The aim of this thesis was to summarize and assess the possibility of using recycled glass in the manufacture of blended portland cements. Work was focused on examining the possibilities to improve pozzolanic properties of recycled glass with new milling processes. The formation of agglomerates material during the course of grinding and their subsequent effect on the hydration process of binders has been also examining. Part of the thesis was also focused on grindability of materials and determination of using separate or inters grinding.

Durante a produção do aço a partir da fusão de sucatas em fornos elétricos a arco é gerado entre 10 e 20 kg de resíduos por cada tonelada de aço fundido constituídos por fumos e poeiras contendo óxidos principalmente de ferro, zinco, cálcio e chumbo, tornando-os altamente perigosos e tóxicos. Na procura de uma solução para mitigar problemas de descarte desses resíduos, propõe-se a aglomeração da poeira de aciaria elétrica (PAE) na forma de pelotas auto-redutoras. Essas últimas, são tratadas termicamente pelo processo Waelz o qual consiste em um forno rotativo, alimentado pelas pelotas, e que recupera o zinco por meio de reações metalúrgicas de redução e oxidação. No presente trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento cinético e mecânico bem como as mudanças microestruturais, através do planejamento fatorial fracionário de experimentos tipo 3III(4-2), variando aglomerante, redutor, temperatura e basicidade binária. As técnicas empregadas para caracterização foram: MEV, EDS, DRX, FRX, DTA-TG, análise C-N-H e análise granulométrica a laser. A PAE estudada apresenta 37, 50 % de ferro na forma de hematita e 19, 40 % de zinco na forma de zincita. A maior parte das partículas apresentaram uma morfologia esférica com tamanho aproximado de 1 ?m. Através do método de tempo reduzido foram testados os modelos: (i) modelo de reação química de interface-simetria esférica, (ii) modelo exponencial de reação contínua e (ii) modelo do núcleo não reagido; resultando em um comportamento cinético com a combinação dos dois primeiros modelos. Entre 800 e 950 °C, foi detectada a formação de agulhas de óxido de zinco com impurezas de cloretos e chumbo. Os estudos do comportamento mecânico, após os tratamentos térmicos, apontaram para todas as temperaturas, um melhor comportamento no caso das pelotas aglomeradas com xarope de glicose e Ca(OH)2. / Steel production from scrap melting in electric arc furnaces, generates about 10 to 20 kg of waste per metric ton of molten steel, which are composed by fumes and dust containing mainly oxides of iron, zinc, calcium and lead. Thus, these residues are highly dangerous and toxic. To find ecofriendly solutions and mitigate problems of the solid waste, it was proposed to agglomerate electric steel dust (PAE) in the form of self-reducing pellets. The latter are thermally treated by the Waelz process, which consists of a rotary kiln fed by the pellets, recovering the zinc by means of reduction and oxidation metallurgical reactions. In this study, kinetic and mechanical behavior, as well as microstructural changes, were evaluated by fractional factorial design of type 3III experiments (4-2), varying: binder, reducer, temperature and binary basicity. Chemical and microstructural characterization were performed using: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction XRD, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX), differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric (DTA/TG), elemental analysis C-N-H and laser granulometric analysis. The PAE studied presented 37. 50 % of iron in the form of hematite and 19. 40 % of zinc in the form of zincite. Most of the particles showed a spherical morphology of ~1 ?m in size. Using the time-reduced method, the following models were tested: (i) spherical interface-symmetry reaction model; (ii) exponential continuous reaction model; and (ii) unreacted core model. The results obtained showed a kinetic behavior with the combination of the first two models. At 800 and 950 °C the formation of zinc oxide needles was observed, in which was detected chloride and lead impurities. Mechanical behavior studies after the heat treatments showed that the pellets agglomerated with glucose syrup and Ca(OH)2 presented the best behavior at all temperatures.

O objetivo geral da tese é analisar o crescimento populacional desigual dos municípios que compõem a Região Norte do Brasil e quantificar os determinantes desse crescimento no período de 1980 a 2000. Esse período é longo o suficiente para captar o movimento de pessoas e também foi escolhido devido à disponibilidade de informações para estimar as equações a serem propostas. Utilizando os conceitos da Nova Geografia Econômica - NGE em nível de município, são propostas e estimadas duas equações para explicar o crescimento populacional, uma para a população rural e outra para a urbana. Estas equações visam testar as hipóteses de que o isolamento geográfico é um determinante da condição econômica da Região Norte e de que as aglomerações populacionais, representadas pelas taxas de crescimento populacional, atuam como indutores do crescimento. Essas equações têm como variável dependente a taxa de crescimento populacional. Como variáveis explanatórias, utilizam-se aquelas chamadas de primeira natureza: latitude, longitude, altitude e proximidade às capitais. De segunda natureza, aquelas ligadas a aspectos socioeconômicos: IDHs, salários, participação dos setores rural e urbano no emprego e o potencial de mercado. Esta última variável, por sua vez, é mensurada por meio de um índice de acessibilidade, que como é demonstrado por formulação teórica, representa o potencial de mercado. No entanto, para a criação desse índice, é necessário compatibilizar os dados dos censos demográficos, exigindo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia específica, proposta também nesta tese, por meio de ponderações e uso de Polígonos de Voronoi. Em seguida, as equações propostas são estimadas. A primeira estimação é feita por meio de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários. Na seqüência, testam-se os parâmetros para identificar ou não a necessidade de aplicar o fenômeno espacial no modelo, que é feito com técnicas de econometria espacial. As equações foram bem ajustadas com a incorporação do fenômeno espacial e estão coerentes com a fundamentação teórica. Isso valida a primeira hipótese formulada na tese, de que os municípios mais pobres têm no fator isolamento geográfico um dos determinantes da sua condição econômica. As dificuldades de acesso impedem esses municípios de escoar sua produção, basicamente oriunda da agropecuária, aos mercados potenciais. No período analisado, evidenciou-se a segunda hipótese, de que houve redução nos custos de transportes, que culminou na melhoria da acessibilidade e na formação das aglomerações populacionais. Consequentemente, as grandes aglomerações populacionais passaram a demandar produtos da própria região, gerando crescimento e melhorando as condições socioeconômicas de seus vizinhos, atuando como indutores de crescimento. Como contribuição, esta tese acrescenta à literatura brasileira, especialmente a respeito da Região Norte do Brasil, um indicador de acessibilidade aos mercados que capta as principais diferenças na infra-estrutura dos municípios existentes nessa região. A criação e estimativa desse indicador são de extrema importância na análise do processo de crescimento das cidades, já que os resultados sugeriram que grande parte da desigualdade sociais na região seja causada, entre outros fatores, pelas dificuldades de acesso. Os resultados obtidos também se convertem em fontes auxiliares para a formulação de políticas públicas, cujos objetivos visam melhorar as condições de vida da população. / The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the unequal growth of population in the municipalities that compounds the Northern Region of Brazil and measure the determinants of this growth. Time period from 1980 to 2000 is considered because it is long enough to capture the migration of people as well as all analyzed variables have available information during this time period. Using the concepts of New Economic Geography - NEG, two equations are proposed to estimate population growth, for rural and urban population, at municipal level. The dependent variables in both equations are the growth rate of population (rural and urban) and they were designed in order to test two assumptions: first, geographic isolation is a main determinant of economic condition of Northern Brazilian municipalities; second, major cities (population agglomerations) act as growth promoters. Independent variables are classified in two groups: first group includes the so called first nature variables, including latitude, longitude, altitude, proximity to the capital; the second group is called the second nature variables, including human development indexes (income, health and education), wages, share of rural and urban areas in workforce, and a market potential index. The latter is approaching by an accessibility index, as demonstrated by the theoretical formulation regarding to the market potential. In order to estimate the accessibility index, census database needs to be regrouped, which requires a specific method based on the Voronoi Polygons and generating the comparable minimum areas (AMC in Portuguese). In sequence, the empirical model is adjusted and estimates. The first estimation is done by using the Ordinary Least Square method. Then, the parameters are tested in order to identify whether or not is need to apply the spatial phenomenon into model, which is done by spatial econometric techniques. The equations were fitted well with the incorporation of spatial phenomena, and they were consistent with the theoretical framework. This validates the first assumptions formulated in this thesis that the poorest municipality has the geographical isolation as one determinant of their economic condition. The access bottlenecks prevent these municipalities of transporting their production mainly from agriculture - to the potential market. It was found that the transportation cost has decreased due to the improvement of accessibility, and consequently creating the agglomerations. Consequently, the large agglomerations began to demand products from their neighboring region, generating growth and improving the socioeconomic conditions of its neighbor cities. Hence, the major cities have acted as growth-promoters. This thesis adds to the Brazilian literature, in particular the one related to the Northern Brazilian Region, an accessibility indicator to the market that catches the main difference in the transport infrastructure among Northern municipalities. These differences are crucial to facilitate or hinder the process of economic growth. The creating of this indicator is extremely important in the analysis of city growth, since the results suggest that most part of the income inequality in North Region is caused by the access bottlenecks. The results achieved in this thesis help to formulate public policy addressing to improve the living conditions of the population living in the Northern Region of Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Vasconcelos Felix.pdf: 592204 bytes, checksum: 9cca23cdd91a5a42373997fe293e240f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / SUFRAMA - Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus / The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of scale and absorbed by the municipalities that make up oil spill region Metropolitana de Manaus as Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da Várzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Itacoatiara and Novo Airão, in the period 1995-2005, situated in the surroundings of Manaus on behalf of its economic growth. To do so, used primarily as a theoretical basis, studies of economic agglomeration to compose a list of the region's economic situation and the theories of regional development, who analyze the dynamics of economic growth between cities and surrounding regions. In order to scale the overflowing effects were compared data generated in Manaus with those generated in the other seven remaining municipalities that make up the metropolitan area, among them is the number of formal jobs, energy supply, Human development index (HDI), education, gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural production, population growth and financing fund, which received through statistical analysis of the Pearson Correlation in order to measure the existence of relationship between these variables, where he came to the conclusion that there was some overflow of Manaus to the other municipalities of the metropolitan area, however it can be said that the economic externalities created from Manaus were restricted to a few municipalities, among them President Figueiredo and Itacoatiara. / O objetivo deste trabalho é dimensionar e analisar os efeitos de transbordamento absorvidos pelos municípios que formam a Região Metropolitana de Manaus como Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da Várzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Novo Airão e Itacoatiara, no período 1995-2005, situados no entorno de Manaus por conta de seu crescimento econômico. Para tanto, utilizou-se primeiramente, como base teórica, os estudos da economia de aglomeração para compor uma relação da situação econômica da região e as teorias do desenvolvimento regional, que analisam a dinâmica do crescimento econômico entre cidades e regiões vizinhas. A fim de dimensionar os efeitos de transbordamento foram comparados os dados gerados em Manaus com os gerados nos outros sete municípios restantes que compõem a região metropolitana, entre eles está o número de empregos formais, fornecimento de energia, Índice de desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), educação, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), produção agrícola, crescimento populacional e fundo de financiamentos, que receberam análise estatística por meio da Correlação Pearson, para medir a existência de relação entre essas variáveis, aonde se chegou à conclusão que houve algum transbordamento de Manaus para os outros municípios da área metropolitana, no entanto pode-se dizer que as externalidades econômicas criadas a partir de Manaus ficaram restritas a poucos municípios, entre eles Presidente Figueiredo e Itacoatiara

A literatura atual sobre desenvolvimento regional destaca as aglomerações empresariais como um importante mecanismo para o incremento econômico e tecnológico de suas localidades. Aliado a isso, tem-se a biotecnologia como uma ampla área do conhecimento que pode ser encontrada em diferentes atividades econômicas, sobretudo nas da área da saúde, sendo frequentemente citada como um dos segmentos mais promissores para o século XXI. Diante disso, e considerando que a região de Ribeirão Preto é reconhecida nacionalmente pela relevante atuação na área da saúde, esse trabalho reuniu as três variáveis citadas (aglomerações empresariais, biotecnologia e região de Ribeirão Preto) com o propósito de analisar se a concentração das empresas do setor de biotecnologia na região de Ribeirão Preto é significativa em relação ao estado de São Paulo e ao Brasil. Para isso, baseou-se em uma pesquisa do tipo descritiva, cuja técnica adotada para a coleta de dados foi a pesquisa documental, com abordagem quantitativa para o tratamento desses dados. A pesquisa documental foi realizada a partir da análise da base de dados da RAIS (Relação Anual de Informações Sociais) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Tendo em vista a falta de consenso encontrada na literatura sobre a caracterização das empresas do setor biotecnologia, foi desenvolvido critério próprio para se definir as atividades econômicas das empresas desse setor, cujo resultado foi fundamental para o cálculo do seu índice de concentração locacional. Para se chegar a esse índice, foi adotado o quociente locacional (QL), calculado a partir do número de empresas e de empregos gerados pelo setor de biotecnologia na região de Ribeirão Preto. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que a região de Ribeirão Preto tem significativa concentração de empresas de biotecnologia em relação ao estado de São Paulo e ao Brasil, bem como, que esse setor possui mão de obra relativamente melhor em termos de grau de instrução e remuneração, quando comparada com outro setor econômico da mesma região. / The current literature about regional development highlights the business agglomerations as an important mechanism for economic and technological development of their localities. Allied to this, biotechnology was identified as a wide area of knowledge that can be found in different economic activities, particularly in the health area and is often mentioned as one of the most promising segments for the XXI century. Therefore, and considering that Ribeirão Preto region is nationally recognized for its significant activity in health, this work met the three mentioned variables (business agglomerations, biotechnology and Ribeirão Preto region) in order to examine whether the concentration of biotechnology companies in Ribeirão Preto region is significant in relation to the state of São Paulo and Brazil. To achieve this goal, the paper was developed based on a descriptive survey, used the technique of documentary research for data collection, in a quantitative approach. The documentary research was conducted based on the analysis of the RAIS database (Annual Social Information) of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) in Brazil. Given the lack of consensus in the literature for the characterization of biotechnology companies, it was developed a criteria to define the economic activities of companies in this sector, which the result was essential for the calculation of its locational concentration index. To achieve this rate, it was used the location quotient (QL), that was calculated based on the number of companies and jobs generated by the biotechnology industry in the Ribeirão Preto region. As the main result, it was proved that the region of Ribeirão Preto has significant concentration of biotechnology companies in relation to the state of São Paulo and Brazil as well, and also that this sector has relatively better work hand in terms of level of education and remuneration compared to other economic sector in the same region.

Esta tese se propõe a analisar a produção imobiliária no Brasil e seus efeitos sobre o espaço urbano e metropolitano, a partir das recentes dinâmicas imobiliárias verificadas na segunda metade da década de 2000 no aglomerado metropolitano de Paiçandu, Maringá e Sarandi, localizado no norte do Paraná. Fazendo parte de um amplo projeto de colonização privada realizada na década de 1940, pela Companhia Melhoramentos Norte do Paraná (CMNP), este aglomerado metropolitano irá assistir desde sua gênese, ao protagonismo do capital imobiliário local sobre a configuração socioespacial do território. Paiçandu, Maringá e Sarandi fazem parte da Região Metropolitana de Maringá formada por 26 municípios cujo polo é Maringá, que historicamente tem apresentado índices socioeconômicos muito superiores às demais cidades que compõe sua região, fazendo da desigualdade regional o traço mais marcante e da segregação socioespacial o processo mais presente entre os três municípios que compõe o aglomerado. Tomou-se como principais aportes teórico-metodológicos o debate sobre a produção capitalista em terras brasileiras, bem como o modelo \"máquina de crescimento\" exposto por Logan e Molotch em 1987, este adotado como pressuposto dos arranjos de poder no território de estudo. Entrevistas a diferentes agentes imobiliários e agentes públicos dos três municípios, levantamento de dados sobre o setor e principais produtos imobiliários, bem como dos dados socioeconômicos do aglomerado metropolitano formam a coleta de dados desta pesquisa. Se concentrando na produção residencial empresarial de 2000 a 2013 voltada ao setor econômico e de média e alta renda em Paiçandu, Maringá e Sarandi, procura-se demonstrar a hipótese de que o recente quadro imobiliário nacional de abundância de crédito, retomada de financiamento e concessão de subsídio verificado no período, fortaleceu o mercado imobiliário local e promoveu novas configurações socioespaciais no aglomerado metropolitano, entretanto ainda à reboque da lógica do setor imobiliário local, aprofundando os históricos efeitos de segregação socioespacial no território de estudo. / This thesis analyzes Brazilian real estate construction practice and its effect on urban space since 2001 in the metropolitan region of Paiçandu, Maringa and Sarandi, located in the state of Paraná. As part of a large private development project carried out in the 1940s by Companhia Melhoramentos Norte do Paraná (CMNP), these municipalities have, since their foundation, resolutely encouraged capital real estate investment projects which continue to effect social and spatial change. The urban corridor of Maringa, Paiçandu and Sarandi have historically had higher rates of socioeconomic development and income levels than the other 23 cities and towns that make up Maringa\'s greater metropolitan region, and the resulting inequality and socio-spatial segregation is especially obvious in these three cities. Principal theoretical and methodological contributions to this study include debates regarding capitalist production on Brazilian land and the \"growth machine\" model described by Logan and Molotch in 1987, which grounds this study\'s understanding of the region. Interviews with various real estate agents and public officials in the three municipalities, a survey of regional data, socioeconomic data and the region\'s major real estate transactions make up the information examined in this research. Focusing on moderate and high income residential real estate development from 2001 to 2013 in Paiçandu, Maringa and Sarandi, this thesis seeks to demonstrate the hypothesis that recent national real estate conditions returning to previous financing practices and offering easy credit terms have strengthened the real estate market of these municipalities, brought changes to the region\'s organization and promoted new socio-spatial configurations, and, finally, that the prevailing logic of the real estate sector here has deepened the historical effects of socio-spatial segregation.

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.

Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s’opèrent aujourd’hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d’autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l’économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d’une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l’agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d’étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l’évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d’éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu’organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l’aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l’étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l’originalité d’une forme d’agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c’est tout d’abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s’appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l’adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu’il existe très peu d’aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d’opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d’activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d’institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d’un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l’évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d’innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd’hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale. / This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy.

Our thesis are focused on analyzing urban development of two major cities in Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas. We analyse evolution and development of the cities focusing on the last 20 year period in the country, based on the urban agglomeration development models and evolution theory, planning experience around the world. By looking at the urban development indicators like built up area density, population, people mobility and change of different statistical data over time we try to understand development of these cities. Our main goal is based on these data to make a vision for future urban development of the Vilnius and Kaunas. During our work we found that over past 20 Vilnius has experienced fast change which have elements of uncontrolled expansion. Furthermore, planning problems in Vilnius are similar to cities of fast metropolitan development, but with unique historically shaped features. Based on analysis strategic planning, regional development, urban development of these two cities, we conclude that urban and strategic planning measures in Vilnius and Kaunas should be focused to bringing these similar sized cities together. In our vision of the region we suggest to aim at creating one structure of these two cites by linking them and incorporating smaller towns in between them into the functional region of growing metropolis. / Karolis Maciulevičius Phone: +37061282346 Email: kaarolis@gmail.com Vilnius, Lithuania

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.