Darbo pavadinimas: 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose požiūris į narkotines medžiagas. Darbo objektas: Kauno rajono vidurinių mokyklų 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose nuomonės apie narkotines medžiagas ir jų vartojimą. Tyrimo tikslas: Išsiaiškinti 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose turimas žinias apie narkotines medžiagas bei atskleisti, kiek turimos žinios lemia narkotinių medžiagų vartojimą. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išsiaiškinti 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose turimas žinias apie narkotines medžiagas ir jų poveikį sveikatai. 2. Nustatyti 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose požiūrį į narkotinių medžiagų vartojimą. 3. Išsiaiškinti 10 – 12 klasių mokinių gyvenančių namuose su tėvais ir globos namuose asmeninę patirtį vartojant narkotines medžiagas. Darbo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė. 2. Anketinė apklausa. Respondentams buvo pateikta A. Zaborskio, L. Šumskio, N. Žemaitienės tyrime (2009) naudota anketa. 3. Statistinė analizė. Atsakymų pasiskirstymas pateiktas procentais. Naudotas Chi – kvadrato kriterijus, reikšmingumui tarp 10 – 12 klasių. mokinių atsakymų skirtumui nustatyti. Jei p<0,05 – skirtumas tarp atsakymų pasiskirstymų statistiškai reikšmingas, o jei p>0,05 – skirtumas tarp atsakymų pasiskirstymų statistiškai nereikšmingas Hipotezė: Kauno rajono 10 – 12 klasių mokinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The approach to drugs of 10th – 12th high schools students living at home with their parents and home care Object of a research: Approach to drugs and application of Kaunas area 10th -12th high schools students living at home with theirs parents and home care. Goal of a research: Figure 10th – 12th high school students living at home with his parents and home care available knowledge about drugs and to reveal the extent of available knowledge leads to drug use. Tasks of a research: 1. Figure 10th – 12th high schools students living at home with his parents and home care available knowledge about drugs and their effects on health. 2. Analyze the approach to drugs use of 10th – 12th high schools students living at home with his parents and home care. 3. Investigate personal experience with drugs of of 10th – 12th high schools students living at home with his parents and home care. Hypothesis: 10th – 12th high school students living at home with his parents and home care knowledge about drugs is associated with drugs use and distribution of Kaunas area schools. Methods of a research: 1. Analysis of scientific literature. 2. Questionnaire. Respondents were given A. Zaborskis, L. Šumskis, N. Žemaitienė investigation (2009) used questionnaire. 3. Statistical analysis. The distribution of responses by percentage. Used Chi – square criterion, the significance of between 10th – 12th high school students responses to determine the difference. If p<0,05 – the difference between... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Trots ett ansvar att inbegripa patientens sexuella hälsa i till exempel ankomstsamtalet, känner många sjuksköterskor motvilja till detta. Vi har själva märkt att VIPS-sökordet sexualitet/reproduktion sällan används i vården och därför valde vi att genomföra denna studie. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan uppmärksammar patientens sexuella beteende. Metod: Detta var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra sjuksköterskor från beroende- och primärvården. Resultat: Fyra teman valdes ut; journalföring, sjuksköterskans samtal med patienten, samband mellan beroende/sjukdomar och sexualproblem samt behandling. Huvudresultatet var att sjuksköterskor inte frågar om VIPS-sökordet sexualitet/reproduktion om inte uppenbara skäl finns. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna går tillväga på olika sätt när de uppmärksammar en patients sexuella beteenden. Vissa frågar i samband med andra sjukdomar och vissa frågar inte alls om det. Några rutiner kring hur sjuksköterskan ska handla vid ett misstänkt sexmissbruk finns inte men var och en av de intervjuade hade en egen plan på var de skulle rekommendera patienten att vända sig. / Background: Despite a responsibility to include the sexual health of a patient in e.g. the admission interview, many nurses feel reluctant to do so. We have noticed that the VIPS-search word sexuality/reproduction is seldomly used within the health care and therefore we chose to conduct this study. Aim: The aim of the study was to elucidate how the nurse is paying attention to the sexual behavior of the patient. Methods: This was a qualitative interview study with four nurses from the addictive- and primary care. Results: Four themes were chosen; keeping medical records, the nurse's communication with the patient, the connection between addiction/diseases and sexual problems and treatment. The main result was that nurses don't use the VIPS-search word sexuality/reproduction if no obvious reasons exist. Conclusion: Nurses approach the patient's sexual behavior in different ways. Some ask while discussing other diseases and some do not ask at all. There are no routines according to how the nurses should act when they suspect a sexual addiction but each and one of the interviewed nurses had their own way to which treatment they would recommend in the matter.

Bakgrund: Alkoholberoende är en psykisk sjukdom med både hög förekomst och stor utbredning. Socioekonomisk status (SES) är ett begrepp som innefattar utbildningsnivå, yrkesstatus och inkomst (Statistikcentralen, i.d). Många olika faktorer såsom arv och miljö kan öka risken för att en person drabbas av ett alkoholberoende. Tidigare forskning är oense gällande sambandet mellan alkohol och SES. Syfte: Att kartlägga hur människor med olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar upplever sitt alkoholberoende och mötet med sjukvården. Metod: En explorativ design med kvalitativ forskningsansats som bygger på personers egna upplevelser och erfarenheter av fenomenet alkoholberoende. Resultat: Känsloliv och tillgänglighet var avgörande orsaker till att ett alkoholberoende utvecklades. Yrkeslivet kunde både bidra till ökad och minskad alkoholkonsumtion. Alkohol kunde användas för att uppnå behag, dämpa ångest och känna samhörighet. Nyktra alkoholister upplevde överlag inte alkohol som något negativt. Personer med högre SES konsumerade mer alkohol i veckorna och fick lättare och snabbare tillgång till vård. Oavsett SES kunde alkoholberoende leda till psykiska besvär och försämrad ekonomi, vilket påverkade de personer med lägst SES hårdast. Rattfylleri var det mest frekvent rapporterade riskbeteendet under alkoholpåverkan, detta hade ingen koppling till SES. Upplevelser av passivitet från omgivningen var vanligt, när omgivningen agerade kunde det väcka förnekelse. Sjuksköterskans bemötande upplevdes som oklanderligt men sjukvården betraktades generellt som icke-fungerande. Terapeutisk effekt uppnåddes lättare om hjälparen också hade ett alkoholberoende, en av orsakerna till att Anonyma Alkoholisters verksamhet upplevdes som positiv. Produktivitet, intressen och motivation var nyckelfaktorer för att motverka återfall. Slutsats: I de socioekonomiska grupperna varierade upplevelserna av alkoholberoendet främst gällande dryckesmönster, tillgång till vård samt bakomliggande orsaker till alkoholdrickandet. Ett alkoholberoende drabbade de personer med lägst SES hårdast. Bemötandet av personer med alkoholberoende inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård upplevdes som oklanderligt, dock var många delar av vården utformade på ett icke-fungerande sätt. / Background: Alcohol addiction is a widespread mental illness with high prevalence. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a term that includes education, occupational status and income (Statistikcentralen, i.d). Many different factors such as heredity and the environment may increase the risk of a person becoming addicted to alcohol. Previous research presents different results about the relationship between alcohol and socioeconomic status. Aim: To chart how people with different socioeconomic conditions experienced their alcohol addicition and the health care. Methods: An explorative design with qualitative research approach based on people’s own experiences of the phenomenon alcohol addiction. Results: Emotions and availability were main reasons of the development of an alcohol addiction. People´s employment could contribute to both increased and reduced alcohol consumption. Alchol could be used to reach amenity and solidarity and to decrease anxiety. Sober alcoholics did not experience alcohol as something negative. People with a high SES consumed a greater quantity of alcohol during the weekdays and had easier and quicker access to health care than people with lower SES. Alcohol addition could contribute to psychological issues and a worsened economy, especially for the people with lowest SES. Drunk driving was the most highly reported risk behaviour under the influence of alcohol but without connection to the SES. The respondents experienced that the surrounding people mostly remained passive but when they did react it could issue in denial. The nurse’s treatment were experienced as impeccable but the health care was generally considered as not effective. Therapeutic effect was achieved more easily if the helpers had their own addictions, one of the reasons to that Anonymous Alcoholics was regarded as a positive activity. Productivity, hobbies and motivation were key factors to prevent relapse. Conclusion: The experience of the alcohol addiction varied between the socioeconomic groups, mainly concerning drinking patterns, access to health care and the underlying causes to alcohol drinking. An alcohol addiction affected those people with the lowest SES mostly. The treatment of people with alcohol addiction in the swedish health care were experienced as faultless, yet there were many aspects of the healthcare that were generally considered to be dysfunctional.

Thesis project (D. Min.)--Denver Seminary, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-263).

La littérature « stupéfiante » apparaît à travers les substances addictives prises par les poètes dès le milieu du XIXe siècle ; cela permet une nouvelle forme d’écriture liée à la drogue. Celle-ci apparaît alors aux yeux des aliénistes, des psychologues, mais aussi des artistes, comme un véritable instrument d'exploration mentale. Entre 1870 et 1914, dans le roman réaliste et naturaliste, les comportements addictifs et obsessionnels chez les personnages de fiction prennent une importance spécifique. L’aspect de la dépendance à une substance ou à un objet devient un sujet littéraire mais voué à une description précise de phénomènes mentaux. La dépendance est définie comme la répétition d'actes censés procurer du plaisir par l'intermédiaire d'un objet matériel ou d'une situation, recherchés et consommés avec avidité. Nous traiterons dans cette thèse l’addiction aux produits psycho-actifs en vogue à l’époque : l’alcool, la morphine, le haschisch, l’opium et l’éther. L’invention romanesque à visée scientifique a pour but de montrer ou démontrer des faits de manière réaliste afin d’informer, d’avertir ou de théoriser à travers une apparence artistique plaisante. Néanmoins, l’écrivain naturaliste veille a rester dans l’axe du concret sans jamais pervertir son roman de données non vérifiées, d’extrapolations, d’exubérances qui ne permettraient alors plus à son texte d’être crédible. Face aux théories médicales et à l’étiologie de la dépendance, les auteurs utilisent leur imagination pour décrire des phénomènes médicaux d’intoxication et de dépendance à des substances. [etc.] / The addictive literature appears through addictive substances taken by poets in the middle of the 19th century; it allows a new dimension of writing influenced by drugs. This appears not only in psychiatrists and psychologists but also to artists as a real instrument of mental exploration. Between 1870 and 1914, in the realist and naturalist novel, the addictive and obsessional behavior of fictional characters has significant importance. The aspect of specific dependence to a substance or to an object becomes a literary subject but is dedicated to a specific description of mental phenomena. Dependence is defined as the repetition of certain behavior in order to get some pleasure from a material object or a situation, desired and consumed with greed. We will restrict ourselves in this thesis to work on the addiction of substances at that time: alcohol, morphine, hashish, opium and ether. Fictional invention with scientific intent shows or demonstrates facts in a realistic way in order to inform, warn or theorize by giving a pleasant and artistic appearance. However, the naturalistic author has to stay within the realms of reality without ever corrupting his novel with unchecked information, exaggeration, exuberances which would prevent the text from being credible. Confronted by medical theories and the etiology of dependence, the authors use their imagination to describe the medical phenomena of poisoning and dependence on psychoactive products. [etc.]

O crack é a substância ilícita que mais leva à busca por tratamento para uso de substâncias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os usuários frequentemente relatam dificuldades nos seus relacionamentos interpessoais, no entanto ter relacionamentos saudáveis é crucial para o processo de recuperação. As evidências até agora demonstram que além do uso de substâncias psicoativas, outros fatores da vida do sujeito, como características sociodemográficas, dificuldades emocionais, comportamentais e sociais podem se tornar barreiras para o resgate e cultivo de relacionamentos saudáveis. Sendo assim, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar a associação entre severidade dos problemas no funcionamento interpessoal dos usuários de crack e fatores de risco associados, tais como características sociodemográficas, fatores relacionados ao uso de substâncias do paciente, de seus parceiros, familiares e amigos e comorbidades psiquiátricas. Este foi um estudo transversal multicêntrico, com a participação de homens e mulheres (N=407), em tratamento para problemas por uso de crack, na rede de saúde pública de seis capitais brasileiras. A magnitude de associação entre o desfecho (T-score: problemas na área Família/Social) e os fatores em estudo (características sociodemográficas, comorbidades psiquiátricas, exposição a eventos estressores na vida, uso recente de substâncias psicoativas, dados sobre o consumo de substâncias pelos usuários, seu parceiro, familiares adultos e amigos e envolvimento com atividades ilícitas) foi avaliada através da razão de prevalência (RP), estimada pela regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Ter diagnóstico de abuso de álcool, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, transtorno da personalidade antissocial, episódio depressivo atual e o número de dias consumindo crack no último mês estava significativamente associado com maior severidade nos problemas na área Família/Social. Os achados deste estudo demonstram uma relação entre maior frequência de uso de crack e co-morbidades psiquiátricas com ter mais problemas nos relacionamentos com parceiros, familiares e amigos. Sendo a reinserção social, uma conquista fundamental para a recuperação, nossos achados apontam que, além do uso de crack em si, outros elementos podem representar barreiras para o bom funcionamento social destas pessoas. Estes resultados advogam em favor do desenvolvimento de intervenções psicossociais que foquem na melhora do funcionamento interpessoal de usuários de crack e a inclusão de familiares e amigos nas abordagens terapêuticas. Além disso, sugere-se o oferecimento de tratamento concomitante para as comorbidades psiquiátricas. / Crack-cocaine is the illicit psychoactive substance that most leads to substance use treatment seeking in the Unified Health System (SUS). Users frequently report difficulties in interpersonal relationships, yet having healthy relationships is crucial to the process of recovery. Evidence so far demonstrate that in addition to psychoactive substance use, other factors in the user’s life, such as sociodemographic characteristics, emotional, behavioral, and social problems, may become barriers to the rescue and cultivation of healthy relationships. Thus, the present dissertation aimed to investigate the association between severity of problems in interpersonal functioning of crack-cocaine users and related risk factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, consumption of psychoactive substances by users, partners, adult relatives and friends, and psychiatric comorbidities. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study, involving men and women (N = 407), undergoing treatment for their crack-cocaine use in public health facilities of six Brazilian capitals. The magnitude of association between the outcome (T-score: problems in the Family/Social area) and factors under study (sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, exposure to lifetime stressful events, data regarding the use of psychoactive substances by users, their partner, adult relatives and friends and engagement in illicit activities) was evaluated by the prevalence ratio (PR), estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. Having a comorbid diagnosis of alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, current depressive episode and the number of days of crack use in the last month was significantly associated with greater severity in the problems in the Family/Social area. These findings demonstrate a relationship between higher frequency of use of crack cocaine and psychiatric comorbidities with more problems in relationships with partners, family and friends. Since social reintegration is a fundamental achievement for recovery, our findings indicate that, besides the use of crack itself, other elements may represent barriers to the social functioning of these people. These results support development of psychosocial interventions that focus in the improvement of interpersonal relationships of crack cocaine users and the inclusion of family and friends in the treatment. In addition, it is suggested that interventions should target concomitant treatment for psychiatric comorbidities.

The aim of this study is to research the effect stigmatization has on alcohol and drug abusers. Furthermore the purpose is to understand if stigmatization prevents people from seeking professional treatment in order to overcome their addiction. This is done using a qualitative approach, seeking knowledge on one of Sweden’s biggest online forums, Flashback. In order to gain knowledge from people who themselves suffer from addiction this study is based on several discussions in forum threads where addiction treatment is discussed. To analyse the data and research how stigmatization affects individuals with an addiction Goffman’s theory of stigma is used. To further analyse the result Scheff’s notion of shame and Cooley’s looking-glass self is used. The most prominent way to become free from addiction that was discussed was to strengthen your character or in other ways retake control of your own life. People often thought the reason a person was stuck in addiction was because of weak character or other character flaws. Drug and alcohol abusers was often portrayed as unsuccessful individuals. This shows how stigmatization of drug and alcohol abuse is reproduced. Professional treatment was in some cases discussed as a helpful method to help battle addiction, though not as often as the “strengthen your character” alternative. The result also shows that people stuck in addiction is not a homogeneous group where there is a consensus on how to best battle addiction. In contrast the result shows that everyone seems to carry their own opinion on how to best overcome addiction.

O crack é a substância ilícita que mais leva à busca por tratamento para uso de substâncias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os usuários frequentemente relatam dificuldades nos seus relacionamentos interpessoais, no entanto ter relacionamentos saudáveis é crucial para o processo de recuperação. As evidências até agora demonstram que além do uso de substâncias psicoativas, outros fatores da vida do sujeito, como características sociodemográficas, dificuldades emocionais, comportamentais e sociais podem se tornar barreiras para o resgate e cultivo de relacionamentos saudáveis. Sendo assim, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar a associação entre severidade dos problemas no funcionamento interpessoal dos usuários de crack e fatores de risco associados, tais como características sociodemográficas, fatores relacionados ao uso de substâncias do paciente, de seus parceiros, familiares e amigos e comorbidades psiquiátricas. Este foi um estudo transversal multicêntrico, com a participação de homens e mulheres (N=407), em tratamento para problemas por uso de crack, na rede de saúde pública de seis capitais brasileiras. A magnitude de associação entre o desfecho (T-score: problemas na área Família/Social) e os fatores em estudo (características sociodemográficas, comorbidades psiquiátricas, exposição a eventos estressores na vida, uso recente de substâncias psicoativas, dados sobre o consumo de substâncias pelos usuários, seu parceiro, familiares adultos e amigos e envolvimento com atividades ilícitas) foi avaliada através da razão de prevalência (RP), estimada pela regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Ter diagnóstico de abuso de álcool, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, transtorno da personalidade antissocial, episódio depressivo atual e o número de dias consumindo crack no último mês estava significativamente associado com maior severidade nos problemas na área Família/Social. Os achados deste estudo demonstram uma relação entre maior frequência de uso de crack e co-morbidades psiquiátricas com ter mais problemas nos relacionamentos com parceiros, familiares e amigos. Sendo a reinserção social, uma conquista fundamental para a recuperação, nossos achados apontam que, além do uso de crack em si, outros elementos podem representar barreiras para o bom funcionamento social destas pessoas. Estes resultados advogam em favor do desenvolvimento de intervenções psicossociais que foquem na melhora do funcionamento interpessoal de usuários de crack e a inclusão de familiares e amigos nas abordagens terapêuticas. Além disso, sugere-se o oferecimento de tratamento concomitante para as comorbidades psiquiátricas. / Crack-cocaine is the illicit psychoactive substance that most leads to substance use treatment seeking in the Unified Health System (SUS). Users frequently report difficulties in interpersonal relationships, yet having healthy relationships is crucial to the process of recovery. Evidence so far demonstrate that in addition to psychoactive substance use, other factors in the user’s life, such as sociodemographic characteristics, emotional, behavioral, and social problems, may become barriers to the rescue and cultivation of healthy relationships. Thus, the present dissertation aimed to investigate the association between severity of problems in interpersonal functioning of crack-cocaine users and related risk factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, consumption of psychoactive substances by users, partners, adult relatives and friends, and psychiatric comorbidities. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study, involving men and women (N = 407), undergoing treatment for their crack-cocaine use in public health facilities of six Brazilian capitals. The magnitude of association between the outcome (T-score: problems in the Family/Social area) and factors under study (sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, exposure to lifetime stressful events, data regarding the use of psychoactive substances by users, their partner, adult relatives and friends and engagement in illicit activities) was evaluated by the prevalence ratio (PR), estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. Having a comorbid diagnosis of alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, current depressive episode and the number of days of crack use in the last month was significantly associated with greater severity in the problems in the Family/Social area. These findings demonstrate a relationship between higher frequency of use of crack cocaine and psychiatric comorbidities with more problems in relationships with partners, family and friends. Since social reintegration is a fundamental achievement for recovery, our findings indicate that, besides the use of crack itself, other elements may represent barriers to the social functioning of these people. These results support development of psychosocial interventions that focus in the improvement of interpersonal relationships of crack cocaine users and the inclusion of family and friends in the treatment. In addition, it is suggested that interventions should target concomitant treatment for psychiatric comorbidities.

Etude 1 : La revue de littérature a identifié 16 articles. Plusieurs facteurs prédicteurs du jeu excessif ont été identifiés (le stress, les attributions internes, la dissociation, l’ennui, les émotions négatives, les croyances irrationnelles, l’anxiété et l’impulsivité). Enfin, la validité des outils utilisés pour mesurer le jeu excessif et les croyances irrationnelles dans cette population est remise en question. Etude 2 : Le Tilt serait lié à une perte de contrôle et des émotions négatives (colère, frustration), associées à des expériences dissociatives transitoires. Causé par des évènements tant internes qu’externes, le Tilt affecterait les processus comportementaux, émotionnels et cognitifs.Etude 3 : L’échelle OPTS mesure la fréquence des épisodes de Tilt au poker en ligne. Les items ont été créés à partir de la littérature et de 10 entretiens semi-directifs de joueurs de poker en ligne. L’échelle est composée de 2 facteurs appelés « Tilt émotionnel et comportemental » et « Tilt cognitif ». Etude 4 : Nos résultats indiquent que la fréquence des épisodes de Tilt est un prédicteur significatif de l’utilisation excessive du poker en ligne. La fréquence des épisodes de Tilt est quant à elle prédite par les croyances irrationnelles de type « incapacité à s’abstenir de jouer » et « interprétations favorables à la poursuite du jeu ». Le Tilt et les croyances irrationnelles sont donc fortement associés au jeu excessif au poker en ligne. / Study 1: A total of 16 relevant studies were identified. Several factors predicting excessive gambling were identified (stress, internal attribution, dissociation, boredom, negative emotions, irrational beliefs, anxiety and impulsivity). Finally the validity of the tools used to measure excessive or problematic gambling and irrational belief are not suitable for online poker. Study 2: The Tilt would be related to both loss of control and negative emotions (e.g. anger, frustration) and associated to dissociative experiences but transitive ones. The Tilt, as a result of intern and extern events, would impact behavioral, cognitive and emotional process. Study 3: The OPTS, a 17-item self-report questionnaire, measures the frequency of Tilt episodes associated with online poker. Items were created based on the literature and 10 semi-structured interviews conducted on 10 online poker players. The scale is composed of 2 factors, namely “emotional and behavioral Tilt” and “cognitive Tilt”. Study 4: Our findings evidenced that frequency of Tilt episodes is a significant predictor of excessive online poker gambling. As far as frequency of Tilt episode is concerned, irrational beliefs such as “incapacity of preventing to play” and “positive interpretation for paying” would be predictors. As a consequence, the Tilt and irrational beliefs are strongly associated with excessive online poker gambling.

The purpose of this study was to understand how clinical therapists of sexual addiction in Sweden construct sexual addiction as a problem. The data in this study was obtained from eight interviews with people who works as clinical therapists. The data then got analysed through perspective analysis. The findings in this study shows that the therapists find difficulties in defining sexual addiction and most of time the individual with sexual addiction define their own problem. Individuals with sexual addiction have a heterogenous perspective on the problem and the therapists also share this heterogenous perspective. A common theme in the stories from the therapists was that sexual addiction has many consequences. Two of the more prevalent consequences was the shame surrounding sexual addiction and the double life you must live as a person with sexual addiction because of this shame.