Im Rahmen des globalen Klimawandels werden für Mitteleuropa vermehrt klimatische Extremereignisse prognostiziert, wozu auch Hitzewellen gehören. In Ballungsräumen kommt zusätzlich zur globalen Komponente durch das Entstehen der städtischen Wärmeinsel noch eine lokale hinzu. Besonders die Gesundheit älterer Personen ist dabei gefährdet. Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels und der fortschreitenden Urbanisierung auf der Erde wird die Zahl der unter Risiko stehenden Personen zukünftig ansteigen. Um die Entwicklungen für den Raum Berlin-Brandenburg abschätzen zu können, wird über einen Zeitraum von 17 Jahren (1990 bis 2006) zunächst einmal die Vulnerabilität in der Vergangenheit untersucht. Anhand von Messreihen an sechs über den Raum verteilten Stationen wird das Auftreten von thermischer Belastung durch Hitze festgestellt. Dabei finden drei in der Literatur verbreitet zum Einsatz kommende Analysemethoden Anwendung: das 95er Perzentil, die Regression sowie die Gefühlte Temperatur. Für die Erklärung der Hitzebelastung über das 95er Perzentil wird ein gleitendes Verfahren eingeführt. Unter der Berücksichtigung aller drei Analysemethoden erfolgt die Bewertung dreiwöchiger Perioden hinsichtlich ihrer thermischen Belastung. Die Einführung des Systems der Perioden-Belastungspunkte (PBP) ermöglicht die Identifikation der am stärksten belasteten Periode eines jeden Jahres. Die Perioden der Jahre 1993, 1994 und 1997 sowie 2003 und 2006 werden im Anschluss zunächst nach Witterung und klimatischen Elementen untersucht, anschließend hinsichtlich der aufgetretenen Mortalität; hierbei spielen zum einen die Bevölkerungseigenschaften ''Alter'' und ''Geschlecht'' eine Rolle, zum anderen das räumliche Auftreten auf kommunaler Ebene. Abschließend wird das in den jeweiligen Perioden entstehende Muster der Mortalität mit dem Grad der Versiegelung bzw. dem Anteil der über-65-Jährigen abgeglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass während thermisch stark belasteten Perioden bei den unter-50-Jährigen die Männer stärker als Frauen gefährdet sind; dieses Verhältnis kehrt sich in der Altersklasse über 50 um. In der räumlichen Analyse wird deutlich, dass sich mit zunehmender Belastung ein hoher Versiegelungsgrad als Risikofaktor darstellt. Bei weniger belastenden Situationen stehen Senioren dagegen gerade in Räumen mit geringer Versiegelung stärker unter Risiko. Künftige Studien sollten auf die Todesursachen eingehen und zusätzliche Risikofaktoren berücksichtigen. Auf dieser Basis können dann einerseits Interventionsmaßnahmen ausgearbeitet als auch Szenarien zukünftiger Entwicklungen valide aufgebaut werden. / In central Europe, global climate change will increase the number of meteorological extreme events, including thermal stress caused by heat. In metropolitan areas the effect of urban heat island is added. As the elderly population is vulnerable to high temperatures they are especially at risk. Considering urbanization and demographic changes the number of people under risk will further increase. To estimate future developments in vulnerability it is necessary to know the present ones. Therefore, 17 years between 1990 and 2006 are investigated. At first, data of six weather stations within the area of Berlin-Brandenburg are examined. In these climatic time series the occurrence of thermal stress is determined with three different methods – 95 percentile, regression, and the index of perceived temperature. The 95 percentile is adjusted to a moving mode. Using all three methods, periods of three weeks are evaluated concerning heat stress. To identify the most loaded period of each year the system of ''points of period heat load'' (PBP) is introduced. The periods of the years 1993, 1994, and 1997 as well as 2003 and 2006 were chosen to be examined in more detail. Atmospheric conditions and climatic elements are described first. Then the observed mortality is evaluated concerning age and sex as well as the spatial distribution on municipal level. The resulting pattern is compared with that of the level of sealing and with that of the proportion of people aged 65 and more. Results show that up to an age of 50 years periods with heat stress affect more men than women. Above this age the ratio of sex is reciprocal. The spatial analysis reveals that a high level of sealing is a risk factor especially during very strong heat load, while during periods with less strong heat load elderly people are more endangered living in a lower level of sealing. Future studies should examine the causes of death as well as further risk factors. This will build the basis for detailed intervention plans and scenarios of upcoming developments.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

En raison de leur petite taille, les nanoparticules (NP) (< 100 nm) peuvent coaguler très rapidement ce qui favorise leur pénétration dans l’organisme sous forme d’agglomérats. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier l’influence de l’état d’agglomération de NP de dioxyde de titane (TiO2) de trois tailles de départ différentes, 5, 10-30 ou 50 nm sur la toxicité pulmonaire chez le rat mâle (F344) exposé à des aérosols de 2, 7 ou 20 mg/m3 pendant 6 heures. Dans une chambre d’inhalation, six groupes de rats (n = 6 par groupe) ont été exposés par inhalation aiguë nez-seulement à des aérosols ayant une taille primaire de 5 nm, mais produits sous forme faiblement (< 100 nm) ou fortement (> 100 nm) agglomérée à 2, 7 et 20 mg/m3. De façon similaire, quatre autres groupes de rats ont été exposés à 20 mg/m3 à des aérosols ayant une taille primaire de 10-30 et 50 nm. Les différents aérosols ont été générés par nébulisation à partir de suspensions ou par dispersion à sec. Pour chaque concentration massique, un groupe de rats témoins (n = 6 par groupe) a été exposé à de l’air comprimé dans les mêmes conditions. Les animaux ont été sacrifiés 16 heures après la fin de l’exposition et les lavages broncho-alvéolaires ont permis de doser des marqueurs d’effets inflammatoires, cytotoxiques et de stress oxydant. Des coupes histologiques de poumons ont également été analysées. L’influence de l’état d’agglomération des NP de TiO2 n’a pu être discriminée à 2 mg/m3. Aux concentrations massiques de 7 et 20 mg/m3, nos résultats montrent qu’une réponse inflammatoire aiguë est induite suite à l'exposition aux aérosols fortement agglomérés. En plus de cette réponse, l’exposition aux aérosols faiblement agglomérés à 20 mg/m3 s’est traduite par une augmentation significative de la 8-isoprostane et de la lactate déshydrogénase. À 20 mg/m3, les effets cytotoxiques étaient plus importants suite à l’exposition aux NP de 5 nm faiblement agglomérées. Ces travaux ont montré dans l'ensemble que différents mécanismes de toxicité pulmonaire peuvent être empruntés par les NP de TiO2 en fonction de la taille de départ et de l’état d’agglomération. / Given their small size, nanoparticles (NP) (< 100 nm) can coagulate quickly, which promotes their entry into the body in the form of agglomerates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the agglomeration state of three different primary particle sizes (5, 10-30 and 50 nm) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NP on the pulmonary toxicity of male rats (F344) exposed to aerosols at 2, 7 or 20 mg/m3 for 6 hours. In an inhalation chamber, six groups of rats (n = 6 per group) were acutely exposed by nose-only inhalation to aerosols with a 5-nm primary particle size, produced in the form of small agglomerates (< 100 nm) (SA) or large agglomerates (> 100 nm) (LA) at 2, 7 and 20 mg/m3. Similarly, four other groups of rats were exposed to aerosols at 20 mg/m3 with a primary particle size of 10-30 and 50 nm. The different aerosols were generated by nebulization of suspensions or by dry dispersion. For each mass concentration, one group of control rats (n = 6 per group) was exposed to compressed air under the same conditions. The animals were sacrificed 16 hours after the end of exposure, and analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was used to measure markers of inflammatory, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress effects. Lung sections were also analyzed for histopathology. The influence of the agglomeration state of TiO2 NP (5 nm) could not be determined at 2 mg/m3. For mass concentrations of 7 and 20 mg/m3, our results showed that an acute inflammatory response was induced following exposure to LA aerosols. In addition to this response, exposure to SA aerosols resulted in a significant increase in 8-isoprostane and lactate dehydrogenase. At 20 mg/m3, the cytotoxic effects were greater after exposure to the 5-nm NP in the SA aerosol. This study showed that TiO2 NP use different mechanisms to induce their pulmonary toxicity as a function of their primary particle size and their agglomeration state.

Les nanomatériaux sont une classe de contaminants qui est de plus en plus présent dans l’environnement. Leur impact sur l’environnement dépendra de leur persistance, mobilité, toxicité et bioaccumulation. Chacun de ces paramètres dépendra de leur comportement physicochimique dans les eaux naturelles (i.e. dissolution et agglomération). L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre l’agglomération et l’hétéroagglomération des nanoparticules d’argent dans l’environnement. Deux différentes sortes de nanoparticules d’argent (nAg; avec enrobage de citrate et avec enrobage d’acide polyacrylique) de 5 nm de diamètre ont été marquées de manière covalente à l’aide d’un marqueur fluorescent et ont été mélangées avec des colloïdes d’oxyde de silice (SiO2) ou d’argile (montmorillonite). L’homo- et hétéroagglomération des nAg ont été étudiés dans des conditions représentatives d’eaux douces naturelles (pH 7,0; force ionique 10 7 à 10-1 M de Ca2+). Les tailles ont été mesurées par spectroscopie de corrélation par fluorescence (FCS) et les résultats ont été confirmés à l’aide de la microscopie en champ sombre avec imagerie hyperspectrale (HSI). Les résultats ont démontrés que les nanoparticules d’argent à enrobage d’acide polyacrylique sont extrêmement stables sous toutes les conditions imposées, incluant la présence d’autres colloïdes et à des forces ioniques très élevées tandis que les nanoparticules d’argent avec enrobage de citrate ont formées des hétéroagrégats en présence des deux particules colloïdales. / Nanomaterials are a class of contaminants that are increasingly found in the natural environment. Their environmental risk will depend on their persistence, mobility, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Each of these parameters will depend strongly upon their physicochemical fate (dissolution, agglomeration) in natural waters. The goal of this paper is to understand the agglomeration and heteroagglomeration of silver nanoparticles in the environment. Two different silver nanoparticles (nAg; citrate coated and polyacrylic acid coated) with a diameter of 5 nm were covalently labelled with a fluorescent dye and then mixed with colloidal silicon oxides (SiO2) and clays (montmorillonite). The homo- and heteroagglomeration of the silver nanoparticles were then studied in waters that were representative of natural freshwaters (pH 7.0; ionic strength 10-7 to 10-1 M of Ca2+). Sizes were followed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and results were validated using enhanced darkfield microscopy with hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Results have demonstrated that the polyacrylic acid coated nAg was extremely stable under all conditions, including in the presence of other colloids and at high ionic strength, whereas the citrate coated nAg formed heteroagregates in the presence of both natural colloidal particles.

Le concept du Management de la Mobilité agit dans la perspective d’optimiser l’usage de l’offre alternative de mobilité existante et de la développer en créant les conditions favorables d’un changement de culture et de pratiques en matière de déplacements. Notre contribution à travers cette recherche a pour ambition d’éclaircir les bases de débat sur la pertinence des approches du Management de la Mobilité en les examinant de près. Il s’agit de cerner l’efficacité de ces approches, leur fonctionnement, ainsi que leurs apports et leurs limites.Partant de l'hypothèse que les pistes qui mènent à l'objectif de concrétisation d'une mobilité plus durable afin d'atteindre le « facteur 4 » sont multiples, notre démarche repose sur l'analyse de plusieurs terrains de recherche où on tentera de vérifier la pertinence et l'efficacité de l'approche du Management de la Mobilité à travers deux voies possibles de régulation des mobilités quotidiennes.Une première voie que nous l'appelons la « voie corrective » où Il s'agit d'influencer les choix individuels et même plus, des modes de vie entiers par la mise en route des processus de changement à travers des mesures incitatives. Une deuxième voie indissociable de la première, car elle accroit son efficacité et sa pérennité, est plutôt une « voie intégrative ». Pour explorer cette voie, notre recherche nécessite un travail de nature exploratoire pour déterminer les pré-conditions de réalisation du transfert modal afin d’augmenter le potentiel d'usage et la crédibilité des modes alternatifs. Ceci serait possible par l’anticipation des besoins de la mobilité à travers l’intégration du Management de la Mobilité dans le processus de planification urbaine. / The concept of Mobility Management aims to optimize the use of available and alternative mobility modes by providing and creating optimal conditions for travel patterns change. Our contribution through this research is to provide basis for discussion on the relevance of mobility management approaches by analysing them in depth. The research consists in clarifying the effectiveness of these approaches, the way they are implemented, their benefits and limits.Assuming that the ways to lead to more sustainable mobility and achieve the national target of reduction by a factor of four greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 are various, our strategy is based on the investigation of several research fields where we will attempt to validate the adequacy and the effectiveness of mobility management approaches through two assumed ways of mobility regulation. A first way, that we’ve called the « corrective way », consists in influencing individual travel choices by enacting behaviour change processes and implementing incentives measures. A second way which is inseparable from the first, because it increases its long term efficiency, is rather an « integrative way ». It requires for our research an exploratory method to set out pre-conditions for achieving modal shift and increasing potential use and credibility of alternative modes. This could be possible by anticipating travel demand through an integration of mobility management measures into urban planning process.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-06-18T19:12:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoCarneiroCampeloDissertacao2018.pdf: 1236568 bytes, checksum: 5e4ffa01d0b5f8c3924c4bfe1fa510fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-06-18T19:12:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoCarneiroCampeloDissertacao2018.pdf: 1236568 bytes, checksum: 5e4ffa01d0b5f8c3924c4bfe1fa510fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T19:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoCarneiroCampeloDissertacao2018.pdf: 1236568 bytes, checksum: 5e4ffa01d0b5f8c3924c4bfe1fa510fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / This article is an effort in better understand specific migration through brazilian urban areas, occurred more intensely since 1980, investigating wage and skill dynamics, besides another migrants aspects and qualities, and the influence of more populated cities, where higher wages are perceipt. The analysis uses data of four IBGE Censos, namely, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010 and bases in works by authors dealing with the effects known as agglomeration economies, perceived as the cities go bigger in population. Whereas new metropolis were arising at national scenarium, studies show that the tipic migration flows have changed (mainly from rural-urban to urban-urban), but have the migrants profile changed too? A detailed investigation points that contemporary migration flows are more associated to young and more nomads generations, looking for acquire and share experience, to find specific jobs and wages that recognizes their individuals skills. In big cicies, migrants average wage are bigger. Mainly in the 2000 and 2010, although education levels of migrants are lower that of people who has born in those places, showing that not only education levels, but also the migration profile influences in wage, as the bibliographic references shows (agglomeration economies). / Este artigo busca se aprofundar sobre os movimentos migratórios específicos entre zonas urbanas brasileiras, ocorrido com maior intensidade a partir dos anos 80, investigando as dinâmicas salariais e educacionais, além de outras características do perfil dos migrantes, e a influência de municípios com maior população, onde eventualmente se constatam níveis de renda mais elevados. A análise usa dados dos quatro censos IBGE, a saber 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010 e se baseia em trabalhos de autores que tratam dos efeitos conhecidos como vantagens de aglomerações, presentes em maior intensidade quanto maior é o município em quantidade de habitantes. Consoante ao surgimento de novas metrópoles no cenário nacional, estudos mostram que houve mudança nos fluxos migratórios, mas houve mudança também no perfil dos migrantes? Uma investigação detalhada aponta que fluxos migratórios contemporâneos são mais associados a gerações cada vez mais nômades, que buscam adquirir e compartilhar experiência, achar empregos mais específicos e salários que recompensem suas habilidades individuais. Nas grandes cidades, a renda média dos migrantes se mostra maior principalmente nos últimos dois censos, embora o perfil de escolaridade dos migrantes fique aquém do perfil daqueles que nasceram nestes locais, mostrando que não apenas o grau de escolaridade, mas o movimento migratório influencia na renda, em harmonia com as teorias referenciadas (vantagens de aglomerações).

La coordination des institutions, par le biais de la création d’un périmètre de transport unique, est-elle la solution la mieux à même de faciliter le report modal au bénéfice des modes collectifs dans l’agglomération multipolaire azuréenne ? L’inadaptation des réseaux aux mobilités actuelles engendre des problèmes aigus de gestion du transport public. Cette inadaptation repose sur l’inadéquation des structures institutionnelles qui ne sont pas à la bonne échelle. Les pôles multiples doivent être reliés à des réseaux urbains interdépendants et cette nécessité s’accompagne de l’invention de nouvelles formes de gouvernement. Le travail comporte un premier chapitre présentant le cadre théorique de la relation entre agglomération multipolaire, institutions et organisation du transport dans un contexte spatial dense. En effet, les AOTU étaient, au départ, distinctes, ce choix étant justifié par l’état de l’urbanisation lors de leur création, mais elles gèrent des territoires désormais jointifs. Or, on ne peut imposer un périmètre conforme à un bassin de vie, d’où des inadaptations flagrantes.Un deuxième chapitre étudie les actions des autorités organisatrices du transport public dans l’espace multipolaire azuréen : la complexité de l’organisation institutionnelle est-elle la proie d’un effet de frontière entre AO ? Le Département est en retrait face à la croissance des AOTU et notamment de Métropole Nice Côte d’Azur ; cela forme un espace politique inadapté au contexte géographique. Une nouvelle structure fédérative, le SYMITAM, est créée mais ne remplit pas son rôle de coordination ; devant seconder le Département, elle est mise de fait au service de l’AOTU la plus conquérante.Enfin, grâce à l’analyse des mobilités et notamment par la mesure des actifs stables et sortants de chaque commune, et par les axes de TCSP, de TER et les pôles d’échanges qu’il serait nécessaire d’implanter pour mieux organiser les interrelations entre le littoral et le sous-ensemble intérieur, un troisième chapitre propose une résorption de l’effet de frontière par l’élaboration de nouveaux périmètres institutionnels. Nous montrons les AO les plus à même d’organiser la gestion de ce nouveau format territorial afin de contrecarrer la parcellisation institutionnelle. / Can the coordination of institutions, through the creation of a unique transport perimeter in the multipolar urban area of French Riviera, have a significant role in the modal shift ? The inadequacy of the current mobility networks creates acute problems of management of public transport. This maladjustment is based on the inadequacy of the institutional structures that are not at the right level. Multiple poles must be linked to interdependent urban networks and this necessity comes the invention of new forms of government.The work involves a first chapter with the theoretical framework of the relationship between multipolar agglomeration, institutions and organisation of transport in a dense spatial context. Indeed, the AOTU were initially separate, this choice was justified by the State of urbanization in their creation, but they manage now bearings territories. However, one cannot impose a perimeter consistent with a pool of life, hence of gross maladjustments.A second chapter studied the actions of the organizing authorities of public transport in the multipolar space azurean : the complexity of the institutional organization is prey to a border between AO effect ? The Department is indented to the growth of the AOTU and including Metropole Nice Côte d'Azur. A new federal structure, the SYMITAM, is created but does not fulfil its role of coordinator; to assist the Department, she becomes the puppet of the conquering AOTU.Finally, through analysis of mobility and in particular by measurement of stable and outgoing assets of each municipality, and the axes of TCSP, TER and the pole of exchanges that it would be necessary to implement to better organize the interrelationships between the coastline and the internal subset, a third chapter proposes a resorption of the effect of border by the development of new institutional perimeters. We show the AO the most capable of organizing the management of this new territorial format in order to counteract the institutional fragmentation.

<p>This thesis begins by making two observations. First, that the regional economic landscapes in which we all live our daily lives, and which provide the basis for employment and prosperity, are constantly changing. Second, that one of the most popular strategies currently pursued by regions and nations for coping with such change, relies heavily on innovation within a few high-tech industries, biotech being one prominent example. The thesis is an investigation into the potential – and limits – of biotech-based development policies for creating renewal and economic growth at the local, regional or national scales. How does it really work when a team of biotech researchers develops a new invention? How can a small Swedish town manage to attract large foreign direct investments and stay competitive in the global biotech landscape? How is the performance of biotech knowledge workers affected by the places they live in, go to, leave, and make up? What impact can a biotech firm have on the local economic landscape in which it is located? These are the kind of questions that are studied in the four papers that make up this thesis. The thesis develops a conceptual framework within which we can better understand the extent to which mono-territorial actors, like regional and national policymakers, can influence high-tech sectors like biotech; sectors that are polycentric in nature and only partly take place in, or pass through, regional and national territories.</p>

This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.

<p>The project was conducted on a small-scale catchment at Goedertrou in the Riebeek- Kasteel district. The focus of this study was to address some of the hydrological processes active in the research catchment, namely infiltration, run-off and sediment mobilisation on different soil types. It was done to investigate the origin of Berg River pollutants. To answer the overall question about what influence the natural salt load of the Berg River, a number of subprojects have been identified, one of which is to understand the hydrological processes in the soil mantle and vadose zone. Hence, the study aimed to answer the research questions mentioned and discussed in section 1.3 of Chapter 1. Considering the results, it could be suggested that decayed root systems from the rows of plants, soil cracks, small channels and openings created by small animals, as well as slope orientation and, therefore, soil composition, all played a major role in influencing the ability of the soil to absorb the simulated rainfall. In this study, the factors that influenced run-off are micro topography, soil moisture, root system, animal activities in soil profile, soil crack dimensions and the hydraulic conductivity. The main factors that played a major role to influence sediments mobilisation are strongly believed to be the micro topography within the ring, slope gradient and length, vegetation cover and rainfall-simulation intensity. After using different techniques, the results show that farmers must be aware that with storm rainfall, particles smaller than 65 &mu / m are subject to mobilisation. It is important to let land-users know that they need proper and appropriate methods for land-use.</p>