Executive functions impact everyday functioning. An individual’s ability to adapt to and navigate their physical and social environments is largely determined by the ability to organize oneself, to plan and to coordinate activities. Despite the wide variety of cognitive tests that assess various aspects of executive function, there has been little work to validate the use of these measures in predicting real world functioning (Sbordone, Seyranian, & Ruff, 2000), particularly in children where characterization of executive function is less specified. Evaluating the ecological validity of neuropsychological tests has become an increasingly important topic over the past decade (Chaytor & Schmitter- Edgecombe, 2003). Ecologically valid assessments of executive function and attentional deficits provide insight into deficits related to the child’s everyday adaptive functioning, which can assist in identifying targets for interventions. Although many performance based measures and caregiver behavior checklists exist for assessing a wide range of behaviors and adaptive functioning skills in children, comprehensive measures of executive functions are relatively new and largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to define better the relationship between attention and corresponding behaviors that represent executive functions and social/adaptive functioning. More specifically, this study sought to explore the correlation between ratings of varying subcomponents of attention (e.g., selective attention, sustained attention, and attentional control/switching), executive function behaviors, and ratings of social/adaptive functioning. Additionally, gender considerations were examined with aims to determine how this factor may affect the degree of relationship between the proposed variables.  Results of multiple regression and correlational analyses revealed the ability of child attentional performance to predict executive function and social/adaptive functioning behaviors. As parent/caregiver and teacher ratings of executive function behaviors increased thus noting adept skills in these areas of functioning child performance on measures of selective attention, sustained attention, and attentional control/shifting were also reported to improve. Future research should continue to explore the construct validity, positive predictive power, negative predictive power, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch).

Very little research has examined the role of personality in important life outcomes and support needs of adults with intellectual disabilities. This exploratory study includes a sample of 102 community-dwelling adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and begins to evaluate the relative contributions of general personality and personality disorder as it they concern their adaptive functioning, Axis I psychopathology symptoms, and residential and vocational supports. Observer ratings of personality disorder and Five Factor Model and Reiss Profile general personality functioning were obtained from direct service providers who knew the participants well, and archival file data (e.g., IQ, adaptive functioning scores, medications prescribed, and diagnoses) were collected after informed consent and assent were obtained from the participants. The results suggest that both personality and personality disorder, relate the intensity of supports required, the number of psychiatric medications prescribed, maladaptive behavior, and the amount of Axis I psychopathology exhibited by the participants. Results of the study are discussed with reference to implications for service delivery and planning and future research.

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The purpose of this mixed-methods dissertation study was to investigate the role of mindfulness in the process of identity development and goal-setting among emerging adults, from two different identity approaches – the identity status model and narrative identity. Of the total sample (N = 130), 119 undergraduate students completed the questionnaires and provided turning point narratives in the online survey. The results showed that the diffusion identity status was negatively associated with mindfulness, goal-setting and narrative identity, whereas more advanced identity maturity was positively associated with mindfulness, goal-setting and narrative identity. In addition, both mindfulness and identity maturity index significantly predicted goal-setting. The relationship between mindfulness and goal-setting was also fully mediated by identity maturity index. Nevertheless, no associations among narrative identity, mindfulness, and goal-setting were found. Using extreme group analysis, the qualitative findings supported the quantitative findings by showing that the narratives in the extremely high identity maturity group were likely to demonstrate participants’ engagement in exploration, acceptance of challenges, perspective changes in life and the worldview, and positive emotion states. The findings provided implications for theory and practice in terms of the importance of incorporating mindfulness-based interventions in facilitating these specific aspects of identity development and goal-setting in emerging adults. Particularly, the findings highlighted that mindfulness promotes emerging adults’ openness to new experiences and willingness to face challenges in rapidly changing occupational structures and social environments. Limitations and directions for future research were also discussed.

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Contexte. La majorité des adultes autistes vivent avec leur famille ou dans des établissements résidentiels. Cependant, les ressources résidentielles sont limitées et peu d’entre elles sont spécifiquement conçues pour répondre aux besoins des adultes autistes. Peu d’études ont systématiquement examiné les différentes facettes du bien-être de l’individu, y compris la qualité de vie, l’anxiété et le fonctionnement adaptatif, avant et après la transition du domicile familial à l’établissement résidentiel. La construction de résidences adaptées à l’autisme (c’est-à-dire, avec approches architecturales et cliniques spécifiques) et l’identification des facteurs entourant une transition positive pourraient favoriser la transition et l’expérience de vie des adultes autistes dans leur propre maison. Objectifs. Les objectifs de cette étude sont (1) d’évaluer l’impact de la transition vers une résidence adaptée à l’autisme sur le bien-être, en particulier sur la qualité de vie, le niveau de fonctionnement adaptatif et l’anxiété ; et (2) d’identifier les facteurs, tels que perçus par les parents, associés à une transition positive vers une résidence adaptée aux personnes autistes. Méthodologie. Il s’agit d’une recherche à devis mixte (qualitatif et quantitatif) s’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une étude longitudinale auprès de 12 adultes autistes (21-49 ans ; 8F : 4 M), résidant tous dans la même résidence adaptée. La majorité des participants (92 %) viennent d’un milieu familial et tous requièrent un niveau de soutien léger à modéré. Les résidents ont été suivis pendant 13 mois : trois mois avant leur entrée dans la résidence (T1) et 10 mois après leur arrivée (T2). La collecte de données a combiné des informations provenant (a) des questionnaires remplis par les parents, mesurant la qualité de vie (Échelle San Martin — Échelle d’Évaluation de la Qualité de vie de personnes ayant des déficiences significatives), le bien-être émotionnel et comportemental (Emotional Problem Scales), et le niveau de fonctionnement adaptatif (Système d’évaluation des comportements adaptatifs — 2e édition), (b) des entretiens semi-structurés avec les parents des adultes autistes après la transition dans la résidence. Les analyses sont basées sur une série de cas multiples et comprennent des analyses thématiques qualitatives. Résultats. Objectif 1. Les résultats démontrent que les niveaux de qualité de vie, de fonctionnement adaptatif et d’anxiété du groupe sont restés relativement stables à travers la transition. Cependant, lorsque les résultats sont examinés individuellement, ils montrent qu’au T2, 50 % des parents ont signalé une augmentation de la qualité de vie des résidents et 83 % ont noté un maintien ou une augmentation du fonctionnement adaptatif. Les résultats de la sous-échelle d’anxiété du questionnaire EPS montrent que 25 % des résidents semblent présenter une diminution de l’anxiété, 8 % une augmentation, tandis que 67 % restent inchangés. Objectif 2. Trois thèmes clés ont été associés à une transition favorable du domicile familial vers le nouvel environnement résidentiel : (a) la préparation en amont avec le futur résident permet de réduire l’incertitude associée à un nouveau milieu de vie et d’augmenter le sentiment de contrôle du résident sur la situation ; (b) les caractéristiques individuelles de l’adulte autiste aident à son intégration dans la résidence ; (c) la communication entre les différents acteurs permet le partage d’informations sur le résident. Conclusion. La transition vers une résidence conçue spécifiquement en fonction des besoins d’adultes autistes semble faciliter l’adaptation et accroître le bien-être de certains résidents. Malgré les limites de cette étude (p. ex. : la taille de l’échantillon, l’absence de contribution directe des adultes autistes), ces résultats comblent une lacune dans les connaissances sur les impacts de la transition entre le milieu familial et une résidence adaptée aux besoins autistiques. D’autres analyses viseront à identifier la contribution de composantes architecturales et cliniques aux résultats actuels. / Background. A majority of autistic adults stay with their families or in residential facilities. However, residential resources are limited, and few are specifically built to meet the needs of autistic adults. Few studies systematically investigated the various facets of the individual's well-being, including quality of life, adaptive functioning, and anxiety before and after transitioning from family home to residential facility. Building autism-friendly residence facilities (i.e., specific architectural and clinical approaches), and identifying factors surrounding a positive transition, might support the transitioning and living experience of autistic adults into their own home. Objectives. The aims of this study are to (1) assess the impact of transitioning to an autism-friendly residence on well-being, specifically on quality of life, level of functioning and anxiety; and (2) identify factors, as perceived by parents, associated with a positive transition to an autism-friendly home. Methods. This is a mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative) longitudinal study of 12 autistic adults (21-55 years; 8F:4M), all residing in the same autism-friendly residence. The majority of participants (92%) comes from a family setting, and all require a mild to moderate level of support. Residents were followed for 13 months: three months before entering the residence (T1) and 10 months after their arrival (T2). Data collection combined information from (a) questionnaires completed by parents, measuring quality of life (San Martin Scale — Quality of life Assessment for People with significant disabilities), emotional and behavioral well-being (Emotional Problem Scales), and level of adaptive functioning (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System – 2nd edition), (b) semi-structured interviews with autistic adult parents before and after integration. Analyses are based on a multiple-case design series and include qualitative content thematic analyses. Results. Objective 1. Results showed that levels of quality of life, adaptive functioning, and anxiety remained relatively stable during the transition. Although, when the results are individually looked at, they show that at T2, 50% of parents reported an increase in the residents' quality of life and 83% noted a maintenance or an increase in adaptative functioning. Distinctly, results on the anxiety subscale of the emotional problem scales questionnaire show that 25% of residents appear to show a decrease in anxiety, 8% show an increase, while 67% remain unchanged. Objective 2. Three relevant key themes were associated with a positive transition from the family home to the new residential environment: (a) upstream preparation with the future resident helps reduce the uncertainty associated with a new living environment and increase the resident’s feeling of control over the situation; (b) the individual characteristics of the autistic adult facilitated integration into the residence; and (c) communication among the various stakeholders allowed for sharing informations about the resident. Conclusion. The transition to a residence designed specifically in accordance with autistic needs seems to ease their adaptation and increase their well-being. Despite limits of this study (e.g. sample size, absence of direct input of autistic adults), these results fill a knowledge gap about the impacts of the transition from a family setting to an autism-friendly residence facility. Further analyses will aim to identify the contribution of specific architectural, clinical and lifestyle components to the current results.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / L’enfance représente une période charnière dans le développement du cerveau en raison des multiples changements qui s’y opèrent. En considérant que c’est au cours des deux premières années de vie que le cerveau est le plus sensible aux interventions, nous devrions chercher à intervenir plus tôt dans le développement des enfants. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’identifier des biomarqueurs, c’est-à-dire des mesures objectives permettant d’évaluer les processus biologiques normaux et pathologiques du cerveau, afin d’éventuellement être en mesure de reconnaitre, en bas âge, les enfants à risque de connaître une perturbation de leur développement cognitif. L’électroencéphalographie (EEG), et plus particulièrement les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, constituent des avenues intéressantes pour l’identification de biomarqueurs étant donné leur rôle clé dans le développement perceptuel et cognitif des enfants. De plus, les paramètres EEG du développement typique du cerveau sont relativement bien compris, ce qui fournit une base intéressante pour étudier le développement atypique. Le premier article de cette thèse avait pour objectif de déterminer la courbe développementale de deux types de réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, soit les réponses cérébrales à la répétition ainsi que la détection du changement, afin de caractériser leur développement typique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé une tâche de type oddball en EEG chez 43 enfants contrôles suivis à trois reprises entre l’âge de 3 mois et l’âge de 4 ans. Les résultats ont permis de démontrer un patron de réponse en forme de U semblable à travers les âges, c’est-à-dire une réponse de suppression neuronale entre la première et la deuxième présentation du stimulus suivi d’une réponse de détection du changement au stimulus déviant. Ceci révèle un développement relativement stable des réponses cérébrales chez les sujets contrôles. Dans le second article, le premier objectif était de déterminer la valeur prédictive de ces réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, mesurées dans les deux premières années de vie, en les mettant en relation avec le fonctionnement intellectuel et adaptatif à l’âge de 4 ans, chez les mêmes 43 enfants contrôles et un groupe composé de 20 enfants macrocéphales. Les résultats révèlent que lorsque mesurée lors de la première année de vie, un patron de réponses cérébrales en forme de U est lié positivement avec le fonctionnement adaptatif à 4 ans. Un deuxième objectif était de déterminer dans quelle mesure la croissance cérébrale lors de la première année de vie est un facteur de variabilité interindividuelle qui influence les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage entre 3 mois et 2 ans. Un impact négatif d’une croissance cérébrale accrue sur les réponses cérébrales à la répétition et de détection du changement a été observé, mais uniquement dans la période 0-12 mois. Il semble donc que les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage auraient le potentiel de servir de biomarqueur dès la première année de vie puisqu’elles sont liées au fonctionnement adaptatif et sont sensibles au rythme de croissance du cerveau. Cette thèse contribue à améliorer nos connaissances sur les réponses cérébrales d’apprentissage, notamment en caractérisant leur courbe développementale durant l’enfance. Nous avons également contribué à l’avancement de la recherche sur les biomarqueurs EEG en mesurant le pouvoir prédictif de ces réponses sur le fonctionnement adaptatif des enfants d’âge préscolaire ainsi que leur sensibilité aux différences interindividuelles telles que la croissance cérébrale. / Childhood is a pivotal period in the brain’s development due to the many changes it undergoes. Considering that the brain is the most susceptible to interventions during the first two years of life, we should aim to intervene sooner in infant’s development. Therefore, there is a need to establish biomarkers, i.e., a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated, and that can serve as an indication of normal or pathogenic biological processes, that would allow for earlier diagnosis. Electroencephalography (EEG), and more specifically cerebral learning responses, are interesting prospects for biomarker identification given their key role in children's perceptual and cognitive development. Moreover, EEG typical patterns of brain development are well established, then allowing the study of atypical brain development. The aim of the first article in this thesis was to investigate the developmental course of two types of cerebral learning responses, i.e., repetition and change detection responses. To do so, we used an EEG oddball task in 43 healthy children who were tested three times from the age of 3 months to 4 years. It allowed us to characterize the typical development of these two cerebral responses and establish response patterns. The results showed a similar U-shaped response pattern in infants and children of all ages, i.e., a repetition suppression response between the first and second stimulus presentation followed by a change detection response to the deviant stimulus. This suggests a relatively stable developmental course of repetition and change detection responses in healthy subjects. In the second article, the first objective was to determine the predictive value of these brain learning responses, measured during the two first years of life, on intellectual and adaptive functioning at age 4, in the same 43 healthy children and a group of 20 macrocephalic children. The results reveal that when measured in the first year of life, a U-shaped brain responses pattern is positively related to adaptive functioning at age 4. A second objective was to assess whether brain growth during the first year of life is a factor of interindividual variability that influences cerebral learning responses between 3 months and 2 years of age. A negative impact of increased brain growth on repetition and change detection responses was observed, but only in the 0–12-month period. Thus, it appears that cerebral learning responses may have the potential to be biomarkers in the first year of life since they are associated with adaptive functioning and are sensitive to the brain growth rate. This thesis contributes to improving our knowledge of cerebral learning responses, notably by characterizing their developmental course during childhood. We also contributed to the advancement of research on EEG biomarkers by measuring the predictive power of these responses on preschoolers’ adaptive functioning as well as their sensitivity to interindividual differences such as brain growth.

Text in English / There is increasing reliance on youth mentoring in South Africa to help the young person better negotiate life's difficulties. Within the framework of Social Cognitive and Social Learning theories, mentoring is viewed as a learning process in which modelling, scaffolding and cooperative dialogue are key to behavioural change and improved academic performance. However, little research has assessed the efficacy of South African mentoring programmes. This study aimed to examine the effect of the Educhange Research Foundation mentorship programme on the behaviour and academic performance of mentees over a six (6) month period. Mentees in Grades 9 to 12 (n = 18), parents/guardians (n = 18), and mentors (n=19) participated in the study. Parents/guardians reported significantly decreased numbers of behavioural problems (Z = -2.087, p = .037) amongst mentees but academic performance fell significantly (Z-3.661, p=.000). The variability in reports of behavioural change is accounted for by using Social Cognitive and Social Learning constructs including the conditions under which modelling took place as well as expectancy bias and the quality of cooperative dialogue. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

研究目的：本研究之目的，是探索高功能自閉症類群障礙（High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, HFASD）兒童的執行功能表現，並以Pellicano（2011）提出的獨特性、解釋力、普遍性等觀點作為架構進行討論。獨特性方面，試圖以冷執行功能（包括認知彈性、工作記憶、反應抑制）與熱執行功能之架構剖繪HFASD兒童的執行功能表現形態；解釋力方面，是探索執行功能表現對自閉症狀嚴重度、適應行為及行為問題的預測力；普遍性方面，呼應自閉症類群障礙的高度異質性，嘗試以執行功能表現解釋研究樣本中具注意力不足／過動症特質和智能優異特質的兒童特性。 方法：以生理年齡界於7至10歲的54名HFASD兒童和27名一般發展組作為研究對象，兩組於生理年齡和智力進行配對控制，分別以七項認知作業和執行功能行為評定量表評估受試者在實驗室和日常生活中的執行功能表現，也評估智力、症狀嚴重度、適應行為、內外化行為問題表現。 結果：與一般發展兒童相較，HFASD組的執行功能呈現反應抑制的缺損最為明顯、認知彈性次之，而工作記憶則表現相對正常的獨特表現形態；且在誘發情緒和動機後，部分HFASD兒童有「避免懲罰」或「避免冒險」之作答傾向，此傾向與較嚴重的侷限重複行為有關。認知作業測得的結果和家長評估兒童的執行功能表現關聯性不大。執行功能中的抑制、轉換能力能預測侷限重複性行為的自閉症狀和內外化行為問題，然HFASD兒童的抑制能力越佳，也反映更多的內化行為困擾。此外，本研究HFASD受試樣本中具高度異質性，智能優異特質者幾乎沒有明顯的認知作業執行功能缺損，以BRIEF評估時，與非智能優異者相較具備較佳的計劃能力；而轉換、抑制及自我監控能力差可預測HFASD兒童中較高的注意力不足／過動症特質。 總結：HFASD兒童具獨特的執行功能表現形態，且HFASD的症狀表現和高度異質性可部分由執行功能所解釋，顯示執行功能缺損作為核心的認知能力假說具參考價值。進一步討論結果對於未來臨床實務中的介入價值。 / Purposes: The purpose of the study was to explore the executive function (EF) of the High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFASD), and EF was discussed on the basis of uniqueness, explanatory power, universality proposed by Pellicano (2011). For the uniqueness, the study captures the cool EF (including cognitive flexibility, working memory, and response inhibition) and hot EF profile in children with HFASD. For the explanatory power, to examine whether EF can predict ASD symptom severity, adaptive function, and behavior problems. For the universality, concerning the significant heterogeneity within ASD, the study attempts to use EF to identify ADHD trait and intellectually gifted children within HFASD. Methods: Fifty-four children aged 7–10 years with HFASD and 27 control participants (Non-ASDs) with matched Age, Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ were recruited. EF measurements include performance-based executive function task, as well as the BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions) questionnaire completed by parents for daily life executive performance of their children. IQ, symptom severity, adaptive function, internalized and externalized behavior problems were also measured either by questionnaire or semi-structured assessments. Results: Results indicated that compared with Non-ASDs, HFASD shows the most imairment in responses inhibition, then in cognitive shifting. However, the working memory is relativily intact. When the motivation and emotion were induced during the task, an “avoidance punishment” or “avoidance risk” tendancy was observed in some children with HFASD, which is related to more restricted and repetitive symptoms. Performance-based tasks are not highly related with questionnaire-based measurement of EF. Problems with inhibition and shift ability can predict more restricted and repetitive symptoms as well as internalized and externalized behavior problems. However, when children with HFASD show better inhibition ability, they might have more internalized behavior disturbance. Furthermore, we found high heterogeneity within the study sample of HFASD.There is no significant deficits in performance-based EF tasks within intellectually gifted HFASD, and they also have higher performance on the plan scale of BRIEF. Problems with shift, inhibition, and self-monitoring can predict higher ADHD traits in children with HFASD. Conclusions: Findngs support the uniqness of EF profile in children with HFASD, and the heterogeneity within ASD can be partially explained by EF components. This indicated the importance of EF dysfunction hypothesis in ASD.The theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.