the detective author’s style. / Thesis (DLitt ( African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / African Languages / unrestricted

The theme of politics has been popular among authors of African language literary works in the past years. In Setswana literature authors often explore this theme in dramas. Among those scholars who have discussed political themes in Setswana dramas are K.Mogapi (1985) and J.S.Shole (1988). The aim of this dissertation is to analyze politics in Setswana dramatic works. This mini-dissertation uses three concepts, namely defininition, interpretation and classification in its analysis of Setswana dramas. Furthermore, this dissertation has selected an adapted narratological model, which stresses topic as highly significant in understanding the content level of a text, as it links the events of the content coherently. This model also highlights theme as the most important aspect of the compositional level, as it links the events of the plot. The adapted narratological models also emphasises atmosphere when discussing style. These three levels are important when discussing politics in Setswana drama. Because this research investigates political drama, a few concepts such as politics and society, politics and democracy, and politics and literature are explained. The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze politics in Setswana dramatic works. This mini-dissertation discusses the theme of politics in Setswana drama according to three selected periods, namely (a) the period 1930-1993, which is represented by the drama MotswaseleII (1945) by L.D.Raditladi, (b) the period 1994-1995, which is represented by the drama Kaine le Abele (1995) by G.Mokae and (c) the period 1996-2002, which is represented by the drama Diterama tsa ga Zakes Mda (2002) translated into Setswana by P.M.Sebate. The results of the investigation can be summarized as follows: During the period 1930-1993, authors tend to write about traditional politics, that is, chieftainship, which is passed on by birthright. In his drama MotswaseleII, Raditladi uses a number of techniques in the development of his message of looking down upon traditional governance or leadership. During the period 1994-1995, which is represented by the drama Kaine le Abele, Setswana drama deals with modern or contemporary politics, and tends to show or depict the cruelty of the then apartheid South African government. While examining the period 1996-2002, which is represented by a collection of dramas by Mda, three short dramas were selected. In the drama ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la borrarona’, prominent techniques are rhetoric question, motif, flashback and contrast. At the plot level of the drama ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’, Mda deployed several prominent techniques to further the development of the theme of politics in his text, but this dissertation has selected only two main techniques, which are tragedy and ellision. In the drama ‘Tsela’, the author has used a number of techniques, but this dissertation has selected two pronounced techniques, which are complication of events and symbolism. Lastly, the findings of this research demonstrate the usefulness of the classification of Setswana political dramas, written up to now, according to three periods, namely (a) the period 1930-1993, (b) the period 1994-1995, and (c) the period 1996-2002. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / unrestricted

本文主要在探討確定提撥退休金計劃下，投資決策對所得替代率之影響，以提供員工退休規劃及政府政策擬定之參考。首先，我們建構退休金累積模型及所得替代率模型，其中所得替代率之計算是以含通貨膨脹率因子的年金方式給付退休金。然後，將影響退休金累積模型的精算因子：累積期間的投資報酬率，依據過去的月資料配適出其母體分配，以模擬員工未來退休時，使用年金方式給付退休金的所得替代率。本文進一步，提供員工在不同投資報酬下應相對提撥多少百分比，以達到適當的所得替代率水準的參考標準，以滿足員工未來退休時的生活所需。我們以民國87年「勞工退休金條例草案」及台灣投資市場的實証資料進行研究，本研究結果如右：當僱主提撥6%月薪資時，(一)若員工可選擇投資標的，女性、男性員工所得替代率分均值分別介於48%~70%、52%~75%，而且選擇高度風險基金之所得替代率平均值皆較低度風險基金高出45 %，但為了使所得替代率小於60%的機率低於10%，女性、男性員工選擇高度風險基金需較低度風險基金分別多提撥3 %、2 %。(二)若退休基金由勞委會統籌管理，以過去實証平均報酬率8%，計算女性、男性員工所得替代率分別為50%、54%，但為達到60%所得替代率，女性、男性員工需分別相對提撥2%、1%。(三)比較「員工可選擇投資標的」與「勞委會統籌分配管理」兩種退休基金管理方式，若員工可選擇投資標的亦有最低保証收益，結果發現員工可選擇投資標的之投資績效及所得替代率皆優於勞委會統籌分配管理。 / The thesis investigates the impacts of the employee’s investment decision making on income replacement rate for defined contribution plan. We first construct the pension accumulation model to compute the final retirement benefit under defined contribution plan. Furthermore, the empirical data of the investment returns from mutual fund market and that from Labor Insurance Bureau are utilized to simulate the possible investment returns distribution for employee before retirement. The replacement rate is then calculated by assuming the employee will use his/her final retirement benefit to buy a single premium annuity with inflation index adjustment from the insurance company. Finally, based on simulation results from different scenarios, we suggest a relative employee contribution rate in order for employee to reach his/her objective replacement rate under different risk aversion levels. Our results show: 1. If the employee can make investment decision by investing in the mutual fund market, in average, female employee can have 48~70% replacement rate, while male employee can have 52~75%. We also find the replacement rate for employee selecting the high-risk mutual fund is 45% higher than those for selecting the low-risk mutual fund. 2. If the employee can not make investment decision and Labor Insurance Bureau allocate the pension asset, female employee can have 50% replacement rate, while male employee can have 54%. 3. Comparing the above two alternatives under the assumption that the employee has minimum guarantee return in both case, we find the first option can generate higher replacement rate for employee.

Denna C-uppsats analyserar genom kvalitativt innehållsanalytiska metoder utvalda delar av BBC:s bevakning av upploppen i England i augusti 2011. Metodmodellen är egenkonstruerad, men använder element ur kritisk diskursanalys (CDA, Faircloughs tillämpningar), samt delar av de metodverktyg som tas upp i Selby och Cowderys metodhandbok How to Study Television. Materialet undersöks i fyra steg: konstruktion, kategori/genre, inverkan/agency samt diskursiv praktik/nyhetsvärdering. Teorin som tjänar som bas för undersökningen består av litteratur inom ämnesområdet journalistik och samhälle, med stor fokus på relationen dem sinsemellan. Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa hur social skiktning och rådande diskurser spelar in i representationen av olika samhällsgrupper i BBC:s nyhetsrapportering, med rapporteringen kring upploppen som exempel på hur representationen kan se ut. De centrala frågeställningar som uppsatsens analysdel ämnar besvara är hur individer från olika samhällsskikt tilldelas rätten att definiera upploppen, och hur denna tilldelning av definitionsrätt påverkar innehållet i nyhetsinslagen. Vissa avgränsningar görs för undersökningen. Då analysen görs på ett relativt litet urval bestående av tre nyhetsinslag (alla tre är intervjuer) görs i uppsatsen inga anspråk på att dra några slutsatser gällande rapporteringen kring upploppen i stort, eller kring BBC:s rapportering generellt. Från resultaten kan det konstateras att det finns stora skillnader i identitetskonstruktionen av de olika individerna i nyhetsinslagen, och att representation och tillåtelsen till definition av nyhetshändelsen skiljer sig tydligt mellan inslagen. En vit butiksinnehaverska i yngre medelåldern representeras med en stark positiv identitet, och får föra ut sitt budskap fritt och ostört. Hennes definition av händelserna och de inblandade människorna tillåts dominera inslaget totalt och därmed legitimeras. Övriga individer, två unga flickor och en svart journalist i övre medelåldern kommer inte i närheten av att på allvar få definiera händelserna, och representeras betydligt mer negativt och som svagare individer. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att det i materialet finns en grov skevhet och allvarliga skillnader i rätten att få definiera händelser i sin omvärld.