Yes / Santiago de Compostela is, together with Rome and Jerusalem, one of the three main pilgrimage and religious centres for Catholicism. The belief that the remains of St James the Great, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, is buried there has stimulated, since their reported discovery in the 9th century AD, a significant flow of people from across the European continent and beyond. Little is known about the practical experiences of people living within the city during its rise to prominence, however. Here, for the first time, we combine multi-isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, δ18Oap, δ13Cap, and 87Sr/86Sr) and radiocarbon dating (14C) of human remains discovered at the crypt of the Cathedral of Santiago to directly study changes in diet and mobility during the first three centuries of Santiago’s emergence as an urban centre (9th-12th centuries AD). Together with assessment of the existing archaeological data, our radiocarbon chronology broadly confirms historical tradition regarding the first occupation of the site. Isotopic analyses reveal that the foundation of the religious site attracted migrants from the wider region of the northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula, and possibly from further afield. Stable isotope analysis of collagen, together with information on tomb typology and location, indicates that the inhabitants of the city experienced increasing socioeconomic diversity as it became wealthier as the hub of a wide network of pilgrimage. Our research represents the potential of multidisciplinary analyses to reveal insights into the origins and impacts of the emergence of early pilgrimage centres on the diets and status of communities within Christian medieval Europe and beyond. / This project has been supported by a grant from the ‘la Caixa’ Banking Foundation (ID 100010434; Code: LCF/BQ/ES16/11570006). Patxi Pérez-Ramallo and Patrick Roberts would also like to thank the Max Planck Society for funding for this project. Patxi Pérez-Ramallo, Hannah Koon and Julia Beaumont would like to thank the University of Bradford for funding a support the first osteological and stable isotope analysis conducted in 2015. Two of the isotopic analyses and 14C dates have been carried out with funding from the Xunta de Galicia to the CulXeo Group (ED431B 2018/47) and to the research network ‘Cultural Heritage, archaeological and technical services’ (R2016/023). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

This thesis is an exercise in the archaeology of memory. It investigates the reuse and ‘reinvention’ of late antique sarcophagi during the Middle Ages in the southern part of Gaul, with a particular emphasis on their reinvention for saints. The region of Provence has a large number of sarcophagi reused for the burial of saints (at least 20), including many of its most important holy figures such as Mary Magdalene, Cassian and Honorat. I shall analyse three groups of sites: the Alyscamps in Arles, Saint-Maximin and Tarascon (the sites connected with Mary Magdalene and her companions) and the monastery of Saint Victor in Marseille. In each case, the sarcophagi became part of an invented narrative created around the imagined antiquity of the site. These narratives varied significantly: some were monastic, others episcopal or biblical, still others heroic: but all were created around antique sarcophagi. Antiquities thus became monumental realms of memory for individuals and events that were thought to have been of significant historical importance in Provence. They formed part of the popular history and collective identity of the region. I will show that their association with saints changed the very function of these objects, as many were no longer seen simply as tombs but also as relics in their own right. I use a variety of sources to help reconstruct this imagined history, particularly saints’ vitae that often provide information about cults, particularly regarding the location of sarcophagi and sometimes even details of miracles that they produced, but also medieval chartae, sermons, and pilgrims’ descriptions of sites and rituals. The results of this study show that sarcophagi were of major importance in the religious history of Provence during the Middle Ages, as they became "proof" of the antiquity of local cults and of the histories based on these legends that the region created for itself. My work contributes to our knowledge of medieval Provence and the history of its collections of sarcophagi.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / J. Scott Smith / Carboxymethyllysine (CML) and other advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been shown to affect diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage. CML is formed in foods through Maillard browning reactions and through various mechanisms that are affected by time, temperature, pH, water activity, trace metals, and antioxidants. Natural antioxidants can be found in plant and fruit extracts, as well as in spices. The research contained herein is in two parts. The first part includes preliminary work, which examines the percent recovery of CML from various solid phase extraction columns, the analysis of CML in maple syrup, barbeque sauce, honey, and infant formula. The data show that solid phase extraction with a C-18 cartridge produced the highest percent recovery when using a CML standard at 100 ppb, with a recovery of 69%. Furthermore, the analysis of the syrups and sauces is inconclusive, due to the very low levels of CML detected in the infant formula, and the complications due to the high levels of reducing sugars. The second part of the research examines the effect that cinnamon, onion, garlic, black pepper, and rosemary have on CML levels in biscuits. The data show that all of the spices inhibit the formation of CML, at each of the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% levels used in the experiment, by a minimum of 3% in 2% onion samples and a maximum of 79% in 0.5% cinnamon samples when looking at the cumulative data. When looking subsets of the data, the CML inhibition was a minimum of 59% in 2% onion samples and a maximum of 74% in 0.5% cinnamon samples. Other trends can be observed in the chroma values in the CML color data, which suggest that chroma values decrease as the spice level increases, but these are not statistically significant. They may be due to color from the spices themselves, or to the chemical changes in the Maillard reaction.

Postula-se que o metabolismo do etanol gera substâncias de alta reatividade como o acetaldeído e radicais livres, que promovem o estresse oxidativo pelo excessivo consumo de substâncias do sistema antioxidante. Embora não haja consenso na literatura, o uso intravenoso de glicose em casos de intoxicação aguda por álcool é prática rotineira visando restabelecer a sobriedade do paciente através de um possível aumento do metabolismo do etanol. Apesar de se acreditar em um possível benefício do uso de glicose na intoxicação aguda por etanol, recentes estudos têm apontado que a hiperglicemia causa autoxidação da glicose, glicação de proteínas, e a ativação do metabolismo de polióis. Estas mudanças aceleram a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e aumento na oxidação de lipídios, DNA e proteínas em vários tecidos, pela produção de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs - Advanced glycation end products). Recentemente estudos têm apontado para um possível papel antioxidante da tiamina frente ao estresse oxidativo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a padronização de uma técnica para dosagem de etanol por cromatografia gasosa a fim de se estudar os efeitos sobre o metabolismo desse álcool em ratos agudamente alcoolizados e submetidos a 3 tratamentos distintos que consistiram na administração de etanol na dose de 5g/kg peso, administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de glicose (0,06 mL de glicose em solução 50%/100 g de peso) ou administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de tiamina (0,143 mg/100 g de peso), bem como verificar os efeitos sobre o sistema antioxidante hepático, pela determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRATB), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e vitamina E. A padronização da técnica por cromatografia gasosa para dosagem de etanol em sangue e urina foi realizada, obtendo-se bons resultados quanto à, precisão (C.V. entre amostras < 6%), exatidão (variação da recuperação < 15%) e linearidade (r=0,9991), o que permitiu analisar a alcoolemia e a excreção urinária dos grupos de ratos com diferentes tratamentos. Nesta determinação também foi possível a detecção de substâncias relacionadas ao metabolismo do etanol como, acetaldeído, acetona e metanol. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as curvas de etanolemia dos diferentes grupos. Entretanto, verificou-se uma excreção urinária cerca de 4 vezes maior no grupo que recebeu tiamina. Observou-se uma menor produção de substâncias relacionadas com a peroxidação lipídica (SRATB) e um menor consumo de antioxidantes (GSH e vitamina E) nos ratos tratados com tiamina, mesmo tendo-se verificado neste grupo uma manutenção da hiperglicemia até o período final de experimentação. Desta maneira, conclui-se que o tratamento com glicose no quadro de intoxicação aguda por etanol foi ineficaz na diminuição da etanolemia além de representar maior potencial de dano oxidativo. Em contraste, a tiamina mostrou-se eficaz principalmente no que diz respeito à manutenção do sistema antioxidante hepático. / It’s proposed that the metabolism of ethanol produces substances of high reactivity as acetaldehyde and free radicals, which promote oxidative stress through the excessive consumption of antioxidant substances. Although, there is no consensus in literature, the intravenous use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, is a common practice, in tenting to recover soberness through the increase of ethanol metabolism. In spite of this possible benefit of the use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, recent studies has showed that the hyperglycemia causes autoxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins and the activation of polyol metabolism. These changes speed up the generation of reactive oxygen species and the increase of lipid peroxidation, DNA and proteins oxidations in many tissues, through the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Recently, some studies have pointed out for a possible antioxidant role of thiamine in oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to standardize a technique in order to dose ethanol using gas chromatography to study its effects in the alcohol metabolism in rats submitted to acute alcoholic intoxication and treatment in three distinct ways: 1) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg; 2) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of glucose (0,06 mL of 50% solution of glucose/100 g of weight), and, 3) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of thiamine (0,143 mg/100 g of weight). Also it has aimed to verify the effects on hepatic antioxidant system through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione and vitamin E. The standardization of the technique for gas chromatography to dose ethanol in blood and urine had fine results in relation of precision (C.V. among samples < 6%), accuracy (recovery variation < 15%) and linearity (r=0,9991), what permitted to analyze the alcoholemia and the urinary excretion of the groups of rats with distinct treatments. In this determination, it was also possible the detection of substances related to ethanol metabolism as acetaldehyde, acetone and methanol. It was not observed differences between the ethanolemia curves in the distinct groups. Although, it was encountered a urinary excretion about 4 times greater in the group that had received thiamine. It was observed a lesser production of substances related to lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and a lesser consumption of antioxidants (GSH and vitamin E) in rats treated with thiamine, in spite of that this group had keeped hyperglycemia until the last period of experimentation. Then, it can be concluded that the treatment with glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication was inefficient to diminish ethanolemia, besides it could provoke higher oxidative damage. In contrast, thiamine has showed to be efficient, mainly about the maintenance of hepatic antioxidant system.

Ma thèse s’intitule « Des âges au cinéma : la culture cinématographique des jeunes spectateurs ». Elle se consacre à l’étude de la socialisation au septième art sous la perspective privilégiée de l’âge, variable déterminante, sans néanmoins réduire la recherche à une analyse uni-factorielle.Pour mieux comprendre l’action de la variable d’âge, nous la décomposons dans une première partie en traitant de notions connexes essentielles ; l’individu, la mémoire, les interrelations sociales, le temps et le corps. L’âge n’est plus entrevu au singulier : il laisse place à une pluralité d’âges que l’on décompose en quatre échelles distinctes : l’âge que j’ai, l’âge des autruis matérialisés, l’âge de société, l’âge des objets. Preuve est faite que tout acteur et a fortiori tout spectateur croise ces échelles au quotidien pour se construire et pour construire le monde qui l’entoure. De fait, les façons dont nous appréhendons l’art en sont un exemple flagrant. Par entrecroisements constants d’échelles mis au jour grâce aux jugements, positions, réflexions émises en situation, les âges, leur conception et leur prise en compte se révèlent comme formateurs particuliers de goûts. Dans l’absolu, ces échelles peuvent se lire comme espace virtuel déployant tous les possibles. Néanmoins et en situation, leur entrecroisement est lié à une construction individuelle et collective, toujours parcellaire, et le croisement des échelles qu’exercent chaque acteur selon la mesure qu’il en fait, aboutissent finalement à des positions, des dispositions et des postures spectatorielles.La seconde partie de ma thèse est alimentée de cet état de fait et se focalise sur les structures socio-politiques de la socialisation au septième art. Elle dresse en premier lieu une étude approfondie de la réception du cinéma d’animation qui est l’un des genres initiatiques principaux de l’enfance, cela depuis des décennies. Cette partie s’attache ensuite à suivre l’avancée en âge, les interrelations qui lui sont corrélatives et significatives dans la socialisation au cinéma. Elle rend également compte de la mémoire que l’on garde de sa prime enfance ainsi que de ce que ce passé implique dans la socialisation actuelle de la jeunesse. Vers 11-12 ans, le cinéma est marqué par l’encadrement d’une censure qui va decrescendo avec l’avancée en âge. Dès lors qu’on grandit, non seulement nous dépassons progressivement des seuils, étant ipso facto amené à découvrir de nouveaux genres, mais nous les appréhendons à travers de nouveaux cercles sociaux : sont donc abordés les changements de structures relationnelles qui participent de cette socialisation et leurs implications. En termes génériques, l’initiation aux scènes de volupté cinématographique et au cinéma d’horreur nous sont apparus comme deux moments décisifs, déployant sous les yeux de la jeunesse de nouvelles épreuves amenant conjointement à de nouvelles réflexions sur le social. S’ensuit les derniers chapitres de la thèse où j’expose, à l’aide de mes enquêtes, comment se construit le goût à travers le discours, quels sont les critères pertinents de mesure de la qualité cinématographique à cet âge, mais également comment le cinéma s’avère un laboratoire social, mieux : un des laboratoires de la construction de soi et du monde.Cette thèse s’appuie sur les données d’une enquête qualitative. Elle déploie des méthodes variées : entretiens individuels, ateliers collectifs en collège et dans des locaux associatifs regroupant au total une soixantaine d’informateurs issus de France, de Belgique, du Luxembourg, de Hollande, d’Allemagne et du Maghreb. Mes informateurs privilégiés ont d’abord été les jeunes, suivis de près par leurs parents. Cette recherche et la construction de ses axes sont le fruit d’un mouvement ascendant – proche en cela de la méthodologie par induction d’Howard Becker –, c’est-à-dire partant des informateurs pour remonter vers la construction de concepts grâce au traitement progressif des données recueillies. / My thesis title is « ages and cinema : the cinematographic culture of young spectators ». This work deals with the seventh art socialization among youth and focus on the determinations of age – known as one of the most important sociological variable to understand societies – to select, taste and appreciate feature movies and series.In order to understand better its action, we decompose age between four different scales in the first part : individual age, socio-collective age, historical age and age of the objets surround us. This categories aren’t closed on themselves : they are combined by the actors to analyse and interprete arts and situations. Each temporality fragment known or imagined on each scale, lived or remembered by the actor can be mobilised as an appreciation’s tool. Theorising each age is a long work which necessits a better comprehension of individuality, memory, social interrelations, time, histories and body growth. We demonstrate that everybody embodies and crosses different fragments of different scales in everyday life to understand himself, the world surrounding and ultimately, the feature films content. Ways to understand, judge and appreciate art are a good field for studying temporal relations because arts objects are relatively preserved in time and tell about societies of the past. Each situation, person, object is structured by different kind of virtual or lived temporalities. When they are crossed according to the actor’s knowledge and his society position, they bring to different ways of art’s pleasure.The second part of my thesis shapes the first theorical one. It analyses the youth cinematographic culture. Thirty-four young spectators contributed to my sociological survey. They were aged from eight to fourteen years old. I studied the present socio-political structures in France and Europe leading to different forms of cinematographic socialisation. This part copes with the first feature movies rememberances – which are almost always composed by animation movies passed on by the parents – and their role in present art appreciation. At the age of the participants, the cinematography faces a global censure agreement : violent features are banished. Nevertheless, growing means to socialized with, that’s why two chapters of my thesis are consacred to the reception of more violent types of show at this ages, like the horrific gender for example which is often enjoyed by the youth. I try to understand how young people assimilate, step by step, the dark side of the world, the one which was previously hidded for their own safety. However, it is now a requirement of growth to mix with this forbidden shows. Peer reinforcement and autonomy help this initiation. They also bring to new cinematographic cultures as much as new social considerations. All this studies help us to understand how children and teenagers develop series and feature films’ taste by sharing it with friends or parents, depending on the content. This tell us about the developpment of quality classifications based on aesthetic, tales, relations, peers conversations, art memory, emotions and feelings. Finally, cinematographic culture appears to be a large social and aesthetical laboratory for the youth.This thesis is based on a qualitative survey. More specifically, I used a bottom-up method (Becker : 1988). The theories and the demonstrations are no less than the result of five years of several investigations’ technics on the field study. I began with individual consultations in France, Luxembourg and Belgium, then made collective groups in associations and schools. I created different questionnaires for the parents and the teenagers in aim to observe connections between their cinematographic cultures. This thesis claims interdisciplinarity.

Orientador: Yara Frateschi Vieira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesila_JulianaSylvestredaSilva_D.pdf: 1081694 bytes, checksum: 8a09a03f863f6d9a1a203a8507454c6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A literatura arturiana tem início no século XII, mais precisamente com a Historia Regum Britanniae (1135-1138), em que o clérigo Geoffrey de Monmouth traça o perfil do principal personagem das lendas bretãs: o rei Artur. No entanto, a obra de Monmouth não foi aproveitada somente pelos autores que se valeram da Matéria de Bretanha para idealizar seus relatos de aventuras, caso dos romans de Chrétien de Troyes, por exemplo: ela também passou a ser utilizada como fonte histórica para relatos que foram ora lidos como livros de história ora classificados como ficção. A partir de textos arturianos dos séculos XII, XIII e XIV, este trabalho pretende determinar se é possível deduzir da sua análise uma clara distinção entre os conceitos de história e de ficção. Para tanto, examinou-se uma série de obras - das quais participam, em algum momento, Artur e seus cavaleiros -, a fim de realizar um levantamento e uma discussão das passagens em que os diversos autores refletem sobre os fatos passados e sua veracidade, levando-nos ao que poderíamos chamar uma melhor compreensão dos significados dos conceitos de ficção e de história na Idade Média. / Abstract: The beginnings of Arthurian literature can be found on the twelfth century, with the Historia Regum Britanniae (1135-1138), where the profile of the most important character of the British legends, King Arthur, was delineated by its author, the cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth. His text, however, was not used only for the purpose of creating adventures' narratives, such as, for example, Chrétien de Troyes' romans. The Historia Regum Britanniae was also a historical source for others texts which have thereafter been sometimes read as history, sometimes classified as fiction. Based on Arthurian texts written during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, this thesis seeks to determine whether it is possible to draw from their analysis a clear distinction between the concepts of history and fiction. A corpus of Arthurian texts was chosen and examined, in order to identify and discuss those passages where their authors comment on the past and its veracity, leading us, we hope, to a better understanding of the meanings of the concepts of history and fiction in the Middle Ages. / Doutorado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

Postula-se que o metabolismo do etanol gera substâncias de alta reatividade como o acetaldeído e radicais livres, que promovem o estresse oxidativo pelo excessivo consumo de substâncias do sistema antioxidante. Embora não haja consenso na literatura, o uso intravenoso de glicose em casos de intoxicação aguda por álcool é prática rotineira visando restabelecer a sobriedade do paciente através de um possível aumento do metabolismo do etanol. Apesar de se acreditar em um possível benefício do uso de glicose na intoxicação aguda por etanol, recentes estudos têm apontado que a hiperglicemia causa autoxidação da glicose, glicação de proteínas, e a ativação do metabolismo de polióis. Estas mudanças aceleram a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e aumento na oxidação de lipídios, DNA e proteínas em vários tecidos, pela produção de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs - Advanced glycation end products). Recentemente estudos têm apontado para um possível papel antioxidante da tiamina frente ao estresse oxidativo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a padronização de uma técnica para dosagem de etanol por cromatografia gasosa a fim de se estudar os efeitos sobre o metabolismo desse álcool em ratos agudamente alcoolizados e submetidos a 3 tratamentos distintos que consistiram na administração de etanol na dose de 5g/kg peso, administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de glicose (0,06 mL de glicose em solução 50%/100 g de peso) ou administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de tiamina (0,143 mg/100 g de peso), bem como verificar os efeitos sobre o sistema antioxidante hepático, pela determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRATB), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e vitamina E. A padronização da técnica por cromatografia gasosa para dosagem de etanol em sangue e urina foi realizada, obtendo-se bons resultados quanto à, precisão (C.V. entre amostras < 6%), exatidão (variação da recuperação < 15%) e linearidade (r=0,9991), o que permitiu analisar a alcoolemia e a excreção urinária dos grupos de ratos com diferentes tratamentos. Nesta determinação também foi possível a detecção de substâncias relacionadas ao metabolismo do etanol como, acetaldeído, acetona e metanol. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as curvas de etanolemia dos diferentes grupos. Entretanto, verificou-se uma excreção urinária cerca de 4 vezes maior no grupo que recebeu tiamina. Observou-se uma menor produção de substâncias relacionadas com a peroxidação lipídica (SRATB) e um menor consumo de antioxidantes (GSH e vitamina E) nos ratos tratados com tiamina, mesmo tendo-se verificado neste grupo uma manutenção da hiperglicemia até o período final de experimentação. Desta maneira, conclui-se que o tratamento com glicose no quadro de intoxicação aguda por etanol foi ineficaz na diminuição da etanolemia além de representar maior potencial de dano oxidativo. Em contraste, a tiamina mostrou-se eficaz principalmente no que diz respeito à manutenção do sistema antioxidante hepático. / It’s proposed that the metabolism of ethanol produces substances of high reactivity as acetaldehyde and free radicals, which promote oxidative stress through the excessive consumption of antioxidant substances. Although, there is no consensus in literature, the intravenous use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, is a common practice, in tenting to recover soberness through the increase of ethanol metabolism. In spite of this possible benefit of the use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, recent studies has showed that the hyperglycemia causes autoxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins and the activation of polyol metabolism. These changes speed up the generation of reactive oxygen species and the increase of lipid peroxidation, DNA and proteins oxidations in many tissues, through the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Recently, some studies have pointed out for a possible antioxidant role of thiamine in oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to standardize a technique in order to dose ethanol using gas chromatography to study its effects in the alcohol metabolism in rats submitted to acute alcoholic intoxication and treatment in three distinct ways: 1) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg; 2) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of glucose (0,06 mL of 50% solution of glucose/100 g of weight), and, 3) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of thiamine (0,143 mg/100 g of weight). Also it has aimed to verify the effects on hepatic antioxidant system through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione and vitamin E. The standardization of the technique for gas chromatography to dose ethanol in blood and urine had fine results in relation of precision (C.V. among samples < 6%), accuracy (recovery variation < 15%) and linearity (r=0,9991), what permitted to analyze the alcoholemia and the urinary excretion of the groups of rats with distinct treatments. In this determination, it was also possible the detection of substances related to ethanol metabolism as acetaldehyde, acetone and methanol. It was not observed differences between the ethanolemia curves in the distinct groups. Although, it was encountered a urinary excretion about 4 times greater in the group that had received thiamine. It was observed a lesser production of substances related to lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and a lesser consumption of antioxidants (GSH and vitamin E) in rats treated with thiamine, in spite of that this group had keeped hyperglycemia until the last period of experimentation. Then, it can be concluded that the treatment with glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication was inefficient to diminish ethanolemia, besides it could provoke higher oxidative damage. In contrast, thiamine has showed to be efficient, mainly about the maintenance of hepatic antioxidant system.

Bien que l'enfance soit «une donnée anthropologique universelle» (E. Deschavanne, P.H. Tavoillot, Philosophie des âges de la vie), l'historien français Philippe Ariès, dans L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous l'ancien Régime (1960), affirmait l'absence de sentiment de l'enfance au Moyen Âge et au début des Temps Modernes et l'invention de l'enfance à partir des XVI°, mais surtout XVIl0 et XVIll0 siècles. Invalidée par les historiens mais encore reprise aujourd'hui par certains historiens d'art, cette thèse était essentiellement fondée sur une étude des représentations picturales. Les images d'enfants abondent dans la peinture italienne de la Renaissance du XIV au XVIe siècles en Italie du Nord et Italie centrale. Mais elles méritaient une approche neuve, venant apporter un nouvel éclairage non seulement sur les enfants de la Renaissance, mais sur les manières selon lesquelles ils étaient perçus et représentés. Était alors nécessaire une analyse précise des représentations visuelles, des conditions de leur genèse, ainsi que de leur destination. Une telle étude trouva naturellement sa structure dans la division des âges de la vie en vigueur à la Renaissance : l’infanzia (naissance - sept ans), la puerizia (sept - quatorze ans) et l’adolescenza (à partir de quatorze ans) étaient les périodes de l'enfance, au sein desquelles se mouvait un être en constante évolution. Dépassant le postulat de l'enfant comme simple objet pictural décoratif, une telle recherche permet de comprendre les rôles des représentations d'enfants, selon le genre de l'œuvre, son histoire, mais également selon l'âge, le sexe ou le statut de l'enfant représenté. / Although childhood is "a universal anthropological conception" (E. Deschavanne, P.H. Tavoillot, Philosophie des âges de la vie), the French historian Philippe Ariès, in Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (1962), proposed that the recognition of childhood as a distinct stage of life, what he calls the "sentiment de l'enfance," did not exist during the Middle Ages and early modern period, but was rather the invention of the 16th- and especially the 17th and 18th centuries. Disproved by historians, but still considered valid by some art historians, this theory is founded upon a study of pictorial representations of children. Images of children are numerous in Northern- and Central Italian Renaissance painting, but they require a new approach on how children were perceived and pictured. A precise analysis of these visual representations, of their genesis, condition, and their destination(s) is necessary. Such a study naturally finds its structure in the traditional "stages of life" and "periods of childhood" in use during the Renaissance. These categories are: infanzia (from birth to seven years old), puerizia (from seven to approximately twelve to fourteen years) and adolescenza (from twelve to fourteen), during all of which the child was in constant evolution. Beyond simply seeing children as decorative pictorial motifs, by exploring the genre of the work studied, its backstory, and also the age, the gender, or the social status of the child pictured, this tack (approach?) enables us to better understand the purposes of children's pictorial representation.

This thesis surveys the children's literary accounts of Anglo-Saxon history and literature that have been written since the mid-nineteenth century. Authors of different ages emphasize different aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture as societal need for and interpretation of the past change. In studying these changes, I show not only why children's authors would choose to depict the Saxons in their writing, but why medievalists would want to study the resulting literature. My second chapter looks at children's historical fiction and nonfiction, charting the trends which appear in the literature written between 1850 and the present day. I survey the changes made in authors' representations of Anglo-Saxon England as children's publication trends have changed. I show how these changes are closely related to the changes made in popular conceptions of the past. My third chapter discusses the way in which children's retellings of Beowulf have placed the poem into a less culturally-dependent, more universal setting as they have separated the tale from its linguistic and cultural heritage. Children's authors have gradually removed the poem's poetic and linguistic devices and other cultural elements from their retellings, instead favoring a more courtly medieval setting, or even a generic universal one. Children's literature is an important indicator of the societal values contemporary with its publication. Authors and publishers often write the literature to reflect their own ideologies and agendas more openly in children's literature than in other literature. As I show in this thesis, the attitudes toward Anglo-Saxon England which pervade children's literature of any age make it a particularly useful tool to those scholars interested in the study of popular reception of the Middle Ages.

The Red Jews are a legendary people; this is their history. From the late thirteenth to the late sixteenth century, vernacular German texts depicted the Red Jews, a conflation of the Biblical ten lost tribes of Israel and Gog and Magog, as a savage and unnaturally foul nation, who are enclosed in the 'Caspian Mountains', where they had been walled up by Alexander the Great. At the end of time, they will break out and serve the Antichrist, causing great destruction and suffering in the world. The hostile identification (c. 1165) of Jews with the apocalyptic destroyers of Ezekiel 38-39 and Revelation 20 expresses a new and virulent antisemitism that was integrated into the powerful apocalyptic traditions of Christianity. None of the few scholars who have noticed the Red Jews in medieval and early modern vernacular texts has sought out, collected and examined the complete body of medieval and early-modern sources that feature the Red Jews. This study provides a long-term analysis of the intimate connections between antisemitism and apocalypticism via a forgotten and submerged piece of German 'medievalia', the Red Jews. The legend gradually dissipated. Until the beginning of the seventeenth century it was a medieval lens through which Germans saw events relating to the Turkish threat in the East; after that time, the Red Jews disappeared from European texts.