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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

La rationalisation de l'organisation territoriale de la République. / The rationalisation of the territorial organisation of the French Republic

Baubonne, Mickaël 05 February 2015 (has links)
L’abondance des propositions de redécoupage de la carte des collectivités territoriales témoigne du décalage persistant entre leur taille et leur rôle. Leur territoire ne permet plus à certaines collectivités d’exercer efficacement leurs compétences. La première solution consisterait à redécouper le territoire des collectivités territoriales ; la seconde consisterait à modifier le rôle de chaque niveau de collectivités territoriales. Dans les deux cas, c’est l’organisation territoriale de la République qu’il faudrait réformer. Il appartient alors au juriste de déterminer si le législateur est compétent, à droit constitutionnel constant, pour mener seul ces réformes. Le droit constitutionnel, s’il ne prévoit pas toujours la compétence de l’État pour réformer l’organisation territoriale de la République, ne s’oppose pas à ce que l’État engage seul de telles réformes. Pourtant le législateur s’est montré soucieux des intérêts des collectivités territoriales existantes en évitant d’en supprimer des unités et en ne mettant pas en place une hiérarchie normative entre elles. En conséquence, les réformes menées par l’État n’ont pas permis de résorber le décalage entre la taille des collectivités et leur rôle. Cet échec ne saurait témoigner de contraintes constitutionnelles contrairement à ce qui est parfois soutenu dans le discours politique. Il révèle en revanche le poids des contraintes politiques qui s’exercent sur le législateur, notamment par le biais du cumul des mandats. La fin de cette originalité française viendra peut-être confirmer cette affirmation. / The abundance of proposals aiming to redraw the map of the local authorities reflects the remaining gap between their size and their role. Some authorities cannot effectively exercise their powers anymore. The first solution would be to redraw the boundaries of the local authorities; the second one would be to change the role of each level of local authorities. In both case, it is the territorial organisation of the Republic which should be reformed. It is then up to legal experts to determine whether the legislative power is allowed by the Constitution to carry out alone those reforms. If the Constitution does not always assert the jurisdiction of the State to reform the territorial organisation of the Republic, it does not forbid the State to engage alone such reforms. However, the attitude of the legislative power was to protect the interests of the existing local authorities by avoiding to remove units and by not setting a normative hierarchy between them. Consequently, the reforms carried out by the State have failed to resorb the gap between the size and the role of the local authorities. This failure does not give proof of constitutional constraints, contrary to what is argued in the political discourse. It reveals by contrast the weight of the political constraints which the legislative power has to face with, especially because of the combination of elective offices. The end of this French peculiarity will maybe confirm this assert.
22

Ochrana práv ve veřejné správě / Protection of Rights in Public Administration

Plisková, Hana January 2016 (has links)
1 Abstract The public administration itself is bound by applicable legal provisions. Therefore, in case of breach of individual rights stemming from the legal system of the Czech Republic, every person is guaranteed a strict legal procedure with corresponding legal mechanisms, which aim to remedy the status caused by unlawful action or inaction of the public administration. The object of this dissertation focuses, in particular, on analysis of individual means of protection of rights in public administration (i.e. the issue of the protection of public subjective rights) and their mutual relationships between them at level of legal regulation de lege lata. However, certain space had to be dedicated also to the procedures of public administration in matters related to private subjective rights as even the public administration decides on certain matters of private law. As regards the protection of private rights by public administration I mentioned the dualism of the review of decisions of public bodies and certain examples of public administration deciding on matters of private subjective rights. Further I stressed the issue of civil liability related to the conduct of public administration, i.e. liability for damages caused by unlawful decision and unlawful procedure. Pursuant to the act on liability for...
23

我國消費者保護官制度之研究 / The Research of our System of Consumer Ombudsman

邱惠美, Chiu,Fee Mei Unknown Date (has links)
由於生產技術日益精進,商品製造過程繁複,功能亦趨於複雜,導致商品潛在危險性昇高,加上產業結構多層化及行銷策略廣告化,以致責任體系模糊不清,而企業經營者更挾其鉅力萬鈞的經濟優勢,利用誇大不實的商業廣告,麻醉、鈍化消費者選購商品的能力,或因標示不實,欺騙、誤導消費者的認知,並產生種種危險,形成對於個人生命、身體、健康或財產上的威脅,造成消費者與企業經營者間的糾紛。由於企業經營者不但擁有雄厚人力、財力及資訊優勢,加上今日的生產過程,多具有高度技術性與高度複雜性,經濟上弱勢的消費者在私法體系中,無論在事前消費資訊獲得或事後爭議救濟過程上,並未擁有對等的地位,一旦在消費過程中遭遇到健康上或財產上的損害,很難循傳統之民事法律規範獲得有效救濟,也因為不容易獲得法律上的救濟,使得消費者對於維護自己的權益遭遇到困難,而怨聲四起。 因此先進國家無不以立法、司法及行政措施,來保護消費者應有之權利,透過政府公權力,提供一個便捷的管道,讓消費者得加以諮詢或申訴所遭遇到的消費爭議。台灣在消費者保護法(以下簡稱消保法)公布實施後,在立法上已經形成一個制度化的消費者保護體系,其中最特殊的就是設立消費者保護官(以下簡稱消保官)制度,當消費爭議發生時,透過申訴、調解程序,幫助消費者與企業經營者協商,以維護消費者之基本權益。 依北歐國家的法律規定,保護官(Ombudsman)指保護一般市民免受政治或行政權濫用之害,並為其權利守護神之官吏而言。北歐四國,即瑞典、挪威、丹麥及芬蘭,均只有一位消保官,且均為政府所任命,獨立行使職權,積極介入調查影響市場交易習慣之案件,以保護消費者權益,對良好市場交易習慣之建立,貢獻良多。瑞典係第一個成立消保官之國家,距今已有近40年之歷史,其雖僅有一位,然其位高、權重、受人敬重,主導整個國家之消費者政策及市場交易習慣,且整個消費者總署均為其輔佐幕僚。反觀我國,消保官設立至今已逾12年,然有關消保官之法規,除消保法之外,僅有消保官任用及職掌辦法、消保官執行職務應行注意事項、指揮消保官行使職權要點,是否符合行政程序法之規定,不無疑義。而各地方政府消保官之設置單位並不一致,有設於府本部,有設於法規會或法制室,亦有設於主秘室、建設局、企劃室或行政室等,此不僅反應消保官之定位不明,且導致消保官有將無兵,影響消費者保護工作之推展。目前包括中央及地方已有44位,行政上不僅無輔佐之幕僚人員,且須受上級長官之指揮監督,與北歐各國實不可同日而語。誠然兩者之任用資格及職掌並不完全相同,但會造成此種結果,實與整個國家之制度設計有相當大之關係。 本論文將先就北歐四國消保官設置之沿革、地位、運作、管轄、申訴及權限等作一簡介,其後論述我國消保官制度,俾比較兩者之異同,分析其優劣,以作為改進我國制度之參考。消保官之設置,既係消保法立法特色之一,亦為能否充分發揮保護消費者功能之主要關鍵所在。自第一位消保官就任以來,至今已逾12年,究竟消保官之制度與當初之設計是否吻合?該制度究竟是否有存在之必要?又如有存在之必要,是否有未盡完善之處?又如有未盡完善之處,究應如何改善?為期能有全盤及深入瞭解,爰就我國現行消保官制度之相關問題予以探討,並試擬消保官制度未來應發展之方向。

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