Sexmissbrukets underliggande orsaker skiljer sig åt och detta beror på flera faktorer som exempelvis internet, alkohol och droger. Denna studie behandlar sexmissbrukets utveckling under åren 1990 till 2000. Studiens syfte är att visa på den samexistens som begreppet anses ha med andra missbruk som visas genom de faktorer som kommer att nämnas i studien. Studien som är en litteraturbaserad översikt bygger på sex artiklar och en rapport som analyserats utifrån systemteorin. Studien visar att sexmissbruk kan tolkas på olika sätt beroende på den målgrupp som kommer i kontakt med begreppet. Det centrala är att sexmissbruk ses som ett dolt problem och utvecklas genom samexistensen med alkohol och droger. Denna samexistens initieras under slutet av 1990-talet och det sker en drastisk ökning under 2000-talet. Det vi kan konstatera i studien är att resultatet av ökningen har ett direkt samband med utvecklingen och användningen av internet i kombination med alkohol och droger. Min slutsats är därmed att internet och cybersex i kombination med nämnda droger leder till den samexistens som studien visar på. Studien visar alltså på att faktorerna har ett samband med varandra och att sexmissbruk inte bara är ett missbruk, utan även multipla missbruk, ett blandmissbruk.

This research seeks to unravel the definition of sexual addiction amongst adolescents from the perspectives of professional social workers, working with these types of issues. This has been conducted through a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with social workers in various youth clinics in Stockholm. The results gathered from the interviews are presented and then analyzed through discourse analysis using the social constructionism as our theoretical framework. The primary results gathered, conclude that sexual addiction amongst adolescents is to be defined within the personal contact between the client and the social worker in order to build an individual case discourse. The results also depicts that shame and anxiety are the driving forces for the phenomenon. Furthermore, inconsistency was discovered regarding the terminology of the phenomenon amongst the social workers. It is important to note that the adolescent years are time of rapid change and, thus, the behavior resembling sexual addiction may not be permanent. The results are then discussed and compared to previous research.

The proposed diagnostic criteria for Hypersexual Disorder included "[r]epetitively engaging in sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors in response to stressful life events" (Kafka, 2010, p.279) as a symptom, although no data demonstrates a causal relationship between stress and hypersexual behavior. We sought to confirm previous findings while furthering the field's understanding of this relationship by being the first study to assess stress and hypersexual behavior across multiple time points. Specifically, we sought to test three hypotheses within a sample of men seeking treatment for hypersexual behavior: 1) hypersexual individuals report higher stress levels than published norm samples; 2) stress predicts sexual thoughts, urges, and behavior at the same time point and across multiple time points; and 3) among various domains of stress, social and personal forms of stress best predict hypersexual behavior. Thirty men seeking treatment for hypersexual behaviors at residential and intensive outpatient treatment centers participated in the study. Various indices of stress (perceived stress, daily hassles, stressful life domains, and salivary cortisol), affect (boredom, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and loneliness), and process (psychological inflexibility) were assessed, some across two time points. Across multiple analyses, the study did not find sufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between stress and hypersexual behavior. Supporting previous research, the hypersexual sample demonstrated significant elevations on stress, affect, and process measures compared to published norms, strengthening the assertion that hypersexual individuals experience high levels of stress and psychological distress. The implications of these findings, limitations of the methods used, and future directions for research and treatment are discussed.

The purpose of the current study was to provide both additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the TIPSA by examining reliability and validity coefficients, and to add to the empirical evidence for the application of betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex and/or historical trauma. It was hypothesized that internal-consistency coefficients for the TIPSA would exceed 0.70; the TIPSA and the PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) would be significantly positively correlated; the TIPSA and the Composite Codependency Scale (CCS) would not be significantly correlated; and that neither Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) nor Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE) scores would be significantly correlated with, or have a significant effect on TIPSA or PCL-5 scores. This study was conducted using anonymous survey data from192 female participants who self-identified as partners of sex addicts. Participants completed the TIPSA, PCL-5, CCS, ACE, and BCE measures. All reliability estimates for the TIPSA were above 0.70, as were all total-scale reliability estimates for the additional measures. Correlation between the TIPSA and PCL-5 produced a Pearson's r of 0.851 (p = 5.541 E-55), which indicated a large effect size. Correlations with additional measures produced statistically significant, yet small to weak, effect sizes (CCS: r = 0.292; ACE: r = -0.173; BCE: r = 0.244). Based on study results, there appears to be sufficient evidence to establish convergent validity of the TIPSA as a measure of trauma symptoms. Moreover, statistical evidence indicates only a weak relationship between the TIPSA and the CCS, thus establishing divergent validity of the TIPSA. Finally, neither the BCE nor the ACE was strongly correlated with the TIPSA, which adds to the empirical evidence for utilizing betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex trauma, and also serves to provide additional evidence for divergent validity of the TIPSA.

Bakgrund: Trots ett ansvar att inbegripa patientens sexuella hälsa i till exempel ankomstsamtalet, känner många sjuksköterskor motvilja till detta. Vi har själva märkt att VIPS-sökordet sexualitet/reproduktion sällan används i vården och därför valde vi att genomföra denna studie. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan uppmärksammar patientens sexuella beteende. Metod: Detta var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra sjuksköterskor från beroende- och primärvården. Resultat: Fyra teman valdes ut; journalföring, sjuksköterskans samtal med patienten, samband mellan beroende/sjukdomar och sexualproblem samt behandling. Huvudresultatet var att sjuksköterskor inte frågar om VIPS-sökordet sexualitet/reproduktion om inte uppenbara skäl finns. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna går tillväga på olika sätt när de uppmärksammar en patients sexuella beteenden. Vissa frågar i samband med andra sjukdomar och vissa frågar inte alls om det. Några rutiner kring hur sjuksköterskan ska handla vid ett misstänkt sexmissbruk finns inte men var och en av de intervjuade hade en egen plan på var de skulle rekommendera patienten att vända sig. / Background: Despite a responsibility to include the sexual health of a patient in e.g. the admission interview, many nurses feel reluctant to do so. We have noticed that the VIPS-search word sexuality/reproduction is seldomly used within the health care and therefore we chose to conduct this study. Aim: The aim of the study was to elucidate how the nurse is paying attention to the sexual behavior of the patient. Methods: This was a qualitative interview study with four nurses from the addictive- and primary care. Results: Four themes were chosen; keeping medical records, the nurse's communication with the patient, the connection between addiction/diseases and sexual problems and treatment. The main result was that nurses don't use the VIPS-search word sexuality/reproduction if no obvious reasons exist. Conclusion: Nurses approach the patient's sexual behavior in different ways. Some ask while discussing other diseases and some do not ask at all. There are no routines according to how the nurses should act when they suspect a sexual addiction but each and one of the interviewed nurses had their own way to which treatment they would recommend in the matter.

The purpose of this study was to understand how clinical therapists of sexual addiction in Sweden construct sexual addiction as a problem. The data in this study was obtained from eight interviews with people who works as clinical therapists. The data then got analysed through perspective analysis. The findings in this study shows that the therapists find difficulties in defining sexual addiction and most of time the individual with sexual addiction define their own problem. Individuals with sexual addiction have a heterogenous perspective on the problem and the therapists also share this heterogenous perspective. A common theme in the stories from the therapists was that sexual addiction has many consequences. Two of the more prevalent consequences was the shame surrounding sexual addiction and the double life you must live as a person with sexual addiction because of this shame.

While not included in the diagnostic classifications of sexual disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), sexual addictions and compulsivities are increasingly being encountered by mental health professionals, and the field of sexual addictions is gaining wider acceptance (Delmonico & Carnes, 1999; Garos, 1997). Research shows the majority of people struggling with sexual addictions and compulsivities involving the Internet are married, heterosexual males (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), and that women who are married to these men are directly impacted by this problem (Schneider, 2000b). Although there is research on many issues relating to wives of sex addicts, there is currently a void in the research literature regarding the kinds of support women find most beneficial when dealing with a spouse's sexually addictive or compulsive behaviors. The primary purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the kinds of support women find most beneficial when dealing with a spouse's sexually addictive and compulsive behaviors. Using grounded theory methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1990), twenty-two women from Canada and the United States were interviewed to find out what they found most helpful as they sought support to cope with a spouse's sexually addictive and compulsive behaviors. A theory of support for this population emerged from the data. It was found that women in affected marriages utilize two main categories of support, namely, coping supports, and change-oriented supports such as Recreational, Relational, Professional, Spiritual and Conceptual. Responding to problematic sexual behavior is moderated by numerous internal and external factors. Five common factors of positive support experiences were identified across the sample. These five common factors were: (a) Connection, (b) Advocacy, (c) Validation, (d) Education, and (e) Direction (CAVED). This study did not succeed in identifying distinct pathways of support for women who discover this problem versus those who have it disclosed to them, nor did this study identify specific treatment modalities that are effective. The results of this study provide a useful template for clinicians, support networks and researchers to begin understanding what is helpful and unhelpful when working with this population.

Sexmissbruk eller diagnosmissbruk? – En diskursanalys av begreppet sexmissbruk Jakobsson, R.Key words: diagnoses, hypersexuality, medicalization, nymphomania, sexual addiction, sexual behavior, sexual compulsivity, sexual deviation, shame, social construction.Background: Sexual addiction has been given a dominant discoursive power in Sweden which (re)inforces the idea that sexuality is essentially a dangerous and lethal force.Methods: The thesis consists of two sub studies. Firstly, a critical discourse analysis is conducted over scientifical articles of sexual addiction and sexual compulsivity. Secondly, a critical discourse analysis of the concept of sexual addiction in newspapers in Sweden’s largest newspaper, DN, and an evening paper, Aftonbladet. These two sub studies are reflected towards each other to examine the construction and discourses surrounding sexual addiction.Results: The first sub study shows that sexual addiction is a term and concept that lacks empirical data. However, research still speculates that a sex addict can be someone who compulsively consumes any sexual behaviors that deviates from marital sex. The second sub study shows that sexual addiction is a vague concept that could be applied to most people in society; it may include people who masturbate, are unfaithfull, are rapists, perform incest, consume pornography, have difficulties with intimacy and/or have multiple sexual partners.Conclusion: Sexual addiction is a moral concept, which pathologizes people who deviate from erotic normalcy. The media articles presented a vague image of a sex addict that includes a series of sexual behaviors, ranging from masturbation to sex offending. Although research has been conducted for over 30 years, there is no empirical data about what constitutes sexual addiction and what the potential consequences for the individual and society are. In sum, both science and popular discourses presents a potential addiction to diagnoses.Suggested Citation: "Jakobsson. R. (2013): Sexmissbruk eller Diagnosmissbruk? – En Diskursanalys av Begreppet Sexmissbruk. Master Thesis at Malmo University, Sexology.”

Beginning with the diagnosis of nymphomania in the 19th Century, there has been widespread and continued interest across the mental health and bio-medical realm of what constitutes normality of female sexual behavior, and of the boundary at which sexual desire is deemed to be excessive, and thus abnormal. However, research questions that specifically investigate the subjective female voice and perspective in considerations of so-called hypersexuality or sex addiction remain understudied. This research project proposes to examine the cultural pathways and systemic foundations which have historically in the West problematized female sexuality by investigating women's own perceptions of sexual addiction and their experiences in seeking (or not) addiction treatment. In addition, this research project proposes to investigate the perceptions of therapists (psychologists and psychiatrists) who treat hypersexual female patients, in order to examine their beliefs about the cultural and biological genesis of the disorder, and its appearance in female patients. Theoretically, this project aims to move away from the concept of individualized bodies suffering singularly from (dis)ease and abnormality, and investigate the ways in which Western cultural notions of normal female sexuality shape women's self-perceptions and notions about sexual deviance.