The manuscript Berlin, SBB-PK, mgf 863 was written in about 1430 to 1435 and contains more than 600 short narrative texts in German prose (with some Latin insertions). Among them is the collection of the ›Alemannische Vitaspatrum‹ as well as an additional, extensive and multifarious exempla corpus, which mostly contains translations from well-known Latin collections such as – for example and most prominently – Caesarius' of Heisterbach ›Dialogus miraculorum‹. Because of the specific composition of the corpus and its large extent, mgf 863 builds an excellent basis for the investigation of exempla, a text type which has not received much attention in German studies. The manuscript was probably produced in Strasbourg where it belonged to the library of the nuns from the convent of St Mary Magdalen. It contains a large quantity of textual material with close links to Strasbourg in terms of content or history of transmission. My primary interest is in the texts in the manuscript, in their contents and interdependencies, as well as in their history and their contextualization in, for example, groups of manuscripts, exempla tradition and religious practice. The project aims at a contribution to exempla research as well as to literary and religious life in Strasbourg in the late Middle Ages. My approach comes primarily from literary studies, but also uses palaeographical, textualcritical, and historical methods. The thesis combines case studies of the transmission of individual exempla or groups of exempla with general research into the history of texts (›Textgeschichte‹) and the history of transmission (›Überlieferungsgeschichte‹) of German prose exempla. A repertory in the appendix provides an overview of the manuscript's content. It helps to orientate within the study; furthermore, with over 600 entries, it provides a tool for the identification of German exempla.

This thesis focuses on the Celestine monks of France, a largely neglected and distinctive reformed Benedictine congregation, at their apex of growth (c.1350-1450). Based largely within the kingdom of France, but also including key houses in the contiguous territories of Lorraine and the Comtat, they expanded significantly in this period, from four monasteries to seventeen within a hundred years. They also gained independence from the mother congregation in Italy with the coming of the Great Western Schism (1376-1418). The study aims view the French Celestines against the backdrop of a vibrant culture of 'reform' within both the monastic estate (the Observants) and the Church as a whole, as well as the political instability and war in France. It will reveal a congregation alive with the passions of their times and relevant within them. Following an introductory section, chapter 1 will discuss the previously unstudied Vita of the leading French Celestine Jean Bassand (d.1445) in depth and introduce the key themes of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 will examine their Constitutions, in the process providing perspective on their hyper-scrupulous understanding of sin and the relation of their statutes to the Christian idea of 'reform'. Chapter 3 will look to anecdotal evidence concerning the quality of their observance in practice, as well the spiritual and moral writings of Pierre Pocquet (d.1408), another important Celestine leader. Chapter 4 will begin to establish how and why the order grew, examining records of benefaction (contemporary martyrologies and charters) as well as taking view of the financial (and in the end, moral) difficulties brought by war through the documents concerning the reductions of founded masses at the Paris and Sens houses. Chapter 5 will look at monumental and anecdotal/literary evidence, as well as the works of Jean Gerson, a friend of the order, to further define the cultural impact of the monks.

Le collagène de type I représente la protéine structurale la plus abondante au sein de l'organisme. Au cours du vieillissement, cette protéine à longue demi-vie biologique subit des modifications structurales et fonctionnelles qui affectent les propriétés biomécaniques des tissus. L'un des mécanismes majeurs est la réaction de glycation non enzymatique qui conduit à la formation des produits de glycation avancée (AGEs). Les AGEs entraînent une augmentation de la rigidité du collagène I qui se traduit par une désorganisation des réseaux fibrillaires et une perte d'élasticité tissulaire au cours du vieillissement. Dans cette étude, nous avons développé diverses approches biophotoniques afin d'étudier l'impact du vieillissement sur le collagène de type I, de façon rapide, directe et non destructive. Par microspectroscopies vibrationnelles infrarouge (IR) et Raman, des marqueurs spectroscopiques liés à l'accumulation des AGEs ont été mis en évidence au niveau des lyophilisats de collagènes de type I glyqués in vitro. Ces marqueurs sont retrouvés au niveau des lyophilisats de collagènes de type I d'âges différents et permettent une bonne discrimination des échantillons en fonction de l'âge. La bande spécifique des glucides apparaît ainsi comme un bon marqueur spectroscopique de la glycation, corrélant avec le taux d'AGEs fluorescents. Les pics spécifiques des résidus de proline permettent également de mettre en évidence les changements conformationnels dans la protéine dus à l'augmentation des liaisons croisées. L'imagerie IR appliquée aux tissus murins d'âges différents permet de retrouver ces différences spectrales in situ en fonction de l'âge. L'impact du vieillissement sur le comportement structural des fibrilles de collagène I a été étudié par microscopie multiphoton de second harmonique résolue en polarisation (PSHG). A l'échelle de la fibrille isolée, le vieillissement entraîne une perte de la complexité d'assemblage des fibrilles et une diminution de leur diamètre. L'effet de l'âge sur les propriétés biomécaniques du collagène de type I a été évalué sur des modèles de matrices 3D de collagène de type I, en présence de fibroblastes, par une technique de déformation des matrices et par tomographie à cohérence optique (OCT). Les résultats montrent une diminution du module d'élasticité et de la contraction du collagène avec le vieillissement, en accord avec les données de l'étude cinétique de la fibrillogenèse. Cette étude démontre la complémentarité des techniques biophotoniques employées et leur potentiel dans la caractérisation moléculaire et morphologique des effets de l'âge sur le collagène de type I, de manière directe, non invasive et multi-échelles. / Type I collagen represents the most abundant structural protein in the human body. During aging, this long half-life protein undergoes structural and functional changes which affect the biomechanical properties of tissues. One of the main mechanisms is the non enzymatic glycation leading to the formation of the so-called advanced glycation endprodutcs (AGEs). AGEs give rise to an increase of collagen I rigidity which is responsible for the fibrillar network disorganization and the loss of tissue elasticity with age. In this work, we applied various biophotonic approaches for studying the impact of aging on type I collagen, in a rapid, direct and non destructive way. Using vibrational infrared (IR) and Raman microspectroscopies, we highlighted spectroscopic markers linked to AGEs accumulation in freeze-dried samples of in vitro-glycated type I collagens. These markers were also detected in different-age freeze-dried type I collagens and allowed a clear discrimination of samples as a function of age. The band assigned to carbohydrates appears like a specific spectroscopic marker of glycation, in correlation with the fluorescent-AGEs quantification. The specific peaks for proline residues allow highlighting conformational changes in protein backbone due to a higher cross-linking. IR imaging applied to tissues from different-age rats can detect these spectral differences in situ as a function of age. Impact of aging on the structural behaviour of type I collagen fibrils was studied by polarization resolved second harmonic generation (PSHG) multiphoton microscopy. At the scale of single fibril, aging gives rise to a loss of fibril assembly complexity and a decrease of fibril diameter. Age effect on biomechanical properties of type I collagen was evaluated on 3D type I collagen matrice models in the presence of fibroblasts, using an indentation technique and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results show a decrease of both elastic modulus and collagen contraction with aging, in agreement with kinetics of the fibrillogenesis process. This study demonstrates the complementarity of the different biophotonic techniques used in our multimodal approach and their potential for characterizing age effects on type I collagen, in a direct, non invasive and multi-scale way.

Este estudo analisa as relações entre a difusão da religião cristã e a afirmação da hegemonia aristocrática no processo de constituição do regime senhorial na Península Ibérica entre os séculos IV e VIII. Considera-se essencial à caracterização deste processo a articulação entre cultura, religião e relações sociais de produção em desenvolvimento no período, eixo a partir do qual se abordam as complexas questões relacionadas à conversão e à preservação de crenças e práticas alheias ao cristianismo, concebidas no quadro das relações de dominação e resistência. Com base na análise de fontes primárias de natureza diversa, como a legislação régia, a coleção das atas conciliares, a literatura hagiográfica, os sermões, a liturgia, a poesia cristã e alguns tratados dogmáticos, destaca-se a íntima correlação entre a concepção de mundo, das relações travadas pelo homens entre si e com a natureza, divulgadas pelo cristianismo, e a afirmação da ascendência aristocrática na sociedade e no período em questão. / This work analyzes the connection between the spread of the Christian religion and the establishment of the aristocratic hegemony in the formation process of the landowner system in the Iberian Peninsula between 4th and 8th centuries. The articulation among culture, religion, and the social relationships of production being developed at the time are considered essential in order to characterize this process. From that point on, complex issues regarding the conversion to Christianity and the maintenance of alien beliefs and practices as part of the framework of domination and resistance relations were investigated. Based upon the analysis of primary sources of varied nature, such as regal legislation, a collection of conciliar documents, hagiographic literature, sermons, liturgy, Christian poetry and dogmatic treatises, emphasis was placed on the close correlation between the conception of the world – the relationships among men and their peers, and between men and Nature – spread out by Christianity and the establishment of the aristocratic ascendancy in society.

Este estudo analisa as relações entre a difusão da religião cristã e a afirmação da hegemonia aristocrática no processo de constituição do regime senhorial na Península Ibérica entre os séculos IV e VIII. Considera-se essencial à caracterização deste processo a articulação entre cultura, religião e relações sociais de produção em desenvolvimento no período, eixo a partir do qual se abordam as complexas questões relacionadas à conversão e à preservação de crenças e práticas alheias ao cristianismo, concebidas no quadro das relações de dominação e resistência. Com base na análise de fontes primárias de natureza diversa, como a legislação régia, a coleção das atas conciliares, a literatura hagiográfica, os sermões, a liturgia, a poesia cristã e alguns tratados dogmáticos, destaca-se a íntima correlação entre a concepção de mundo, das relações travadas pelo homens entre si e com a natureza, divulgadas pelo cristianismo, e a afirmação da ascendência aristocrática na sociedade e no período em questão. / This work analyzes the connection between the spread of the Christian religion and the establishment of the aristocratic hegemony in the formation process of the landowner system in the Iberian Peninsula between 4th and 8th centuries. The articulation among culture, religion, and the social relationships of production being developed at the time are considered essential in order to characterize this process. From that point on, complex issues regarding the conversion to Christianity and the maintenance of alien beliefs and practices as part of the framework of domination and resistance relations were investigated. Based upon the analysis of primary sources of varied nature, such as regal legislation, a collection of conciliar documents, hagiographic literature, sermons, liturgy, Christian poetry and dogmatic treatises, emphasis was placed on the close correlation between the conception of the world – the relationships among men and their peers, and between men and Nature – spread out by Christianity and the establishment of the aristocratic ascendancy in society.

This thesis questions the prevailing historical models of the medieval family, using the Paston family as a test case. It reviews the theories of three prominent historians of the medieval family: Lawrence Stone, Ralph Houlbrooke and Joel Rosenthal. Whether the Paston family and particularly the women fit the models of families as defined by the above mentioned historians is the underlying question. If the Paston family does not fit these models, what does that tell us about the current assumptions made concerning the fifteen th century family? The thesis illustrates that the family models of Stone do not always apply to the Pastons. Houlbrooke's and Rosenthal's ideas on family are much more reflective of the lives actually led by the Pastons. Therefore, while we can not say that the Pastons were average, they were certainly not exceptional. The lives of the women did not fit the models as established by Stone. Their power came from the home itself, as they managed the estates, educated their children, protected their property and looked after the future financial interests of the family. Houlbrooke allows for this form of power in his studies on women. Rosenthal tends to skirt the issues of women focusing more on the power that they received as widows not as wives. If the theories of our three historians were correct or encompassing enough they would have enfolded the Paston family. Houlbrooke's theories did this. Rosenthal's arguments did not include all aspects of the family, particularly children and education. Stone's arguments, with few exceptions, did not fit the Pastons at all. If we allow for a diversity of family structures and a diversity of roles and relationships within that structure, then we will have a much more accurate picture of the fifteenth century family.

Lintérêt pour le maintien dans lemploi des travailleurs âgés est de plus en plus présent dans les préoccupations politiques européenne et belge en particulier. Nous nous sommes penchés sur les raisons qui poussent les travailleurs à vouloir quitter volontairement leur entreprise, cest-à-dire les facteurs expliquant lintention de quitter. Notre but était didentifier pourquoi les plus âgés décident de prendre leur retraite prématurément, mais aussi ce qui les différencie des plus jeunes ayant envie de changer dentreprise. Suite à une étude exploratoire sur une population denseignants âgés, nous nous sommes intéressés à une population plus large, composée de 1772 travailleurs appartenant à 11 entreprises de différents secteurs dactivités. Ensuite, nous avons cherché à identifier des pistes de solutions au départ anticipé des employés et cadres dune entreprise spécialisée dans les produits de santé. Suite à une phase diagnostique, soit lenquête à large échelle sur les 1772 travailleurs (évaluation des niveaux de stress, de lintention de quitter et des facteurs dinsatisfaction), vingt travailleurs dune des 11 entreprises ont été interviewés afin didentifier quelles solutions ils suggèrent par rapport aux différents problèmes soulevés dans lenquête préalable. Un questionnaire exploratoire rempli en fin dinterview permet de mesurer lavis des travailleurs par rapport aux différentes solutions suggérées dans la littérature. En dautres termes, nous cherchions à voir si les solutions souhaitées concernent la gestion du changement, la revalorisation ou les conditions de travail. Il sagit donc dune investigation exploratoire. Une dernière étude visait à généraliser les résultats issus de la précédente. En effet, sur base de la grille dentretien et des résultats obtenus, un questionnaire à large échelle a pu être mis au point. Différents secteurs dactivités étaient ici concernés et la population choisie était le groupe des travailleurs âgés uniquement. Finalement, les implications de ce travail pour le futur rejoignent tout à fait les conclusions du small group meeting on Aging and Work qui sest déroulé à Tilburg en Janvier 2007 (Shalk, 2009). En effet, dans nos études, comme dans la plupart des études, peu de différences sont constatées entre les âges. Cela est en contradiction avec les attitudes stéréotypées des employeurs à lheure actuelle. On compte trois implications pour les chercheurs et les praticiens en ressources humaines. Premièrement, il faut promouvoir une égalité entre les âges jusquà preuve du contraire et ainsi lutter contre les stéréotypes et discriminations à légard des plus âgés. Deuxièmement, on sait dorénavant que les pratiques RH doivent concerner toutes les classes dâges et quil faut adopter une perspective de gestion des âges. Troisièmement, on remarque limportance dune perspective life-span, considérant la diversité individuelle dans le groupe des plus âgés et lexpérience de vie plutôt que de considérer uniquement lâge chronologique comme critère. Au-delà des différentes recherches scientifiques possibles sur les causes de départs ou les stimulants, il faut encourager chaque entreprise à mener son propre diagnostic afin de mettre en place les actions les plus efficaces mais en se focalisant sur limportance du développement professionnel et la communication et pas ou plus seulement sur les conditions temporelles ou matérielles de travail.

Sowohl bei der Forschung der Maillard-Reaktion in Lebensmitteln als auch im menschlichen Körper lag das Hauptaugenmerk bislang auf der Reaktion der Carbonylfunktion mit den Aminofunktionen der Seitenketten wie Lysin oder Arginin, da sie in vielen Lebensmitteln oder physiologischen Proteinen die größte Quelle an Aminofunktionen darstellen. Dagegen wurde eine vergleichbare Reaktion mit dem N-Terminus von Aminosäuren, Peptiden oder Proteinen weniger beachtet, obgleich in lysinarmen oder peptidhaltigen Lebensmitteln die N-terminalen Aminofunktionen dominieren und die Seitenketten körpereigener Proteine räumlich für einen Angriff der Carbonylfunktion unzugänglich sein können. Da in den HA-Nahrungen die allergieauslösenden Proteine hydrolytisch gespalten vorliegen, stehen für eine mögliche Amadori-Produktbildung gegenüber den konventionellen Säuglingsnahrungen quantitativ mehr alpha-Aminogruppen als epsilon-Aminogruppen zur Verfügung. Demzufolge sollte für die Beurteilung von HA-Nahrungen eine Methode entwickelt werden, mit deren Hilfe eine Aussage über die Amadori-Produktbildung auch am N-Terminus getroffen werden kann. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der Furoylmethylderivate-Bestimmung (FMAA-Bestimmung) in peptidhaltigen Lebensmitteln, war es ein weiteres Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation die entwickelte Methode auch auf ihre Anwendbarkeit auf die Beurteilung des Glykierungsstatus des Hämoglobin in vivo zu testen. Nach der N-terminalen Amadori-Produktbildung im Zuge der frühen Phase der Maillard-Reaktion lag im zweiten Teil der Dissertation das Hauptaugenmerk auf die fortgeschrittene Phase der Maillard-Reaktion am N-Terminus von Peptiden oder Proteinen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bildung von 2-(1H)-Pyrazinonen im komplexen trockenen Lebensmittel und in vivo.

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Résumé : À la fin du Moyen Âge, la parenté constitue une structure sociale, cellule de base sur laquelle s’édifie la société. Dans ce contexte, quelle place trouvent les personnes seules, parfois isolées ? Qui sont ces personnes seules, comment vivent-elles leur solitude dans le cadre urbain de Montpellier ? Comment leur situation est-elle perçue par les autres ? C’est à travers une étude sociodémographique des personnes seules et l’analyse de leurs réseaux de sociabilité que l’on parvient à comprendre la manière dont elles s’insèrent dans la société aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Différentes formes de solitude se manifestent dans la ville, des solitudes spécifiques à l’âge et au sexe des individus, qui entraînent des réponses et réactions adaptées au cas de chaque personne. Souvent pauvres et vulnérables, les personnes seules de Montpellier sont des acteurs importants de la société urbaine tardomédiévale souvent oubliés par l’historiographie. / Abstract : At the end of the Middle Ages, kinship is a social structure, the basic unit on which society is built. In this context, how people living alone, sometimes isolated, fit in the urban society? Who are these people and how do they live their loneliness in the city of Montpellier? How is their situation perceived by others? It is through a sociodemographic approach and an analysis of their social networks that we are able to understand how they fit into the urban society, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Loneliness occurs in different ways in the city, ways that depend on age and gender of the individuals. Identifying those lonelinesses lead us to understand the responses and reactions toward each situation. Ofien poor and vulnerable, people living alone take an important part in the late medieval urban society of Montpellier, a part often forgotten by historians.