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Models employed in exercise psychology highlight the role of reflective processes for explaining behavior change. However, as discussed in social cognition literature, information-processing models also consider automatic processes (dual-process models). To examine the relevance of automatic processing in exercise psychology, we used a priming task to assess the automatic evaluations of exercise stimuli in physically active sport and exercise majors (n = 32), physically active nonsport majors (n = 31), and inactive students (n = 31). Results showed that physically active students responded faster to positive words after exercise primes, whereas inactive students responded more rapidly to negative words. Priming task reaction times were successfully used to predict reported amounts of exercise in an ordinal regression model. Findings were obtained only with experiential items reflecting negative and positive consequences of exercise. The results illustrate the potential importance of dual-process models in exercise psychology.

[Truncated abstract] The finding that less time is needed to evaluate the valence of a target when it is preceded by a prime of the same valence, as opposed to one of the opposite valence, has become known as the affective priming effect. The research reported here investigated a new model of the mechanisms underlying affective priming effects, which focuses on the role of specific emotions within global valence categories. Specifically, this model stipulates that when presented with a stimulus that elicits particular emotions, the area of the brain corresponding to that emotion is automatically stimulated. This in turn will produce a diffuse activation of meaning nodes that are associated with that emotion. This emotion-based priming model departs from previous spreading activation accounts of affective priming, as it suggests that the facilitation effects observed in such studies may be due primarily to spreading activation via emotion-congruent, rather than valence-congruent, nodes. The overarching goal of the empirical research programme reported here was to test predictions based on this model. In three studies, facilitation effects ascribable to specific emotion-based congruence (e.g., fear-fear) were compared with those ascribable to global valence-based congruence (e.g., negative-negative) alone (i.e., in the absence of emotion-based congruence). Participants made valence judgements on targets which represented one of five basic human emotions: one positive (happy) and four negative (disgust, fear, sad, and anger). ... The fundamental design elements were the same across all three studies: the only difference was in the stimulus format of the prime-target pairs: emotion-laden scenes were used in Study One; facial expressions in Study Two; and emotion-laden words in Study Three. Results showed that, in comparison to the neutral and incongruent baselines, there were significant emotion-based priming effects across all stimulus formats. This result was also consistent across all of the negative emotions employed. Significant valence-based priming effects were, however, also obtained in each of the three studies, although these effects were more inconsistent than those obtained for emotion-based priming. That is, reaction times were significantly shorter on valence-congruent than on neutral and incongruent baseline trials, but only for a portion of the tests performed across the three studies. In Studies One and Two, reaction times were consistently shorter for emotion-congruent prime-target pairs than for valence-congruent prime-target pairs. This trend was absent in Study Three, in which word stimuli were used. These results indicate that while reaction times were facilitated, albeit inconsistently, for valence-congruent prime-target pairs, they were facilitated significantly further for emotion-congruent pairs when picture-based stimuli were used. The emotion-based and valence-based priming effects obtained across the three studies are discussed in terms of three competing theories: (i) spreading activation via global valence nodes, (ii) spreading activation via emotion centres, and (iii) expectancy-based processes. A dual-process hypothesis of affective priming is then proposed. The plausibility of the hypothesis is then explored through a synthesis and re-examination of results reported in previous affective priming research. Directions for future research to elaborate and extend on this work are discussed.

No description available.

Eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt, dass die Valenz eines Reizes nicht nur das Entscheidungs- und Urteilsverhalten gegenüber diesem, sondern auch gegenüber nachfolgenden Reizen beeinflusst. Jedoch ist nicht ausreichend untersucht, wie eine solche kontextuelle emotionale Stimulation Einfluss auf nachfolgende Urteile und Entscheidungen einer Person nimmt. Repräsentativ für eine Vielzahl ähnlicher Prozeduren habe ich in der vorliegenden Arbeit jene funktionellen Mechanismen untersucht, die dem Einfluss der Valenz einer Stimulation auf nachfolgende bewertende Urteile unterliegen. Dabei habe ich mich auf das Paradigma des Projektiv Evaluativen Priming (PEP) konzentriert, in welchem die zu beurteilenden Reize emotional neutral sind. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Teils der Arbeit legen nahe, dass Priming durch supraliminal präsentierte Primes unabhängig von der Prime-Klasse (Wörter, Bilder von Umweltszenen, Bilder von Gesichtsausdrücken), zuverlässig auftritt. PEP ist deshalb nicht durch die Annahmen der Feeling As Information Hypothese erklärbar. Die Ergebnisse des zweiten empirischen Blocks zeigen außerdem, dass PEP besser durch eine im Rahmen der Dissertation entwickelte Theorie des Cognitive Emotional Compound (CEC) als durch das assoziativ-semantische Netzwerkmodell beschreib- und vorhersagbar ist. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit konnte ich beobachten, dass der Einfluss eines subliminal präsentierten Prime auf nachfolgendes bewertendes Urteilsverhalten mit dem zeitlichen Abstand zwischen Prime und Target (SOA), und darüber hinaus mit der Interozeptiven Bewusstheit der Person steigt. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass das Resultat der impliziten emotionalen Verarbeitung eines Reizes körperlich repräsentiert ist, und dass ein bewertendes Urteil über einen Reiz bzw. Compound, auf der subjektiven Wahrnehmung solcher valenzindikativen, körperlich verankerten Signale beruht. / Judgment and decision are biased by contextual emotional stimulation. However, it has not yet been sufficiently examined how this influence is mediated. Therefore, in this work I investigated the functional mechanisms that underlie the impact of the valence of a prime stimulus on subsequent evaluative judgments. Specifically, I focused on the paradigm of Projective Evaluative Priming (PEP), where the target stimuli that have to be explicitly evaluated are emotionally neutral. The results of the first part of the current work indicate that priming with supraliminally presented primes occurs reliably across diverse classes of primes (words, landscapes, pictures of facial expressions). These findings are incompatible with a core assumption of one of the most prominent theories about affective influence on judgment and decision, the Feeling As Information hypothesis (Schwarz & Clore, 1983, 2003). The findings of the second part show that supraliminal priming increases with the prime’s cognitive complexity, emotional intensity, and the participants’ cognitive resources during target processing. In contrast, priming decreases with the extent to which the participants allocate cognitive resources during prime processing. These findings indicate that PEP is better explained and predicted by the theory of the cognitive-emotional compound (CEC) than the prominent associative semantic network model (e.g. Bower, 1981). The CEC has been developed by the author within the current dissertation process. In the third part of the current work I observed that the impact of a subliminally presented prime on following evaluative judgment behavior increases with the temporal distance between prime and target (SOA), and with the participants’ interoceptive awareness, respectively. These findings suggest that the output of implicit emotional stimulus processing is (partly) embodied, and that the perception of the resulting valence-indicative somatic state provides the agent with information about the value of an event.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MONICA SILVIA BORINE.pdf: 824264 bytes, checksum: ce800f5a6db6327f2fcf39742e6b2bb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis evaluated two lines of research, developed in the last few decades: the study of subliminal stimulation priming , and the triggering of emotional reactions by controlled stimuli. The present study aims at combining these lines for the study of affective priming: the effect of stimuli with aversive contents, subliminal and supraliminal, on cognition, by analysis of performance during attention task. Three experimental tasks were performed by 35 individuals in neuron psychology laboratory: a baseline task where detection of simple visual target was tested, and the same task with interposed distracting aversive stimuli, both in supraliminal and subliminal presentation (500 ms or 50 ms duration), in random blocks among the subjects. Detection and response criterion rates were calculated and used for the statistical comparison between conditions (repeated measures). The results show a significant difference in the detection significant change of criterion , indicating change of strategy in the presence of aversive affective images. The conclusion the subliminal task made a destructive effect in supraliminal task, damage false alarms, have a protector effect. The results are argued in the context of the relevance of emotional influences on the behavior for the Health Psychology. / Esta tese revisou duas linhas de pesquisa, desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas: o estudo de efeitos de estimulação subliminar priming , e de desencadeamento de reações emocionais por estímulos controlados. Este estudo tem o objetivo de combinar tais linhas para o estudo da consciência com pré-preparo afetivo: efeito de estímulos de conteúdo aversivo, subliminares e supraliminares, sobre a cognição, pela análise do desempenho em tarefa de atenção. Três tarefas experimentais foram realizadas por 35 indivíduos em laboratório de neuropsicologia: a tarefa base onde testamos à detecção de alvo visual simples, e a mesma tarefa de base, porém com estímulos distratores aversivos intercalados, de forma supraliminar ou subliminar (500 ms ou 50 ms de duração), em blocos aleatorizados entre os indivíduos. Calcularam-se índices de detectabilidade e critério de resposta, que serviram para a comparação estatística entre condições (medidas repetidas). Os resultados mostram uma mudança significativa do índice critério , indicando mudança de estratégia na presença de distratores subliminares aversivos. Concluiu-se que a tarefa subliminar fez um efeito destruidor ou devastador na tarefa supraliminar, cometendo menos falso-alarmes protegendo a tarefa supraliminar, tendo um efeito protetor . Os resultados são discutidos no contexto da relevância de influências emocionais sobre o comportamento para a Psicologia da Saúde.

The present research examined emotions that automatically and implicitly trigger pictures of nature and the city, with the affective priming technique, and determined if the same phenomenon that has been studied in unimodal experiments was replicated in cross modality experiments. The sample included 57 psychology students from a Mexican public university who were exposed to images of natural and urban environments. They used words with positive and negative emotional connotations. The results are similar to other research studies, and indicate that there are two types of participants, and not all participants displayed positive emotions towards nature. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive mechanisms of the technique. / La presente investigación examinó las emociones que desencadenan imágenes de naturaleza y ciudad de forma automática e implícita con la técnica de facilitación afectiva y determinar si el mismo fenómeno que se ha estudiado en experimentos unimodales se repite en la modalidad cruzada. Participaron un total de 57 estudiantes de una universidad pública mexicana, donde se les expuso a imágenes de ambientes naturales y urbanos como facilitadores. Como objetivos se utilizaron palabras con connotación emocional positiva y negativa. Los resultados indican que al igual que en otras investigaciones, existen dos grupos de participantes, en donde no todos poseen emociones positivas hacia la naturaleza. Se discuten los resultados en términos de los mecanismos cognitivos que existen dentro de la técnica.

La notion de première impression est fréquemment utilisée dans la socio-psychologie mais elle n'a pas été fortement exploitée dans le marketing. Même si cette notion apparait souvent dans le monde du commerce, il n’est pas toujours facile de la mesurer. La comparaison de deux méthodes de mesure nous permet d’affirmer d’une part, que sur un nouveau produit, la première impression est formée dans les 10 premières secondes, et d’autre part, qu’elle apporte sur ce produit une perception minimale. Le processus d’expérimentation a été réalisé sur de nouvelles voitures en voie de commercialisation au Vietnam. Les résultats obtenus sont convergents et cette thèse montre bien les intérêts mais aussi les limites de concept psychologique. / The concept of first impression is frequently used in social psychology, but it hasn’t been forcefully exploited in Marketing. Even though this notion appears daily in the business world, it is not always easily measured. The comparison of two methods allows us to affirm that the first impression of the new products is formed during the first 10 seconds and then, it provides us minimal perception of product. The process of the experiment was seriously carried out among new cars being commercialized in Vietnam. The results are convergent and this thesis shows not only the interests but also the limits of this psychological concept. / Khái niệm về ấn tượng ban đầu thường xuyên được sử dụng trong tâm sinh lý xã hội nhưng vẫn chưa thật sự được khai thác mạnh mẽ trong Marketing. Ngay cả khi ấn tượng ban đầu xuất hiện hàng ngày trong thế giới thương mại, nhưng thật không dễ để đo lường được nó. Một sự so sánh về hai phương pháp đo lường cho phép chúng ta khẳng định rằng ấn tượng ban đầu về sản phẩm mới được hình thành ngay từ 10 giây đầu tiên và đã mang đến cho chúng ta một nhận thức tối thiểu về sản phẩm. Việc xây dựng tiến trình thực nghiệm đã được thực hiện một cách nghiêm túc trên những chiếc xe ô tô mới đang trên đường được thương mại hóa tại Việt Nam. Những kết quả đạt được là hội tụ và cuốn luận án cũng đã chỉ rõ những lợi ích cũng như giới hạn từ khái niệm tâm sinh lý này.

This dissertation aims to investigate the correlations of visual evoked potentials during the experimental process of serial passive affective priming. The aim of this dissertation is to identify partial processes of affective perception, which are influenced by relations to previous affective priming stimulation. The research is designed as a laboratory EEG experiment, which uses affective priming techniques, particularly its sequential passive multimodal (auditory-visual) variation. The research experimentally manipulates emotional characteristics of stimuli that are constructed on the basis of the dimensional theory. As a starting dimension, arousal was chosen that is equivalent to psychic activation connected to reactions to stimuli. The study was carried out in the PF JČU neurological laboratory using a 64 channel EEG Biosemi Active II. Probands was selected from the JČU students, whose brain electrical activity was measured during an exposure to affective stimuli from international emotional elicitation databases. Records from 29 people were used. The independent variable used was the variation of priming and arousal characteristics of the priming stimulus from the affective melodies database (Eerola &Vuoskoski, 2010) and the arousal characteristics of a visual stimuli (Marchewka et al., 2014). Visual perception is the most explored ERP process, therefore the differences between the results of this dissertation study and comparative studies can be the basis for interpreting the mechanism of contextual affective transmission. Time progress and activation reactions are modulated based on experimental conditions and the dependent variables are the differences of latency and amplitude of individual components of evoked potentials, which represent partial psychological processes. The use of sound as priming stimulus together with a high interstimulus interval decreases the conflict between perceptual processes in selective attention. The differences in processes of visual perception according to affective arousal characteristics of stimuli suggest a parietally increased early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potentials (LPP) of high-arousal stimuli in comparison to low-arousal stimuli. Signs of EPN manifest as indicators for prioritization of attention in comparison with actively motivating stimuli. The priming effect manifested in P1 and N1 components occipitoparietally and in N2 centroparietally, which suggest stronger negativity of EPN in the case of previous priming. LPP increase for the priming condition was there only for high-arousal stimuli. The cause for higher activation for priming conditions in P1 and N1 is unknown, it is a case of premature latency for possible explanation using the evaluation mechanism. The results showcase the influence of conflict between processes of attention or the alternative interpretations of affective priming based on the influence of context on the formation of evaluative conclusions. The priming effects in LPP show a lower later parietal activation of primed stimuli which can be connected to their previous increased activation as a part of early and medium latency component.

Diese experimentelle Arbeit untersucht den Effekt der Bindungseinstellung gesunder Erwachsener auf die automatische Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize. Die Bindungseinstellung einer Person ist ein relativ stabiles Muster aus kognitiven Einstellungen, Strategien der Affektregulation und Verhalten bezüglich enger Beziehungen zu anderen Menschen. Sie wird in der Kindheit geprägt und ist ein gewichtiger Faktor für die psychische und allgemeine Gesundheit während des Erwachsenenalters. 106 Probanden ohne psychische Vorerkrankungen wurde ein affektives Priming-Experiment mit positiv- und negativ-valenten Adjektiven vorgegeben. Die Primes wurden für nur 50 Millisekunden präsentiert und waren maskiert. Affektive Primingeffekte belegen die unkontrollierte Wahrnehmung minimaler Reize und dienen als Maß für automatische Bewertungsprozesse. Sie wurden auf Grundlage der Reaktionszeiten berechnet. Neben der emotionalen Valenz wurde die Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters 1983) der Reize berücksichtigt. Die Ausprägung der individuellen Bindungsorientierung, sowie weitere psychologische Kontrollvariablen wurden mittels etablierter Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente erfasst. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen moderaten Effekt von Bindungsangst und Bindungsvermeidung auf die automatische Verarbeitung emotionaler Stimuli bei Frauen, jedoch nicht bei Männern. Die Daten erbringen außerdem starke Evidenz für die automatische Differenzierung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters, 1983) von lexikalen Reizen. Der Einfluss der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische emotionale Wahrnehmung manifestierte sich nur für andere-relevante Reize. Das komplexe Muster der Interaktion von Bindungsorientierung, Geschlecht, Selbst-Andere-Relevanz und automatischer Wahrnehmung wird vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Theorien der bindungsabhängigen Emotionsregulation diskutiert.:1. Einführung 1 1.1. Vorbemerkungen 1 1.2. Das Bindungssystem 2 1.2.1. Grundlagen 2 1.2.2. Emotionsregulation 6 1.2.3. Klinische Relevanz 11 1.3. Automatische Kognition 13 1.3.1. Priming und affektives Priming 14 1.3.2. Selbst-Andere-Relevanz 16 1.3.3. Bindungsorientierung und Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize 18 2. Aufgabenstellung 24 2.1. Fragestellung 24 2.2. Methodischer Ansatz 24 2.3. Hypothesen 25 2.3.1. Hypothese 1 25 2.3.2. Hypothese 2 26 2.3.3. Hypothese 3 26 2.3.4. Einfluss des Geschlechtes 27 3. Methoden 29 3.1. Stichprobe 29 3.2. Versuchsablauf, Fragebögen und Testverfahren 29 3.2.1. Bochumer Bindungsfragebogen (BoBi) 31 3.2.2. Beck Depressions-Inventar (BDI) 32 3.2.3. State-Trait Angst-Inventar (STAI) 33 3.2.4. Emotionsregulationsfragebogen (ERQ) 34 3.2.5. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest (MWT-B) 34 3.3. Priming Experiment 35 3.3.1. Untersuchungsdesign 36 3.3.2. Durchführung und Aufbau 37 3.3.3. Stimuli 38 4. Ergebnisse 41 4.1. Kontrollvariablen 41 4.2. Autodeskriptive Bindungseinstellung - BoBi 41 4.2.1. Deskriptive und vergleichende Statistik 41 4.2.2. Bindungseinstellung und Geschlecht 43 4.2.3. Korrelationen mit weiteren Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Intelligenz 43 4.3. Ergebnisse des Priming-Experiments 44 4.3.1. Fehlerraten 44 4.3.2. Reaktionszeiten 44 4.3.3. Affektives Priming 46 4.3.4. Affektives Priming und Geschlecht 47 4.3.5. Affektives Priming und Bindungseinstellung 48 4.3.6. Relevanz-Priming 51 4.3.7. Relevanz-Priming und Geschlecht 52 4.3.8. Relevanz-Priming und Bindungseinstellung 52 4.3.9. Interaktion affektives Priming und Relevanz-Priming 53 4.4. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 55 5. Diskussion 56 5.1. Vergleichende Einordnung der Ergebnisse 56 5.1.1. Bindungseinstellung 56 5.1.2. Reaktionszeiten 57 5.1.3. Affektives Priming 58 5.2. Überprüfung der Hypothesen 59 5.2.1. H1: Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische Wahrnehmung von emotionalen Reizen 59 5.2.2. H2: Automatische Verarbeitung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz von emotionalen Reizen 62 5.2.3. H3: Differentieller Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische Wahrnehmung von selbst- und andere-relevanten Reizen 64 5.2.4. Geschlechterunterschiede 65 5.3. Stärken und Limitationen 67 5.4. Klinische Implikationen 69 6. Zusammenfassung 70 7. Literatur 733 8. Eigenständigkeitserklärung 799 9. Lebenslauf 80 10. Danksagung 811