Η αποεπένδυση αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι μιας διεθνικής. Αν και από πολλούς αντιμετωπίζεται ως αποτυχία της θυγατρικής, θα πρέπει πλέον να θεωρείται αποτέλεσμα της διαδικασίας διαρκούς εξέλιξης και προσαρμογής στο περιβάλλον έτσι ώστε αυτή να παραμένει κερδοφόρα και ανταγωνιστική. Οι λόγοι που οδηγούν στην αποεπένδυση είναι πολλοί. Εκτός από την οικονομική πορεία της μονάδας όπως πολλοί μπορεί να φαντάζονται ως κυρίαρχο λόγο αποεπένδυσης, υπάρχουν και στρατηγικοί λόγοι. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι όσο σημαντικό κομμάτι μιας επιχείρησης αποτελούν οι επενδύσεις για την εξέλιξη και τη μεγέθυνση της, τόσο σημαντικές είναι και οι αποφάσεις αποεπένδυσης, η επιλογή της σωστής χρονικής στιγμής, η επιλογή του μοντέλου εξόδου καθώς και η επιλογή της περιοχής μεταφοράς των δραστηριοτήτων. Θα πρέπει εξάλλου πριν από κάθε μελλοντική επένδυση να μελετώνται διάφοροι παράγοντες, που έχουν να κάνουν τόσο με το εσωτερικό όσο και με το εξωτερικό περιβάλλον της επιχείρησης, έτσι ώστε να ελαχιστοποιούνται οι πιθανότητες μελλοντικής αποεπένδυσης. Ειδικά στις σημερινές συνθήκες, όπου η παρούσα παγκόσμια κρίση, η πιο βαθιά τα τελευταία χρόνια, επιτάσσει προσεκτικές στρατηγικές κινήσεις από την πλευρά των διεθνικών, το θέμα των αποεπενδύσεων είναι ζωτικής σημασίας. Όσον αφορά στη άποψη της κοινής γνώμης, οι αποεπενδύσεις αντιμετωπίζονται με καχυποψία αφού συνήθως έχουν εκτεταμένες και σοβαρές συνέπειες γι αυτούς που εμπλέκονται, ειδικά γι αυτούς που χάνουν τις δουλειές τους και για τις περιοχές που χάνουν πολύτιμες θέσεις εργασίας. Στην εργασία αυτή μελετούνται αρχικά οι έννοιες της επιβίωσης μιας θυγατρικής, της επιτυχίας και της αποτυχίας. Στη συνέχεια αναλύεται η έννοια της αποεπένδυσης, οι διάφορες θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις στο φαινόμενο αυτό καθώς και τα διάφορα μοντέλα εξόδου μιας διεθνικής από μία αγορά. Σημαντικό κομμάτι της βιβλιογραφίας αποτελούν και διάφοροι παράγοντες και η σχέση τους με την επιβίωση και συνακόλουθα με την αποεπένδυση. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας αυτής μελετάται η περίπτωση της πολυεθνικής της Frigoglass και αναλύονται οι σημαντικότερες αποεπένδύσεις αυτής. / Divestment is an integral part of foreign affiliates. Even though many face divestment as failure of the company, it has to be considered as a result of the continuing evolving process and its trial to adapt to the environment so as to be profitable and competitive. The reasons that lead to divestment are many. Apart from the economic situation of the affiliate as many can imagine as the prevalent reason, there are also strategic reasons. It is noticeable that as much important the decision of investing for a company is for the evolution and its growth, so important are also the decisions for divestment, the choice of the suitable timing, the exit mode and at last the place of relocation. Besides they have to be studied many factors before investing, that they have to do with the internal and external environment of the company, in order the possibilities of divesting to be minimized. Especially now, that the worldwide economic crisis, the deepest of the last years, needs careful strategic steps, the issue of divestment is of vital importance. As for the public opinion, divestments are often faced with suspicion, as they have to do with serious effects especially for those who concern, those who lose their jobs . In this paper, they are studied the concepts of the survival of the affiliate, of the success and the failure. Also, it is analyzed the phenomenon of divestment, its theoretical approaches and the different exit modes. Moreover, an important part of this study has to do with the factors of the survival and of divestment. In the second part is studied the case of the multinational Frigoglass and they are analyzed its most important cases of divestments.

Industrial structure in domestic market demand in Taiwan has changed in recent years, with most apparent changes occurring in traditional enterprises moving outwardly and prosperity in high-tech industries, both of which are strongly associated with technology, financial capital, and human resources. If businesses are run carelessly, corporations are at high risk of going out of business or bankrupt. Once this occurs, corporations will go into liquidation or reorganization, which will inevitably affect the investment market and the society as well. In other words, the outcome of a corporation bankruptcy could contribute to a variety of problems, such as unemployment, non-absolved debt, and uncollectible financial accounts, which will require some assistance in finding resolutions. These problems are dramatically interfering with the stability of our society. The system of corporate reorganization was mainly created for alleviating the consequences mentioned above. Corporations facing financial problems could file for corporate reorganization. With corporate reorganization, the corporation could reach a resolution to satisfy the overall financial responsibilities and have harmony among its employees, stockholders and creditors, and maybe even revitalize the business. However, in realistic judicial practices, some regulations seem to be inadequate for the purpose of the corporation reorganization mechanism. Moreover, the time from filing a corporate reorganization to having a resolution is too long and typically exceeds the average business lifespan of SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). As a result, specialists and scholars debate on whether to re-write or abolish the current corporate reorganization rules and regulations. That is, due to the fact that the characteristic and requirement of corporate reorganization have received criticism in the practical use and practice, there is a need for evaluating and analyzing the legislation of corporate reorganization, and in fact, making it the top priority. The authorities are concerned and realized the importance and urgency of corporate reorganization in practice, so the CEPD proposed a ¡§corporate reorganization and bankruptcy¡¨ act in 2005. This act is attempting to research and indicate the dispute among the drafts, hoping to solve the problems, inefficiency, and injustice in present corporate reorganization system and contribute to legislation that will create a harmony among conflicts of interest with the litigants by means of judicial practice, related-literature, and opinions thus far.

With the development of multinational corporations, the United Kingdom has experienced increasing penetration of its economy by foreign affiliates. This is particularly noticeable in high technology industries such as Electrical and Instrument Engineering. The thesis identifies the mechanism by which direct foreign investment can influence industrial structure in such an industry; charts the effects within the UK Electrical and Instrument Engineering Industry; and identifies the extent to which this impact varies with the nationality of the investor. The study begins with a synthesis of the comprehensive and complex material available upon industrial/market structure and direct foreign investment. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that the structure of Electrical and Instrument Engineering has changed significantly since the inter-war years. Productive capacity has expanded faster than that of any other UK industry. Throughout the minimum-list-headings of the industry market power has become more concentrated in the hands of the largest companies. Individual affiliates now display greater product specialisation and vertical integration, whilst the level of entry barriers has risen steadily. The model presented in chapter-3 hypothesises that direct foreign investment can be related to industrial structure in three distinct ways. Firstly, that a relationship exists between the distribution of foreign affiliates 11 25 I and the structural characteristics of the industries in which they operate. Secondly, that a similar relationship exists across the minimum-list-headings of each individual industry. Thirdly, that the operating characteristics of foreign affiliates in any individual minimum-list-heading differ from those of domestic companies. The first two of these are termed the Destination impact, and the third the Behavioural impact of direct foreign investment. The results of a survey of over 500 British and foreign owned companies, sub-divided by origin and size, suggest that foreign affiliates have contributed significantly to the changing structure of Electrical and Instrument Engineering both in their destination and behaviour. The destination of foreign investors was significantly related to areas displaying the fastest growth of productive capacity; imperfection of competition; technologically specialised and vertically integrated operations; and high barriers to entry. The behaviour of individual foreign affiliates was found to differ significantly from that of their UK counterparts (including affiliates of UK multinationals). Foreign owned companies exhibited high levels of sales. growth and efficiency; a disproportionate impact upon the distribution of market power; greater product specialisation and levels of vertical integration; and a significant contribution to the level of entry barriers. This influence was compounded by a greater productivity and profitability in the foreign affiliate; a differing pattern of geographical location to that of UK owned establishments; and a domestic reaction by UK companies and the government to foreign penetration. Variations within the foreign group were related to geographical origin. The total operations of US affiliates were most significant, but investors from EEC countries displayed characteristics which varied most from those of UK companies. The study concludes by relating changes in industrial structure to the presence of foreign affiliates, and outlining the implications of further foreign involvement

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Alagoana agroflowerculture demonstrates the articulate necessity in the producting clain segments; in order to reduce the costs with insumes like mineral epices, thate represent a significative percentage. The really used managing protects the improvement of the production, but yet there is a lack of special studies abut nutricional standard and informations. This search has had as objective, avaliate the components as production from H. Golden Torch. The experiment was realized in Federal Acrotecnic School. We adapted the experimental delineation in happened blocks, with treatments and five repetition. T1 (Test); T2 (AM); T3 (EGY); T4 (CF); T5 (TF); T6 (CLU), T7 (EG+AM); T8 (CF+AM); T9 (TF+AM) and T10 (CLU+AM). We measure and avaliat variables. Affiliats Number (NPT); stem number(NHF);Length of stem (CHf); diameter of the stem (DHF), Length of the bractea (CB); number of the leaves (NFl) and the follicle area (AFh). The obtained results with the orthogonal contrasts dice showed that contrasts from (T3 to T6) Ks, (T7 to T10) presented 89,3 affiliates less than organominerals treatments. In the contrast (1), treatments didn t manured (Test) with 64,0 floral stems were inferior from medium of all manured treatments. To the stem length, the contrast 4 (EG + CF) was superior in 81,1 cm with (TF + CLU). In the conjoined analysis, the interation Trat x Ano (Treat x year) with F without importance demonstrate that year to NHf, CHf, CB and NFh. We inferred that little productivity were with treatment that we don t use spices and with treatment manured with urban trash cake (pie) of filter. / A Agrofloricultura alagoana manifesta a necessidade de ações articuladas nos segmentos da cadeia produtiva, a fim de reduzir os custos com insumos como os adubos minerais, que representam um percentual significativo. O manejo atualmente empregado favorece o aumento da produção mas ainda há carência de estudos especialmente quanto a informações e padrões nutricionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os componentes de produção da H. Golden Torch. Efetuou-se o experimento na Escola Agrotécnica Federal EAFS/AL. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 10 tratamentos e 5 repetições, a saber: T1) Testemunha, sem adubação (TEST); T2) Adubo mineral (AM); T3) Esterco de gado (EG); T4) Cama de frango (CF); T5) Torta de filtro (TF); T6) Composto de lixo urbano (CLU); T7) (EG + AM); T8) Cama de frango + Adubo mineral (CF + AM); T9) Torta de filtro + Adubo mineral (TF + AM); T10) Composto de Lixo urbano + Adubo mineral (CLU + AM). Foram mensuradas e avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: número de perfilhos por touceira (NPt), número de haste floral (NHf), comprimento da haste floral (CHf), diâmetro da haste floral (DHf), comprimento da bráctea (CB), número de folhas por haste floral (NFh) e área foliar por haste floral (AFh). Os resultados obtidos com os dados dos contrastes ortogonais mostraram que o contraste três (T3 a T6) vs (T7 a T10) apresentou 89,3 perfilhos a menos que os tratamentos com organominerais. No contraste um, os tratamentos não adubados (TEST) com 64,0 hastes florais foram inferiores às médias de todos os tratamentos adubados. Para o comprimento da haste floral, o contraste quatro (T3 + T4) foi superior em 81,1 cm ao (T5 + T6). Pela análise conjunta de experimentos, a interação trat x ano, com F não significativo demonstrou que o comportamento dos tratamentos independe do ano para NHf, CHf, CB e NFh. Concluiu-se que as menores produtividades ROCHA, E.S. 2006. Produção de Helicônia Golden Toch (Heliconia psittacorum x Heliconia. spthocircinada) influenciada pela adubação mineral e orgânica, em Alagoas ficaram com os tratamentos não adubados e com os tratamentos adubados com composto de lixo urbano e torta de filtro.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2016-10-06T19:01:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELPOSSIDIO.pdf: 1025907 bytes, checksum: d56ac3869da0ace09a022977cf226320 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2016-11-29T20:27:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELPOSSIDIO.pdf: 1025907 bytes, checksum: d56ac3869da0ace09a022977cf226320 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T20:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELPOSSIDIO.pdf: 1025907 bytes, checksum: d56ac3869da0ace09a022977cf226320 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-20 / O presente estudo tem a finalidade de analisar a filiação socioafetiva que passa a ser discutida pela doutrina civilista especializada que adota esta terminologia, para identificar efetivamente as relações filiais não derivadas da forma natural ou adotiva. Apresenta como os institutos da família e da filiação foram abordadas pelo Direito Brasileiro, em uma pesquisa evolutiva, desde o período colonial até a época contemporânea, fazendo uma síntese do conceito de Família Patriarcal, passando pela definição de filiação contida no Código Civil de 1916, na legislação extravagante, no Código Civil de 2002, chegando numa Nova Filiação inserida na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Faz-se também uma breve análise histórica da família no Direito Romano, que embasou o nosso ordenamento jurídico, em especial o patriarcalismo que dominou o instituto da família por décadas, bem como a atenção que foi outorgada à filiação ao longo das nossas Constituições, culminando na Carta de 1988, que deu efetivamente garantia constitucional de proteção aos filhos, independentemente de como foram havidos nos vários tipos de entidade familiar aceitas atualmente. Esta nova filiação, diferente dos paradigmas tradicionais de filiação, baseados nos aspectos biológicos e presuntivos legais, agora está pautada sob a valorização do carinho e do afeto, a filiação socioafetiva. Tendo a doutrina determinado formas e elementos que constituem esse novo tipo de filiação. Todavia, para se chegar ao conceito da verdade socioafetividade e a sua colocação como paradigma moderno de filiação, necessário se faz perpassar pelos conceitos das outras verdades que caracterizam as relações parentais, quais sejam: a verdade jurídica (onde se analisa as presunções pater is est e as decorrentes de fertilização artificialmente assistidas); e a verdade biológica, que demonstra com quase 100% (cem por cento) de certeza o vínculo filial, através dos exames de DNA. Analisa-se, também acerca do vínculo decorrente da adoção, que além de se configurar como uma verdade legal é por excelência, uma relação afetiva. E, efetivamente, do estudo da socioafetividade, não há como não se fazer uma leitura dos elementos caracterizadores fundamentais, que demonstram que este vínculo é comprovado através do amor, carinho, dedicação, desvelo, proteção e confiança mutuamente outorgados entre aqueles que se apresentam como pais e filhos em sociedade, e que esta demonstração afetiva em sociedade enseja o reconhecimento da filiação, inclusive, não permitindo a sua desconstituição uma vez declarada em juízo. Assim, este vínculo denominado de filiação socioafetiva, à revelia do valor fonte dignidade humana, possui subespécies, tais quais: adoção, “filhos de criação”, “adoção à brasileira”, e a filiação presuntiva decorrente da fertilização artificial heteróloga, a filiação socioafetiva é debatida nos Tribunais e na Doutrina, em razão de existirem ainda alguns obstáculos legais, sociais e culturais a serem ultrapassados. / This study aims to examine the membership socioaffective which shall be discussed by specialized civil doctrine that adopts this terminology to effectively identify the relationships derived from subsidiaries not a natural or adoptive. Shows how the institutions of family and membership have been addressed by Brazilian law, in an evolutionary research since the colonial period to the contemporary era, making a synthesis of the concept of the patriarchal family, including the definition of membership contained in the Civil Code of 1916, extravagant legislation, the Civil Code of 2002, arriving in New Membership inserted in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988. It also makes a brief historical analysis of the family in Roman law, that based our legal system, especially the patriarchy that dominated the institution of the family for decades, and the attention that was given to the membership throughout our constitutions, culminating the Charter of 1988, which was effectively guarantee constitutional protection to children, regardless of how they had in the various types of family unit currently accepted. This new affiliation, unlike the traditional paradigms of parenthood, based on the biological and legal presumptive, is now based on the appreciation of love and affection, the membership socioaffective. Having determined the doctrine of forms and elements that constitute this new type of membership. However, to arrive at the concept of truth and its Socio-affectiveness placement as the modern paradigm of membership, they have to pervade the concepts of other truths that characterize parental relationships, which are: the true legal (which analyzed the presumption pater is est and resulting from artificially assisted fertilization) and the biological truth, which shows almost 100% (one hundred percent) of certainty filial bond, through DNA testing. We analyze, also about the obligations of the adoption, which also be configured as a legal fact is par excellence, a loving relationship. And indeed, the study of socio-emotional, can not help but make a fundamental characteristic elements of reading, showing that this bond is established through love, affection, dedication, devotion, trust and mutual protection accorded among those present as parents and children in society, and that this emotional demonstration in society entails the recognition of membership, including not allowing their deconstitution once declared in court. Thus, this bond called socioaffective affiliation, against the source value human dignity, has sub-species, such as: adoption, "foster kids", "Brazilian adoption", and membership presumptive result of heterologous artificial fertilization, membership socioaffective is debated in the courts and in the doctrine, because there are still some legal obstacles, social and cultural rights to be overcome.

Following the announcement of the establishment of a Caliphate in 2014, individuals and groups from all corners of the world pledged their allegiance to the Islamic State. Of particular interest to this study are violent terrorist groups based in Southeast Asia. The thesis focuses on this region as, despite obvious geographical constraints, local bay'ah pledges have allowed ISIS to suddenly emerge in the region with a large and well organised force allowing for an increase in terrorist activities and ultimately the capture of Marawi, the largest city to fall under the ISIS banner outside of Syria and Iraq. But a question remains too often unanswered - why do terrorist groups ally? While the dynamic is rare and paradoxical due to groups' illicit and clandestine nature, strategic alliances between terrorist groups are far from being a new phenomenon. While a handful of scholars dared to explore this complex field, it remains under-theorised to this day. This thesis uses an available list of studies and analyses on terrorist alliances and complements it with theories related to alliances between states in order to understand the rationale behind Southeast Asian Islamists alliance with ISIS. While there lacks a consensus as to why groups ally, the study finds it to be a multi-dimensional and mutually...

With the development of multinational corporations, the United Kingdom has experienced increasing penetration of its economy by foreign affiliates. This is particularly noticeable in high technology industries such as Electrical and Instrument Engineering. The thesis identifies the mechanism by which direct foreign investment can influence industrial structure in such an industry; charts the effects within the UK Electrical and Instrument Engineering Industry; and identifies the extent to which this impact varies with the nationality of the investor. The study begins with a synthesis of the comprehensive and complex material available upon industrial/market structure and direct foreign investment. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that the structure of Electrical and Instrument Engineering has changed significantly since the inter-war years. Productive capacity has expanded faster than that of any other UK industry. Throughout the minimum-list-headings of the industry market power has become more concentrated in the hands of the largest companies. Individual affiliates now display greater product specialisation and vertical integration, whilst the level of entry barriers has risen steadily. The model presented in chapter-3 hypothesises that direct foreign investment can be related to industrial structure in three distinct ways. Firstly, that a relationship exists between the distribution of foreign affiliates 11 25 I and the structural characteristics of the industries in which they operate. Secondly, that a similar relationship exists across the minimum-list-headings of each individual industry. Thirdly, that the operating characteristics of foreign affiliates in any individual minimum-list-heading differ from those of domestic companies. The first two of these are termed the Destination impact, and the third the Behavioural impact of direct foreign investment. The results of a survey of over 500 British and foreign owned companies, sub-divided by origin and size, suggest that foreign affiliates have contributed significantly to the changing structure of Electrical and Instrument Engineering both in their destination and behaviour. The destination of foreign investors was significantly related to areas displaying the fastest growth of productive capacity; imperfection of competition; technologically specialised and vertically integrated operations; and high barriers to entry. The behaviour of individual foreign affiliates was found to differ significantly from that of their UK counterparts (including affiliates of UK multinationals). Foreign owned companies exhibited high levels of sales. growth and efficiency; a disproportionate impact upon the distribution of market power; greater product specialisation and levels of vertical integration; and a significant contribution to the level of entry barriers. This influence was compounded by a greater productivity and profitability in the foreign affiliate; a differing pattern of geographical location to that of UK owned establishments; and a domestic reaction by UK companies and the government to foreign penetration. Variations within the foreign group were related to geographical origin. The total operations of US affiliates were most significant, but investors from EEC countries displayed characteristics which varied most from those of UK companies. The study concludes by relating changes in industrial structure to the presence of foreign affiliates, and outlining the implications of further foreign involvement

The study determines and evaluates changes in the 10:00 p.m. newscasts of the Dallas-Fort Worth network affiliates following personnel and ownership changes, and a reduction in length of one station's newscast. Scripts and audio recordings of the newscasts were collected during four-week periods before and after the changes. The data were analyzed and supplemented with interviews conducted with the stations' news directors and producers. Conclusions drawn were that ownership changes had more impact on the presentation of the news than on its content, changes in anchormen and producers had more effect on presentation than on content, and a reduction in news time caused changes in the content of a television newscast.

yes / Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of dynamic marketing capabilities (DMC), foreign ownership modes and sub-national locations on the performance of foreign owned affiliates (FOAs) in developing economies. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a sample of 254 FOAs in Indian manufacturing sector (covering the period of 2000-2008 leading to 623 firm-year observations), the empirical paper adopts the panel data regression approach. Findings – The study confirms the significant importance of DMC to assist FOAs to gain better sales performance in an emerging market such as India. The findings indicate that Wholly Owned Foreign Affiliates (WOFAs) have better sales performance than International Joint Venture (IJV), and Majority-owned IJV (MAIJV) perform better than Minority-owned IJV (MIIJV) in the Indian manufacturing sector. The results confirm that effective deployment of DMC leads to better sales performance in WOFAs and to some extent in MAIJVs. Perhaps the most interesting finding is that developing DMC in non-Metropolitan areas is associated with higher sales growth than in Metropolitan locations. Originality/value – The study contributes to the literature by examining the impact of DMC on performance of FOA by considering the organised manufacturing sector in a large and fast growing developing economy. In addition, the results for the moderating effects provide novel evidence of the conditions under which DMC of FOA interacts with different ownership modes and influence firm performance.