There is increasing evidence that chronic inflammation is tightly linked to diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction, including the induction of aberrant angiogenesis. While leukocytes have been described as mediators of inflammation-associated angiogenesis, the effects of direct chronic endothelial activation have not been addressed in this context. Using an uncleavable mutant of the transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), we have established models of stable TNF-α expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in transgenic mice in vivo. In the in vitro model, continuous endothelial activation leads to increased leukocyte cellular adhesion molecule expression and intracellular reactive oxygen species, hallmarks of a proinflammatory and dysfunctional endothelium. In addition, stable expression of TNF-α in endothelial cells increased angiogenic sprout formation in the presence but also in the absence of angiogenic growth factors. The partial neutralization of this effect by TNF-α antibodies and the inability of conditioned media from stable TNF-α-expressing endothelial cells to induce angiogenic activities in control endothelial cells suggest that this effect does not require expression of additional autocrine factors, but is an autonomous effect of the transmembrane TNF on the endothelial cells. Furthermore, using the Matrigel plug assay in vivo, increased angiogenesis was observed in endothelial TNF-α-expressing transgenic versus control mice. In conclusion, chronic inflammatory changes mediated by TNF-α can induce angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting endothelial cell activation as a direct link between inflammation and angiogenesis. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Both PCV2 and PRRSV have caused devastating diseases in the swine industry worldwide, resulting in immense economic losses. One of the most common co-infections in the swine industry is PCV2 and PRRSV. The aim of this dissertation research is to explore different experimental approaches to develop novel vaccines against the two major pathogens affecting swine production and study the basic mechanisms that may be involved in viral pathogenesis. Two types of porcine circovirus (PCV), PCV1 and PCV2, have been identified thus far. PCV1, first identified as a contaminant of the PK-15 cell line, is non-pathogenic and has a low prevalence in swine herds. PCV2 is highly prevalent in most swine-producing countries and is associated with clinical PCVAD. The non-pathogenic PCV1 shares similar genomic organization with PCV2. Previously, it has been demonstrated that a genetically modified infectious chimeric PCV1-2a virus can tolerate up to a 27 aa insertion in the C-terminus of the ORF2 without affecting infectivity and produce a dual immune response against PCV2cap and the inserted epitope tag. Therefore, we evaluated the use of the non-pathogenic PCV1 wild-type (wt) virus and chimeric PCV1-2a vaccine virus (vs) to express four known B-cell epitopes of PRRSV. Peptide epitopes of PRRSV-VR2385, including GP2II (aa 40–51, ASPSHVGWWSFA), GP3I (aa 61–72, QAAAEAYEPGRS), GP5I (aa 35–46, SSSNLQLIYNLT), and GP5IV (aa 187–200, TPVTRVSAEQWGRP) were inserted in frame into the C-terminus of the ORF2 of PCV1wt as well as the PCV1-2avs. Four PCV1-PRRSVEPI chimeric viruses and four PCV1-2a-PRRSVEPI chimeric viruses were successfully rescued and shown to be infectious in vitro and co-expressed PCV1cap or PCV2cap with each specific PRRSV epitope. Two independent animal studies were conducted to evaluate whether the non-pathogenic PCV1 can serve as a vaccine delivery vector and whether the PCV1-2a vaccine virus can be used to develop a bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV. We demonstrated that three PCV1-PRRSVEPI chimeric viruses and two PCV1-2a-PRRSVEPI chimeric viruses were infectious in pigs. Importantly, we demonstrated that the PCV1-PRRSVEPI and PCV1-2a-PRRSVEPI chimeric viruses not only induced specific PCV1 or PCV2 IgG antibody but also specific anti-PRRSV epitope antibody responses as well. Regardless of the PCV backbone used, we showed that the PCV-PRRSV chimeric viruses elicited neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV-VR2385. These results provided a proof of concept for the potential use of the non-pathogenic PCV1 as a vaccine delivery system for PRRSV or other swine pathogens and the use of PCV1-2a vaccine virus to generate a bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV. PRRSV causes a persistent infection and immunosuppression. Immunomodulation of the host immune system is caused by modulation of numerous interleukins, such as type I interferons, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in infected pigs. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are the first line of defense, and their infection plays an important role in innate-mediated immune regulation during early immune responses. Among the APCs, pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), pulmonary interstitial macrophages (PIMs), and dendritic cells (DCs) are the main targets for PRRSV replication. The role of PRRSV-DCs interaction is not fully understood, and current research focuses on the production and regulation of interferons through DC-SIGN receptors. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulation of MoDCs by PRRSV through interactions with the pDC-SIGN receptor, by blocking pDC-SIGN with recombinant hICAM-3-Fc or anti-pDC-SIGN mAb. Our results indicate that recombinant hICAM-3-Fc enhances mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and that anti-pDC-SIGN mAb inhibits mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1α and enhances the expression of IL-12 induced by PRRSV in MoDCs. The results will help understand the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV pathogenesis. / Ph. D.

No / Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to be associated with fetal endothelial dysfunction, however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. This study examines the effect of maternal diabetes on fetal endothelial function and gene expression under physiological glucose conditions (5 mM). Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) isolated from diabetic mothers (d.HUVEC) grew more slowly than HUVEC isolated from healthy mothers (c.HUVEC) and had delayed doubling time despite increased levels of total vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and protein production as determined by real-time PCR and ELISA respectively. Using western blot, the levels of antiproliferative VEGF165b isoform were increased in d.HUVEC relative to c.HUVEC. Successful VEGF165b knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in increased proliferation of d.HUVEC measured by MTT, compared with negative siRNA control, to similar levels measured in c.HUVEC. In addition, d.HUVEC generated excess levels of ROS as revealed by 2',7' Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA) and Nitrotetrazolium blue (NBT). Using microarray, 102 genes were differentially overexpressed between d.HUVEC versus c.HUVEC (>1.5-fold change; P < 0.05). Functional clustering analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed participation in inflammatory responses (including adhesion) which may be related to pathological outcomes. Of these genes, ICAM-1 was validated as upregulated, confirming microarray results. Additional confirmatory immunofluorescence staining revealed increased protein expression of ICAM-1 compared with c.HUVEC which was reduced by vitamin C treatment (100 muM). Thus, maternal diabetes induces persistent alterations in fetal endothelial function and gene expression following glucose normalization and antioxidant treatment could help reverse endothelium dysfunction.

But : La perte de l’intégrité de la barrière hémo-encéphalique (BHE) est l’une des caractéristiques principales de la sclérose en plaques. Cette augmentation de la perméabilité est associée à une désorganisation des molécules de jonction serrée et à une augmentation de l’expression de molécules d’adhérence essentielles à l’extravasation des cellules immunitaires. Identifier de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans ce processus est donc crucial pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre la sclérose en plaques visant à promouvoir l’intégrité de la BHE et à diminuer la migration des leucocytes dans le système nerveux central (SNC) au cours du processus neuro-inflammatoire. Dans cette étude, le rôle spécifique de la molécule d’adhérence ALCAM, qui est exprimé à la surface des cellules endothéliales de la BHE (CE-BHE) et de certains sous-types de leucocytes, a été évalué. Méthodologie : À l’aide d’une analyse protéomique exhaustive, notre laboratoire a identifié ALCAM comme étant une molécule d’adhérence surexprimée par les CE-BHE mises en culture dans un milieu pro-inflammatoire. Dans le but d’étudier le rôle spécifique d’ALCAM durant la diapédèse leucocytaire, nous avons induit chez des souris de type sauvages et des souris ALCAM déficientes l’encéphalite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), le modèle animal de la sclérose en plaques. Le rôle d’ALCAM a aussi été étudié à l’aide d’un système d’adhérence sous flux laminaire. Cet appareil, qui imite un capillaire cérébral, permet de suivre en temps réel le mouvement des leucocytes, soumis à une pression physiologique, dans un tube couvert à sa base par des CE-BHE. Résultats : En utilisant ce système d’adhérence, j’ai pu démontrer que des anticorps dirigés contre ALCAM réduisent de façon significative le roulement et l’adhérence de monocytes CD14+ humains à la surface de CE-BHE. Par ailleurs, ces anticorps préviennent de façon marquée la diminution de la vitesse moyenne des cellules au cours de l’expérience. Par le fait même, j’ai aussi observé une réduction significative de l’extravasation des monocytes traités avec de l’anti-ALCAM au travers de CE-BHE dans un modèle statique de migration. Subséquemment, j’ai démontré que ces monocytes migrent plus rapidement et en plus grand nombre au travers d’une barrière constituée de cellules endothéliales méningées à comparer à des CE-BHE. Bien que des observations similaires ont été effectuées en utilisant des lymphocytes T CD4+ humains ex vivo, j’ai été incapable de reproduire ces résultats à l’aide de cellules Th1 et Th17 réactivées in vitro. Par opposition à nos données in vitro, j’ai découvert que les souris déficientes en ALCAM développent une EAE active plus sévère que celle observée chez des souris de type sauvages. Cette EAE est par ailleurs associée à une infiltration périvasculaire de lymphocytes T pro-inflammatoires et de monocytes/macrophages de type M1 plus marqué chez les souris ALCAM déficientes. L’induction d’une EAE par transfert adoptif, dans laquelle des cellules immunitaires de type sauvage réactivées par du MOG sont injectées à des souris déficientes en ALCAM, suggère que la pathophysiologie observée durant l’EAE active serait liée à l’absence d’ALCAM au niveau de la BHE. Une caractérisation de la barrière des souris ALCAM déficientes non immunisées a par la suite révélé une réduction de l’expression de certaines molécules de jonction serrée. Une analyse plus poussée a par ailleurs démontré qu’ALCAM est lié indirectement à des molécules de jonction serrée des CE-BHE, ce qui expliquerait l’augmentation de la perméabilité de celle-ci chez les souris déficientes en ALCAM. Une analyse de la perméabilité intercellulaire de la BHE effectuée in vitro a d’autre part corrélé ces résultats. Conclusion : Collectivement, nos données prouvent qu’ALCAM joue un rôle prépondérant dans la diapédèse des monocytes, mais pas des lymphocytes Th1 et Th17 au travers de la BHE. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent qu’ALCAM remplit une fonction biologique cruciale favorisant le maintien de l’intégrité de la BHE en agissant comme molécule adaptatrice intermédiaire entre les molécules de jonction serrées et le cytosquelette. De cette façon, l’absence d’ALCAM au niveau des CE-BHE promeut indirectement le recrutement de leucocytes pro-inflammatoires dans le SNC des souris atteintes de l’EAE en augmentant la perméabilité des vaisseaux sanguins de la BHE. / Aim: The loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis. It is associated with a disorganization of junctional molecules and an upregulation of cell adhesion molecules essential for immune cell transmigration. Identifying novel key players involved in this process is thus crucial for the development of MS therapies aimed at promoting BBB integrity and decreasing leukocytes trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) during neuroinflammation. In this study, the specific role of the adhesion molecule ALCAM, found on BBB endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) and subsets of leukocytes, was assessed. Methods: We first identified ALCAM as an important molecule upregulated during inflammation in a proteomic screen of in vitro cultured primary human BBB-ECs. In order to study the effects of ALCAM on leukocyte transmigration, both active and passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in ALCAM KO and WT animals. The specific role of ALCAM during leukocyte transmigration was also assessed using a modified adhesion assay under sheer-stress, in which leukocytes flow across a capillary-like channel lined with a monolayer of BBB-ECs under physiological pressure. Results: Using the modified adhesion assay, we demonstrated that anti-ALCAM blocking antibodies significantly reduce the rolling and the adhesion of human CD14+ monocytes interacting with primary human BBB-ECs, as well as prevent their overall decrease in velocity. Concurrently, we also observed a significant reduction in the migration of ex vivo CD14+ monocytes, across a monolayer of human BBB-ECs. These monocytes also migrated more rapidly and in higher number across meningeal endothelial cells, as compared to BBB-ECs. While similar observations were made using ex vivo CD4+ T lymphocytes, we failed to reproduce these results using in vitro activated Th1 and Th17 cells. In opposition to our in vitro data, ALCAM KO mice developed a more severe active EAE associated with a significant increase in perivascular infiltration of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1/Th17) and M1 monocytes/macrophages, as compared to WT controls. In addition, EAE transfer experiments, in which ALCAM KO mice received WT MOG-reactivated splenocytes, suggested that the pathophysiology observed in active EAE was linked to the absence of ALCAM on BBB-ECs. Phenotypic characterization of un-immunized ALCAM KO mice revealed a reduced expression of BBB junctional proteins. Further analysis showed that ALCAM is indirectly associated with tight junction molecules of the BBB-ECs, which explains the increased CNS parenchymal blood vessel in vivo permeability in ALCAM KO animals. Correlating with these data, primary culture of mouse brain BBB-ECs was shown to possess a lower TEER and an increased permeability coefficient. Conclusion: Collectively, our data provide evidence of the implication of ALCAM in monocyte transmigration, but not Th1 or Th17 lymphocyte diapedesis across CNS endothelium. Our results also point to a biologically crucial function of ALCAM in maintaining BBB integrity by acting as an adaptor molecule between tight junctions and the cytoskeleton. As such, the absence of ALCAM at the level of BBB-ECs indirectly promotes the recruitment of pro-inflammatory leukocytes in the CNS of EAE animals by increasing the BBB vessels permeability.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est caractérisée par des infiltrations périvasculaires de cellules immunitaires et par de la démyélinisation au sein du système nerveux central (SNC). Ces deux paramètres de la maladie sont associés à la fragilisation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). En ce sens, le recrutement des cellules présentatrices d’antigène (CPA) myéloïdes, telles que les monocytes, les macrophages et les cellules dendritiques, dans le SNC à travers la BHE, est une étape cruciale dans l’initiation et la persistance de l’inflammation cérébrale. Nerve injury-induced protein (Ninjurin)-1 est une nouvelle molécule d’adhérence qui médie une interaction de type homophilique et dont l’expression sur l’endothélium vasculaire de la BHE humaine fut identifiée grâce à une analyse protéomique des protéines associées à la BHE. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire montrent que l’expression de Ninjurin-1 augmente dans un contexte inflammatoire dans les cultures primaires de cellules endothéliales de la BHE (CE-BHE) et sur les CPA myéloïdes humaines ex vivo et générées in vitro. De plus, les CPA infiltrantes retrouvées dans les lésions cérébrales de patients atteints de SEP et dans le SNC des souris atteintes d’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale (EAE), le modèle murin de la SEP, expriment de hauts niveaux de Ninjurin-1. À l’aide du modèle in vitro de la BHE, la neutralisation de Ninjurin-1 restreint spécifiquement la migration des monocytes à travers les CE-BHE sans affecter le recrutement des lymphocytes, ni la perméabilité des CE-BHE. Enfin, les souris atteintes d’EAE et traitées avec un peptide bloquant dirigé contre Ninjurin-1 présentent une maladie moins sévère ainsi qu’une diminution des CPA infiltrant le SNC et ce comparé au groupe contrôle. Ces résultats suggèrent que Ninjurin-1 est une molécule d’adhérence de la BHE impliquée dans le recrutement de CPA myéloïdes au sein du SNC et qu’elle peut être considérée comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle en SEP. / Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by perivascular infiltrations of immune cells and by demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). These two hallmarks of the disease are associated with the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The recruitment of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, the so-called myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in the CNS through the BBB is thought to play a crucial role in the initiation and the persistence of the disease. Therefore the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the migration of myeloid APCs into the CNS is considered a valid therapeutic option in MS. Nerve injury-induced protein (Ninjurin)-1, a novel adhesion molecule that mediates homophilic binding, was found to be expressed in the vascular endothelium of the BBB following a proteomic screen of human BBB-associated proteins. Ninjurin-1’s expression increases during an inflammatory context in primary cultures of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) and on ex vivo and in vitro generated myeloid APCs. In addition, infiltrating APCs in human MS lesions and in the CNS of the murine model of MS, the mice affected with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), express high levels of Ninjurin-1. Using an experimental model of the BBB, the neutralization of Ninjurin-1 specifically restricts the migration of monocytes across the BBB-ECs without affecting the recruitment of lymphocytes or the permeability of the BBB-ECs. Finally, EAE mice treated with a Ninjurin-1 blocking peptide have reduced disease severity and a reduced infiltration of myeloid APCs in the CNS, as compared to the control group. Our results show that Ninjurin-1 is an adhesion molecule of the BBB involved in the recruitment of myeloid APCs to the CNS and is also a potential therapeutic target to dampen CNS inflammatory processes, as occurs in MS.

INTRODUÇÃO: A elevada frequência e morbimortalidade das infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRI) pelo vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) na infância, além da ausência de estudos no Brasil que correlacionam evolutivamente a resposta inflamatória no epitélio respiratório e no sangue periférico à gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR, estimularam a realização desta pesquisa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se as concentrações dos mediadores inflamatórios (MI) (RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10) e suas razões na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue de crianças com idade inferior a 3 meses e ITRI pelo VSR correlacionam-se à gravidade da doença; determinar a frequência dos grupos A e B do VSR nas crianças internadas na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCINE) do Instituto da Criança do HCFMUSP; avaliar se há diferença na gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR entre as crianças internadas na UCINE e infectadas pelos grupos A e B do vírus; comparar as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue à admissão hospitalar ou por ocasião do diagnóstico de ITRI pelo VSR adquirida durante a internação, no terceiro e sétimo dias de evolução ou à alta (se antes do sétimo dia); comparar as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue dos pacientes à admissão, de acordo com grupos A e B do VSR; e descrever a evolução das concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue durante a doença pelo VSR. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo prospectivo, de coorte, observacional, de julho de 2004 a dezembro de 2005, 30 crianças com idade inferior a três meses portadoras de ITRI pelo VSR internadas na UCINE. Foram medidas as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no soro de todas as crianças à admissão no estudo, no terceiro e sétimo dias de evolução ou à alta hospitalar (se antes do sétimo dia) através da técnica ELISA sanduíche. Utilizamos para avaliar a gravidade da doença respiratória os seguintes marcadores clínicos: sistema de escore clínico modificado de De Boeck et al. (1997), tempos de oxigenoterapia e de ventilação mecânica e duração da internação. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação positiva significante entre a gravidade da doença pelo sistema de escore clínico modificado à admissão hospitalar e as concentrações na secreção nasofaríngea de sICAM-1 (r=0,401, p=0,028) e IL-10 (r=0,412, p=0,024) e de IL-6 no soro (r=0,469, p=0,009). Houve também correlação positiva significante entre as concentrações de IL-6 no soro e o tempo de oxigenoterapia (r=0,445, p=0,023) e a duração da internação (r=0,572, p=0,001). Das razões dos MI estudadas, a IL-10/IL-6 (primeiras amostras de soro), a IL-6/TNF- e a IL -6/IL-10 (segundas amostras de soro) foram associadas de forma mais consistente (p<0,001) à gravidade da ITRI pelo VSR. Não ocorreram óbitos entre as crianças envolvidas neste estudo. Os dois grupos de VSR causaram ITRI nas crianças internadas na UCINE, sendo que o grupo A foi o mais frequente (57%). No entanto, foram as crianças infectadas pelo grupo B do VSR as que evoluíram com maior morbidade (p<0,001). As medianas das concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1 e IL-10 foram maiores nas três amostras de soro (p<0,001); enquanto as medianas das concentrações de IL-6 predominaram nas três amostras de secreção nasofaríngea (p<0,001). A mediana das concentrações de TNF- foi maior apenas nas primeiras amostras de secreção nasofaríngea (p<0,001). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos do VSR apenas em relação à mediana das concentrações de IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar, que foi mais elevada nas crianças com infecção pelo grupo B (p=0,039). As concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e de TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 no soro variaram, de forma significante, durante a evolução da ITRI pelo VSR. Os demais níveis de MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no soro mantiveram-se estáveis durante o período de estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Níveis de RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 foram detectados em todas as amostras de secreção nasofaríngea e de soro das crianças com ITRI pelo VSR internadas na UCINE, confirmando o papel destes MI na patogênese da doença. Nossos resultados sugerem que as concentrações de sICAM-1 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e IL-6 no soro à admissão, bem como as razões IL-10/IL-6 (primeiras amostras de soro), IL-6/TNF- e IL -6/IL-10 (segundas amostras de soro), poderiam ser usadas como marcadores de gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR. Os níveis de IL-6 determinados no soro admissão também poderiam ser usados para predizer tempo de oxigenoterapia e duração da internação mais prolongados. Os grupos A e B do VSR cocircularam durante o período do estudo, com o grupo A sendo dominante nestes pacientes. Entretanto, foram as crianças infectadas com o grupo B do vírus que evoluíram com maior morbidade. As concentrações de IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar foram significantemente maiores nos pacientes com ITRI pelo grupo B do VSR. O tempo de evolução da doença pelo VSR foi significante para os níveis de RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e de TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 no soro destas crianças. / INTRODUCTION: The high frequency and morbimortality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, besides the lack of studies in Brazil that evolutionally correlate the inflammatory response in respiratory epithelium and in peripheral blood with RSV respiratory disease severity, have stimulated this research. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the concentrations of inflammatory mediators (IM) (RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10) and their ratios in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood of children less than 3 months of age and RSV LRTI correlate with disease severity; to determine the frequency of RSV groups A and B in children admitted to Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCINE) do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; to assess whether there is difference in RSV respiratory disease severity, according to RSV groups A and B; to compare the concentrations of IM in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood at the time of hospital admission or by occasion of a diagnosis of RSV LRTI acquired during the stay, on third and seventh days of evolution or at the hospital discharge (should it had happened before the seventh day); to compare the concentrations of IM in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood of patients at the hospital admission, according to RSV groups A and B; to describe the evolution of RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood. METHODS: Thirty children less than 3 months of age with RSV LRTI admitted to UCINE were included in the prospective cohort observational study, from July 2004 to December 2005. The concentrations of IM were measured through the sandwich ELISA technique in nasopharyngeal secretion and in serum of all children at the hospital admission, and on the third and seventh days of evolution or at the hospital discharge (if before the seventh day). We used the following markers to assess the severity of respiratory illness: the modified clinical scoring system by De Boeck et al. (1997), the days of oxygen supplementation and of mechanical ventilation and duration of hospitalization. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between severity of disease by modified clinical scoring system at the time of hospital admission and nasopharyngeal secretion sICAM-1 (r=0.401, p=0.028) and IL-10 concentrations (r=0.412, p=0.024) and serum IL-6 concentrations (r=0.469, p=0.009). There was also a significant positive correlation between serum IL-6 concentrations and the days of oxygen supplementation (r=0.572, p=0.001), as well as the days of hospital stay (r=0.572, p=0.001). Of IM ratios studied, IL-10/ IL-6 (first samples of serum), IL-6/TNF- and IL-6/IL-10 (second samples of serum) were associated to severity of RSV LRTI with greatest consistency (p<0.001). No fatal cases occurred among the children enrolled in this study. The two groups of RSV caused LRTI in 30 children less than 3 months of age hospitalized in UCINE, being group A the most frequent (57%). However, the children infected by RSV group B were the ones that evolved with a greater need of mechanical ventilation (p<0.001). Medians RANTES, sICAM-1 and IL-10 concentrations were greater in all the three serum samples (p<0.001); whereas medians IL-6 concentrations were predominant in the three nasopharyngeal secretion samples (p<0.001). Median TNF- concentration was greater only in the first nasopharyngeal secretion samples (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of RSV only relative to the median IL-10 concentrations on first nasopharyngeal secretion samples, which was more elevated in children infected by RSV group B (p=0.039). The nasopharyngeal secretion RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 and IL-10 and serum TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations varied significantly during the evolution of RSV LRTI. The other nasopharyngeal secretion and serum IM levels remained stable during the period of study. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 were detected in all nasopharyngeal secretion and serum samples of children with RSV LRTI admitted to UCINE, therefore confirming the role of these IM in pathogenesis of illness. Our results suggest that nasopharyngeal secretion sICAM-1 and IL-10 and serum IL-6 concentrations determined at hospital admission, as well as the ratios IL-10/IL-6 (first samples of serum), IL-6/TNF- and IL-6/IL-10 (second samples of serum), could be used as markers of RSV respiratory disease severity. The levels of IL-6 found in serum at the time of hospital admission could also be used to predict prolonged oxygen supplementation and hospital stay. RSV groups A and B co-circulated during the period of the study, with group A being dominant in these patients. However, the children infected by RSV group B were the ones that evolved with a greater morbidity. Nasopharyngeal secretion IL-10 concentrations at admission were significantly greater in patients with RSV group B LRTI. The duration of RSV disease evolution was significant to nasopharyngeal secretion RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6, IL-10 levels and to serum TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations of these children.

INTRODUÇÃO: A elevada frequência e morbimortalidade das infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRI) pelo vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) na infância, além da ausência de estudos no Brasil que correlacionam evolutivamente a resposta inflamatória no epitélio respiratório e no sangue periférico à gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR, estimularam a realização desta pesquisa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se as concentrações dos mediadores inflamatórios (MI) (RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10) e suas razões na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue de crianças com idade inferior a 3 meses e ITRI pelo VSR correlacionam-se à gravidade da doença; determinar a frequência dos grupos A e B do VSR nas crianças internadas na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCINE) do Instituto da Criança do HCFMUSP; avaliar se há diferença na gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR entre as crianças internadas na UCINE e infectadas pelos grupos A e B do vírus; comparar as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue à admissão hospitalar ou por ocasião do diagnóstico de ITRI pelo VSR adquirida durante a internação, no terceiro e sétimo dias de evolução ou à alta (se antes do sétimo dia); comparar as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue dos pacientes à admissão, de acordo com grupos A e B do VSR; e descrever a evolução das concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e no sangue durante a doença pelo VSR. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo prospectivo, de coorte, observacional, de julho de 2004 a dezembro de 2005, 30 crianças com idade inferior a três meses portadoras de ITRI pelo VSR internadas na UCINE. Foram medidas as concentrações dos MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no soro de todas as crianças à admissão no estudo, no terceiro e sétimo dias de evolução ou à alta hospitalar (se antes do sétimo dia) através da técnica ELISA sanduíche. Utilizamos para avaliar a gravidade da doença respiratória os seguintes marcadores clínicos: sistema de escore clínico modificado de De Boeck et al. (1997), tempos de oxigenoterapia e de ventilação mecânica e duração da internação. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação positiva significante entre a gravidade da doença pelo sistema de escore clínico modificado à admissão hospitalar e as concentrações na secreção nasofaríngea de sICAM-1 (r=0,401, p=0,028) e IL-10 (r=0,412, p=0,024) e de IL-6 no soro (r=0,469, p=0,009). Houve também correlação positiva significante entre as concentrações de IL-6 no soro e o tempo de oxigenoterapia (r=0,445, p=0,023) e a duração da internação (r=0,572, p=0,001). Das razões dos MI estudadas, a IL-10/IL-6 (primeiras amostras de soro), a IL-6/TNF- e a IL -6/IL-10 (segundas amostras de soro) foram associadas de forma mais consistente (p<0,001) à gravidade da ITRI pelo VSR. Não ocorreram óbitos entre as crianças envolvidas neste estudo. Os dois grupos de VSR causaram ITRI nas crianças internadas na UCINE, sendo que o grupo A foi o mais frequente (57%). No entanto, foram as crianças infectadas pelo grupo B do VSR as que evoluíram com maior morbidade (p<0,001). As medianas das concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1 e IL-10 foram maiores nas três amostras de soro (p<0,001); enquanto as medianas das concentrações de IL-6 predominaram nas três amostras de secreção nasofaríngea (p<0,001). A mediana das concentrações de TNF- foi maior apenas nas primeiras amostras de secreção nasofaríngea (p<0,001). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos do VSR apenas em relação à mediana das concentrações de IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar, que foi mais elevada nas crianças com infecção pelo grupo B (p=0,039). As concentrações de RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e de TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 no soro variaram, de forma significante, durante a evolução da ITRI pelo VSR. Os demais níveis de MI na secreção nasofaríngea e no soro mantiveram-se estáveis durante o período de estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Níveis de RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 foram detectados em todas as amostras de secreção nasofaríngea e de soro das crianças com ITRI pelo VSR internadas na UCINE, confirmando o papel destes MI na patogênese da doença. Nossos resultados sugerem que as concentrações de sICAM-1 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e IL-6 no soro à admissão, bem como as razões IL-10/IL-6 (primeiras amostras de soro), IL-6/TNF- e IL -6/IL-10 (segundas amostras de soro), poderiam ser usadas como marcadores de gravidade da doença respiratória pelo VSR. Os níveis de IL-6 determinados no soro admissão também poderiam ser usados para predizer tempo de oxigenoterapia e duração da internação mais prolongados. Os grupos A e B do VSR cocircularam durante o período do estudo, com o grupo A sendo dominante nestes pacientes. Entretanto, foram as crianças infectadas com o grupo B do vírus que evoluíram com maior morbidade. As concentrações de IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar foram significantemente maiores nos pacientes com ITRI pelo grupo B do VSR. O tempo de evolução da doença pelo VSR foi significante para os níveis de RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 e IL-10 na secreção nasofaríngea e de TNF-,IL -6 e IL-10 no soro destas crianças. / INTRODUCTION: The high frequency and morbimortality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, besides the lack of studies in Brazil that evolutionally correlate the inflammatory response in respiratory epithelium and in peripheral blood with RSV respiratory disease severity, have stimulated this research. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the concentrations of inflammatory mediators (IM) (RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10) and their ratios in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood of children less than 3 months of age and RSV LRTI correlate with disease severity; to determine the frequency of RSV groups A and B in children admitted to Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCINE) do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; to assess whether there is difference in RSV respiratory disease severity, according to RSV groups A and B; to compare the concentrations of IM in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood at the time of hospital admission or by occasion of a diagnosis of RSV LRTI acquired during the stay, on third and seventh days of evolution or at the hospital discharge (should it had happened before the seventh day); to compare the concentrations of IM in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood of patients at the hospital admission, according to RSV groups A and B; to describe the evolution of RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in nasopharyngeal secretion and in blood. METHODS: Thirty children less than 3 months of age with RSV LRTI admitted to UCINE were included in the prospective cohort observational study, from July 2004 to December 2005. The concentrations of IM were measured through the sandwich ELISA technique in nasopharyngeal secretion and in serum of all children at the hospital admission, and on the third and seventh days of evolution or at the hospital discharge (if before the seventh day). We used the following markers to assess the severity of respiratory illness: the modified clinical scoring system by De Boeck et al. (1997), the days of oxygen supplementation and of mechanical ventilation and duration of hospitalization. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between severity of disease by modified clinical scoring system at the time of hospital admission and nasopharyngeal secretion sICAM-1 (r=0.401, p=0.028) and IL-10 concentrations (r=0.412, p=0.024) and serum IL-6 concentrations (r=0.469, p=0.009). There was also a significant positive correlation between serum IL-6 concentrations and the days of oxygen supplementation (r=0.572, p=0.001), as well as the days of hospital stay (r=0.572, p=0.001). Of IM ratios studied, IL-10/ IL-6 (first samples of serum), IL-6/TNF- and IL-6/IL-10 (second samples of serum) were associated to severity of RSV LRTI with greatest consistency (p<0.001). No fatal cases occurred among the children enrolled in this study. The two groups of RSV caused LRTI in 30 children less than 3 months of age hospitalized in UCINE, being group A the most frequent (57%). However, the children infected by RSV group B were the ones that evolved with a greater need of mechanical ventilation (p<0.001). Medians RANTES, sICAM-1 and IL-10 concentrations were greater in all the three serum samples (p<0.001); whereas medians IL-6 concentrations were predominant in the three nasopharyngeal secretion samples (p<0.001). Median TNF- concentration was greater only in the first nasopharyngeal secretion samples (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of RSV only relative to the median IL-10 concentrations on first nasopharyngeal secretion samples, which was more elevated in children infected by RSV group B (p=0.039). The nasopharyngeal secretion RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6 and IL-10 and serum TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations varied significantly during the evolution of RSV LRTI. The other nasopharyngeal secretion and serum IM levels remained stable during the period of study. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of RANTES, sICAM-1, TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 were detected in all nasopharyngeal secretion and serum samples of children with RSV LRTI admitted to UCINE, therefore confirming the role of these IM in pathogenesis of illness. Our results suggest that nasopharyngeal secretion sICAM-1 and IL-10 and serum IL-6 concentrations determined at hospital admission, as well as the ratios IL-10/IL-6 (first samples of serum), IL-6/TNF- and IL-6/IL-10 (second samples of serum), could be used as markers of RSV respiratory disease severity. The levels of IL-6 found in serum at the time of hospital admission could also be used to predict prolonged oxygen supplementation and hospital stay. RSV groups A and B co-circulated during the period of the study, with group A being dominant in these patients. However, the children infected by RSV group B were the ones that evolved with a greater morbidity. Nasopharyngeal secretion IL-10 concentrations at admission were significantly greater in patients with RSV group B LRTI. The duration of RSV disease evolution was significant to nasopharyngeal secretion RANTES, sICAM-1, IL-6, IL-10 levels and to serum TNF- , IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations of these children.

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), found in many adult tissues, may be useful for regenerative medicine applications. Their identification and purification have been difficult due to their low frequency and lack of unambiguous markers. Using a magnetic micro-beads negative selection technique to remove contaminating hematopoietic cells from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), our lab recently isolated a highly purified osteoprogenitor (HipOp) population that was also enriched for other mesenchymal precursors, including MSCs (Itoh and Aubin, 2009). To further enhance enrichment, we positively selected BMSCs and HipOps for CD73, a putative MSC marker, which resulted in no significant additional enrichment for osteoprogenitors when the population was tested in vitro. However, we also found that HipOps were enriched in vascular endothelial cells, and that removing these cells by further negative selection with CD31/PECAM resulted in a CD31(-) HipOp population with higher osteogenic capacity than HipOps in vitro and in vivo.

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), found in many adult tissues, may be useful for regenerative medicine applications. Their identification and purification have been difficult due to their low frequency and lack of unambiguous markers. Using a magnetic micro-beads negative selection technique to remove contaminating hematopoietic cells from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), our lab recently isolated a highly purified osteoprogenitor (HipOp) population that was also enriched for other mesenchymal precursors, including MSCs (Itoh and Aubin, 2009). To further enhance enrichment, we positively selected BMSCs and HipOps for CD73, a putative MSC marker, which resulted in no significant additional enrichment for osteoprogenitors when the population was tested in vitro. However, we also found that HipOps were enriched in vascular endothelial cells, and that removing these cells by further negative selection with CD31/PECAM resulted in a CD31(-) HipOp population with higher osteogenic capacity than HipOps in vitro and in vivo.

Οι νευροτροφίνες (ΝΤs), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophin Factor (BDNF), NΤ-3, ΝΤ-4, ΝΤ-5 και ΝΤ-6 ανήκουν σε μια οικογένεια πολυπεπτιδικών αυξητικών παραγόντων οι οποίοι απαιτούνται για την ανάπτυξη του νευρικού συστήματος στα σπονδυλωτά. Εμπλέκονται στην επιβίωση, στη διαφοροποίηση, στην ωρίμανση των νευρώνων, στη συναπτική πλαστικότητα, στη μάθηση, στη μνήμη, καθώς επίσης και στην έκφραση και ενεργότητα σημαντικών πρωτεϊνών, όπως ιοντικών καναλιών και νευροδιαβιβαστικών υποδοχέων. Οι λειτουργίες αυτές επιτελούνται μέσω της δέσμευσής τους σε δύο είδη μεμβρανικών υποδοχέων, της οικογένειας κινάσης-τυροσίνης TrkA, TrkB και TrkC (tropomyosinerelated kinase) και του pan-neurotrophin (με ικανότητα δέσμευσης με όλες τις νευροτροφίνες) υποδοχέα p75NTR που είναι μέλος των υποδοχέων Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs). Οι νευροτροφίνες εκφράζονται σε κύτταρα του Κ.Ν.Σ. και Π.Ν.Σ. αλλά και σε ιστούς-όργανα εκτός νευρικού συστήματος, όπως είναι η υπόφυση. Σκοπός της εργασίας ήταν να μελετήσουμε την έκφραση των υποδοχέων των νευροτροφινών με σύγχρονες μεθόδους ανοσοϊστοχημείας σε αδενώματα της υπόφυσης και να συσχετίσουμε την έκφρασή τους με τα κλινοκοπαθολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των ασθενών. Όλα τα αδενώματα της μελέτης που συμπεριλήφθησαν στη μελέτη (10ανδρών και 8 γυναικών) εμφάνισαν ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση για τον υποδοχέα TrkA και συγκεκριμένα έντονη χρώση (+3) τα 9/18 (50%) των περιστατικών, μέτρια χρώση (+2) τα 8/18 (45%) των περιστατικών και ασθενή χρώση (+1) 1/18 (5%) των περιστατικών. Ο υποδοχέας TrkB εμφάνισε θετικότητα στο 83% (15/18) των περιπτώσεων. Τα 6/15 (40%) περιστατικά παρουσίασαν έντονη χρώση (+3), τα 4/15 (27%) περιστατικά μέτρια χρώση (+2) και τα 5/15 (33%) περιστατικά ασθενή χρώση (+1). Ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση για τον υποδοχέα TrkB παρατηρήθηκε επίσης στα αγγεία 4/15 (27%) των αδενωμάτων. Τα 11/18 (61%) των αδενωμάτων παρουσίασαν ανοσοθετικότητα για τον TrkC και συγκεκριμένα τα 3/11 (27%) περιστατικά εμφάνισαν μέτρια χρώση (+2) και 8/11 (73%) περιστατικά ασθενή (+1). Χρώση για τον υποδοχέα TrkC εντοπίστηκε σε αγγεία σε 4/11 περιστατικά (36%). Τέλος έκφραση για τον p75 υποδοχέα δεν παρατηρήθηκε σε κανένα αδένωμα. Με δεδομένο ότι οι υποδοχείς TrkB και TrkC εκφράζονται στα αγγεία των αδενωμάτων, μελετήθηκε η έκφραση των υποδοχέων των νευροτροφινών σε σχέση με την αγγειογένεση, ένας μηχανισμός που αφορά άμεσα την πρόγνωση και την ανταπόκριση στην αντίστοιχη θεραπεία των όγκων. Μελετήθηκε η έκφραση του CD31(platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) και του VEGFR3 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3). Ο παράγοντας VEGFR3 συμβάλλει επίσης και στην ανάπτυξη λεμφαγγείων στο στρώμα του όγκου επάγοντας την ανάπτυξή του. Η εκτίμηση της ανοσοεντόπισης για τον CD31 και τον VEGFR3 για κάθε νεόπλασμα έγινε κατόπιν επιλογής τριών αγγειοβριθέστερων περιοχών, την καταμέτρηση των αγγείων σε κάθε περιοχή και τον υπολογισμό του μέσου όρου (MCV Microvessel Count). Για τον παράγοντα VEGFR3 το 89% των περιστατικών ήταν θετικά εμφανίζοντας ένα εύρος MCV της τάξης των 2 έως 32,67, ενώ για τον παράγοντα CD31 το 100% των αδενωμάτων ήταν θετικά με MCV της τάξης των 4,67 έως 53,67. Δεν παρατηρήθηκε συσχέτιση του MCV με την έκφραση των υποδοχέων των νευροτροφινών. Οι υποδοχείς των νευροτροφινών ενώ εκφράζονται στη φυσιολογική υπόφυση συμμετέχοντας στην ανάπτυξη και στην επιβίωση των κυττάρων, δεν «σιωπούν» στα αδενώματά της. Το ερώτημα που γεννάται είναι αν δρουν ως παράγοντες διατήρησης της καλοήθειας ή αν συμβάλλουν στην ογκογένεση και στην μετέπειτα εξέλιξη των νεοπλασμάτων της υπόφυσης. Περαιτέρω μελέτες απαιτούνται για την διερεύνηση του ρόλου των νευροτροφινών μέσω των υποδοχέων τους στα αδενώματα υπόφυσης, στον άνθρωπο. / -