Sammanfattning Bakgrunden beskriver hur barnmorskans arbete ska byggas på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet enligt gällande författningar, förordningar, föreskrifter och andra riktlinjer. Det åligger därför barnmorskan att kunna söka, analysera och kritiskt granska relevant kunskap för att kunna delta i utvecklingsarbete eller dess utvärdering. Det finns ett värde i att reflektera över befintliga rutiner och vid behov medverka till en förändring samt implementera ny kunskap. Kliniska riktlinjer har tagits fram för att underlätta det kliniska arbetet och det är därför viktigt att riktlinjerna innehåller evidensbaserad forskning. Syftet med studien var att granska och värdera kvaliteten av lokala behandlingsriktlinjer gällande mödrahälsovårdens basprogram. En kvantitativ metod valdes för att besvara studiens syfte där granskningsinstrumentet AGREE II användes, vilket är framtaget för att kunna bedöma kvalitén angående utvecklingsprocessen av kliniska riktlinjer inom hälso- och sjukvården.  Resultatet från aktuell studie visade att avsnittet mål och syfte innehöll stora variationer gällande hur tydligt formulerat syfte de olika kliniska riktlinjerna hade. Inom berörda intressenters delaktighet framkom bristfällig dokumentation angående vilka yrkeskategorier som varit delaktiga i processen även patienters åsikter saknades. Inom stringens i framställningen erhöll alla kliniska riktlinjer låga poäng, beskrivning av litteratursökningen samt val av metod saknades. Samtliga kliniska riktlinjer i avsnittet tydlighet och framställning saknade eller hade otydliga behandlingsalternativ. Däremot kunde huvudrekommendationerna urskiljas med lätthet i sju av 18 kliniska riktlinjer. I avsnittet tillämpbarhet saknade samtliga kliniska riktlinjer resonemang kring hälsoekonomiska frågor eller angående behovet av eventuella organisatoriska förändringar. Redaktionell självständighet lyftes inte fram i någon av de kliniska riktlinjerna. Ingen klinisk riktlinje fick genomgående bra poäng i helhetsbedömningen enligt AGREE II, vilket gör det svårt att rekommendera någon av de kliniska riktlinjerna utifrån dess nuvarande presentation. Med detta resultat i åtanke anser författarna att de kliniska riktlinjer som granskades i aktuell studie inte har någon påvisbar evidensbaserad grund enligt AGREE II-instrumentet och kan således inte rekommenderas att använda som stöd i det kliniska arbetet. / Abstract The work of the midwife should be based on science and knowledge according to statutes, ordinances, regulations and available guidelines. In order to participate in development work and evaluation of it, it is important for the midwife to search, analyze and critically examine the relevant knowledge. To help the nursing staff in their clinical work and to provide quality proof care to the patients, clinical guidelines have been developed. It is therefore important that the content of the clinical guidelines is based on evidence-based research and easy to understand. The aim of the study was to review and evaluate the quality of local clinical guidelines regarding the basic maternity health care program. A quantitative method was used and the clinical guidelines were reviewed using the instrument AGREE II. The findings revealed that the quality of the clinical guidelines evaluated in this study varied. The result from current study showed that the section scope and aim contained big variations regarding how clearly the purpose was formulated in the different clinical guidelines. Within the section stakeholders involvement inadequate documentations revealed, containing the occupational category the professionals who was involved in the process had, also the patients’ options were missing. Within the rigour of development all clinical guidelines gained low credits, the description of the literature search as well as the choice of method were missing. All the clinical guidelines in the section of clarity and presentation were missing or had unclear assessment alternatives. However the main recommendation could easily be distinguished in seven of the eighteen clinical guidelines. In the section of applicability all of the clinical guidelines were missing argument regarding health economics or the need of possible organizationally changes.  Editorial independence was not highlighted in any of the clinical guidelines. No clinical guideline had consistently good points according to AGREE II in the overall assessment. Therefore it is hard to recommend any of the clinical guidelines as they currently stands. With these results in mind authors of this study believes that the clinical guidelines that were viewed in this study did not, according to AGREE II, have any evidence-based ground demonstrable and can therefore not be recommended to nursing staff to be used as support in their clinical work.

This thesis investigates the functional categories in the vP domain, including aspect, modality, and focus. For this research initiative, five constructions were examined: the Mandarin temporal adverbial, the Mandarin excessive ta, the Mandarin de/bu, the Turkish question particle –mI, and the Armenian auxiliary constructions. These constructions involve functional categories that are expected to appear at the C/IP periphery; however, they surface inside the vP domain. The existence of these low grammatical elements raises non-trivial questions such as how functional categories should be mapped out in the structure, and whether a unified structure can be proposed to account for the cross-linguistic phenomena examined in this thesis. The investigation of these constructions showed that there are cross-domain interactions between low and high functional categories. While Mandarin temporal adverbial constructions showed interactions between viewpoint aspect and lexical aspect via the distributions of the temporal adverbials and various co-occurrence restrictions, the other four constructions demonstrated interactions between the low and the high categories via intervention effects. I argue that low functional categories must be licensed by their counterparts in the C/IP domain, and that the licensing relation and the structural conditions imposed on this relation can be captured if an Agree relation is established between the functional categories in these two domains. The analysis also reveals that low functional categories are the result of feature lowering from v* to some functional projection below it, and the formal features of the low functional categories must assign their values to their counterparts in the C/IP domain via Agree to provide a meaningful input to LF. I propose a parallel analysis between CP and vP to account for the existence of the low grammatical elements in two respects: (1) C and *v, as phase heads, have an edge feature (EPP) and Agree features that need to be valued and/or checked at a functional projection lower than the each phase head; (2) the formal features of C can appear at *v if they are licensed by an associate feature present in the C/T domain for the purpose of Full Interpretation (Chomsky 1995, 2000).

This thesis investigates the functional categories in the vP domain, including aspect, modality, and focus. For this research initiative, five constructions were examined: the Mandarin temporal adverbial, the Mandarin excessive ta, the Mandarin de/bu, the Turkish question particle –mI, and the Armenian auxiliary constructions. These constructions involve functional categories that are expected to appear at the C/IP periphery; however, they surface inside the vP domain. The existence of these low grammatical elements raises non-trivial questions such as how functional categories should be mapped out in the structure, and whether a unified structure can be proposed to account for the cross-linguistic phenomena examined in this thesis. The investigation of these constructions showed that there are cross-domain interactions between low and high functional categories. While Mandarin temporal adverbial constructions showed interactions between viewpoint aspect and lexical aspect via the distributions of the temporal adverbials and various co-occurrence restrictions, the other four constructions demonstrated interactions between the low and the high categories via intervention effects. I argue that low functional categories must be licensed by their counterparts in the C/IP domain, and that the licensing relation and the structural conditions imposed on this relation can be captured if an Agree relation is established between the functional categories in these two domains. The analysis also reveals that low functional categories are the result of feature lowering from v* to some functional projection below it, and the formal features of the low functional categories must assign their values to their counterparts in the C/IP domain via Agree to provide a meaningful input to LF. I propose a parallel analysis between CP and vP to account for the existence of the low grammatical elements in two respects: (1) C and *v, as phase heads, have an edge feature (EPP) and Agree features that need to be valued and/or checked at a functional projection lower than the each phase head; (2) the formal features of C can appear at *v if they are licensed by an associate feature present in the C/T domain for the purpose of Full Interpretation (Chomsky 1995, 2000).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goulart_rm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1079235 bytes, checksum: e3693efdd097a8d2567db51d51f098ff (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do produto comercial Agree® nas características biológicas de três inimigos naturais em laboratório, utilizando a traça-das-crucíferas, P. xylostella. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em sala climatizada a 25±1°C, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Foram verificados os aspectos biológicos de P. nigrispinus, Orius insidiosus e Trichogramma pretiosum por meio da ação do produto. Para os predadores foram elaboradas tabelas de vida de fertilidade. Os dados biológicos obtidos indicaram que quando P. nigrispinus se alimenta de lagartas infectadas com o produto os predadores sofrem efeito negativo em sua biologia, provocado provavelmente por alterações fisiológicas na lagarta. No experimento com O. insidiosus as características duração do segundo instar ninfal, o consumo ninfal e a longevidade das fêmeas foram afetadas pela ação do produto. Para T. pretiosum o produto não apresentou efeitos negativos que possam inviabilizar sua utilização conjunta com o produto para o Manejo Integrado de P. xylostella em brassicáceas. Apesar de o produto ter provocado efeitos negativos a P. nigrispinus e O. insidiosus estudos e técnicas complementares devem ser realizados para que, no futuro, esses inimigos naturais possam ou não ser utilizados em programas de controle biológico em culturas de brassicáceas associados com a bactéria entomopatogênica / This work aimed to evaluate the action of biological insecticide Agree on biological characteristics of 3 natural enemies in laboratory, using the host diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The experiments were conducted in acclimatized room under 25±1°C, 70±10% relative umidity and 12 h photophase. The biological aspects of Podisus nigrispinus, Orius insidiosus and Trichogramma pretiosum were verified through the product action. Life and fertility table were elaborated to the predators. The biological data obtained showed that P. nigrispinus has the biology affected negatively when fed on infected caterpillars, probably occurred by physiological alterations in caterpillar. The characteristics duration and consumption of second nymphal instar, nymphal consumption and female longevity were affected by products in the assay with Orius insidiosus. The insecticide didn´t show negative effects that can be unfeasible the use associated with the parasitoid T. pretiosum in the Integrated Pest Management to P. xylostella in brassicas. Thus the product cause negative effects on P. nigrispinus and O. insidiosus, complementary studies need to be realized in order to the future, these natural enemies can be used in Biological Programs associated with Bt in brassicas crops

Guideline development processes influence the quality of clinical guidelines. The aim of this study was to use the AGREE II instrument to evaluate the variability of the quality of selected guidelines, to determine a baseline for the quality of current guidelines and determine whether guidelines demonstrated good standard practice during their development. The AGREE II instrument was used to assess a selection of guidelines published between January 2012 and June 2013. Eleven guidelines were selected for review. Overall, guidelines scored highest in domain 1 (Scope and purpose) and 4 (Clarity of presentation); and lowest in domain 3 (Rigour of development) and 6 (Editorial independence) with the overall assessment score of three out of seven. The study demonstrated that the quality of guidelines was variable and that there are deficiencies in the guideline development process. The results from this study provide a baseline to measure the quality of future guidelines. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MSc / Unrestricted

This dissertation explores case and verbal agreement in Icelandic. Case and agreement generally pattern together, but there are exceptional instances in which case and agreement come apart. In Icelandic, verbs agree with Nominative DPs. However, in some constructions, agreement with a Nominative is optional. In the standard account of case and agreement (Chomsky 2000), both types of features are determined simultaneously via the same syntactic operation. The standard theory, therefore, predicts that case and agreement should pattern the same way, and that neither should be optional. Moreover, based on fieldwork conducted at the University of Iceland, I present data that has not heretofore been reported. I argue that the likelihood of agreement depends on the type of construction. My research builds on other work which addresses optionality in Icelandic agreement (e.g. Sigurðsson and Holmberg 2008). This dissertation makes a substantial contribution to the literature on Icelandic agreement in that the rate of agreement across various types of constructions has not been examined. I illustrate that this type of optionality is not only robust, but also systematic. This dissertation contributes to the larger literature on case and agreement in several important ways. First, I argue for a departure from the standard proposal that case and agreement are established via the same syntactic operation. I propose that it is possible for the probe which assigns case to be in a relationship with a DP, even though the probe which establishes agreement is not in a relationship with that DP. Second, I provide empirical support for Multiple Agree. I argue that the survey findings reported in this dissertation provide evidence that a probe can enter into a relationship with more than one goal. Third, I provide empirical evidence for the optionality of Multiple Agree. I argue that agreement is optional only in constructions in which there is an item intervening between T and the Nominative, and Multiple Agree is, thereby, required in order for an agreement relationship to be established.

This dissertation develops a comparative study between Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP) with the goal of analyzing the number and gender agreement between the pronominal DP a gente and the predicative in copular sentences. Our hypothesis, in relation to the gender, is that the pronominal DP a gente contains an internal feature specified in the lexicon which is not morphologically overt (cf. CHOMSKY, 1995). Thus, this feature yields an agreement relation with the predicate through Agree operation, which explains the overt morphology in this position. In relation to the number feature, it is assumed, contrary to Costa and Figueiredo Silva (2006), that both a dissociated morpheme and a singleton morpheme can occur in BP and in EP. The framework adopted in the analysis is the Minimalist Program, as developed in Chomsky (1995, 2000, 2001). The presented corpus of PB is introspection data and in which concerns the data of EP, they were provided by Pereira (2003). / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação realiza um estudo comparativo entre o Português Brasileiro (PB) e o Português Europeu (PE) com o objetivo de analisar a concordância de número e de gênero entre o DP pronominal a gente e o predicativo em sentenças copulares. A hipótese de trabalho assumida, em relação ao gênero, é a de que o DP pronominal a gente contém um traço interno especificado no léxico e que não tem visibilidade morfológica (cf. CHOMSKY, 1995). Esse traço, por sua vez, estabelece a concordância com o predicado através da operação Agree, o que explica a visibilidade morfológica nessa posição. Em relação à questão do número, é assumido, ao contrário de Costa e Figueiredo Silva (2006), que tanto um morfema dissociado quanto um morfema singleton podem estar ocorrendo no PB e no PE. A perspectiva teórica adotada tem como base os pressupostos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 2000, 2001). O corpus apresentado do PB é analisado a partir de dados de introspecção. No que concerne aos dados do PE, são utilizados os de Pereira (2003).

Bakgrund: I Sverige finns 45 förlossningskliniker. Varje klinik har egna PM/riktlinjer för olika tillstånd och omhändertagande. De är framtagna för att underlätta arbetet och främja jämlik vård. Det finns både risker med att ge oxytocin och att avstå från det. Därför är det viktigt att åtgärden används på ett sätt som minimerar riskerna för mor och barn samt ökar sannolikheten för ett positivt förlossningsutfall.  Syfte:  Att kartlägga svenska förlossningsklinikers riktlinjer för värkstimulering med oxytocin under aktiv förlossning utifrån frågeställningarna: Är förlossningsklinikernas riktlinjer utformade enligt Nationella Mediciniska Indikationer och uppvisar riktlinjerna en god kvalitét enligt bedömningsinstrumentet Apprasial of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II). Metod: En kvantitativ studie med beskrivande och jämförande design. Resultat:  Resultatet grundar sig på samtliga förlossningskliniker riktlinjer för värkstimulering med oxytocin under aktiv förlossning. Jämförelsen mot Nationella Medicinska Indikationer visar på stora skillnader vad gäller innehållet i riktlinjerna. I 25 PM (69 %) saknas en eller flera delar av innehållet. Resultatet utifrån AGREE II visade att endast 20 PM (56%) kunde rekommenderas för användning.  Slutsats: Kvalitén på riktlinjerna varierar och de förlossningskliniker som följt Nationella Mediciniska Indikationer är också de som uppvisar bäst resultat enligt AGREE II. / Background: In Sweden there are 45 delivery wards. Every ward has their own guidelines for different conditions and their management. They are composed to relieve the work and promote equal care. There are risks of both administering oxytocin and to refrain from it. It is therefore important that the course of action taken is used in a way that minimizes the risk for both the mother and the child at the same time increasing the probability for a positive delivery outcome. Purpose: To map the Swedish delivery wards local guidelines in inducing delivery with oxytocin during active delivery in regards to the following issues: are the delivery wards guidelines formed according to National Medical Indication and do they uphold the high quality standard according to the assessment tool Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II). Method: A quantitative study with descriptive and comparable design. Results: The result is based on all delivery wards local guidelines for inducing delivery with oxytocin during active delivery. In comparison to NMI there are large differences in the content of the guidelines. In 25 guidelines (69%) there were one or several parts of content missing. The result according to AGREE II showed that only 20 local guidelines (56%) could be recommended for clinical use. Conclusion: The quality of the local guidelines vary and the delivery wards that have followed National Medical Indication recommendations are also the ones that present the best results according to AGREE II.

Dentro dos estudos gerativos, é de consenso geral que o português brasileiro (PB) não se conforma à descrição de línguas conhecidas como tipicamente pro-drop, (Figueiredo Silva 1996, Kato 1999, Kato e Negrão 2000, entre outros). Ferreira (2000, 2009), Rodrigues (2004) argumentam que o sujeito nulo referencial do PB é uma cópia apagada resultante do movimento de um sintagma que originalmente ocupava esta posição, nos termos da Teoria de Controle por Movimento (Hornstein (2001)), e por isso o sujeito nulo mostra os diagnósticos de controle obrigatório (CO). Essa dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar as restrições ao licenciamento e interpretação do sujeito nulo em orações subjuntivas do português brasileiro. Ao analisar o contraste no licenciamento de sujeito nulo em complementos subjuntivos do PB, tratamos também de contextos que apresentam obviação pronominal, típica de complementos subjuntivos nas línguas românicas (e eslavas). A presente dissertação identifica e discute três tipos distintos de complementos subjuntivos, que se agrupam da seguinte forma: os Subjuntivos-L(ivres) e Subjuntivo- A(dverbiais), que permitem sujeitos nulos de CO, mas não impõem obviação a um pronome aberto; eles se mostram independentes quanto à oração matriz e se comportam como indicativos nos aspectos relevantes testados. Os Subjuntivos- R(estritos) mostram propriedades opostas, já que esse contexto impõe obviação e é exclusivo em não licenciar CO no PB; os Subjuntivos-R mostram dependência quanto à oração matriz e se comportam como infinitivos nos aspectos relevantes. Para dar conta dos contrastes, adotamos a reinterpretação dos princípios A e B em termos de economia derivacional (Hornstein 2001, 2007), em que a possibilidade de uma derivação utilizar apenas movimento bloqueia, na mesma estrutura sintática, o uso de pronomes ligado. É então proposto que subjuntivos-R competem com complementos infinitivos, por serem domínios temporais defectivos. A obviação pronominal e a ausência de CO em Subjuntivos-R é uma consequência direta dessa competição. No quadro do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2008), nós propomos que esses complementos não apresentam traço sintático de Tempo e precisam concordar com a oração matriz para receber o valor de tempo adequado. Isso explica o comportamento temporal defectivo desse domínio, bem como suas propriedades de fase fraca (Chomsky 2001, 2008). A possibilidade de movimento do sujeito depende da numeração inicial de cada derivação, que leva a diferentes resultados: quando há um DP para sujeito na numeração, o sujeito DP não recebe Caso e se move para oração matriz, gerando uma estrutura de CO com morfologia default de infinitivo. A valoração de Tempo se dá no componente coberto. Já quando há mais de um DP para as posições de sujeito, C T da oração subordinada deve ser valorado no componente sintático, como mecanismo mais custoso para salvar a derivação. Assim, haverá a atribuição de Caso para o sujeito e a morfologia de subjuntivo como resultado. Essa dissertação discute vantagens de se adotar essa análise para os efeitos de obviação, bem como evidências adicionais de que ela pode estar no caminho correto. / Within the Generative framework, it is a consensus that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) does not conform to the description of typical pro-drop languages (Figueiredo Silva 1996, Kato 1999, Kato and Negrão 2000, among others). Based on Hornsteins (2001) Movement Theory of Control, referential null subjects in BP have been analyzed as traces (deleted copies) of A-movement (Ferreira 2000, 2009, Rodrigues 2004) and therefore they show all the diagnoses of obligatory control (OC). This thesis aims to investigate the restrictions on the licensing and interpretation of null subjects in subjunctive clauses in BP. By examining the contrast on the licensing of null subjects in subjunctive complements of PB, we also dealt with pronominal obviation effects, typical from subjunctive complements of volitional predicates in BP (and many other Romance and Slavic languages). In this thesis, we will propose that Tense defectiveness is responsible to both obviation and lack of OC in certain Subjunctive clauses. This thesis discusses three distinct types of subjunctive complements, which are grouped as follows: the Free-Subjunctives and Adverb-Subjunctives, which allow OC null subjects, but do not impose obviation to an overt pronoun. They show syntactic independence with respect to the main clause and behave as indicatives in all relevant aspects. In contrast, the Restricted-Subjunctives show exactly the opposite pattern: this context is exclusively in not licensing OC in BP and triggers obviation effect. Additionally, Restricted-Subjunctives are dependent on the main clause and behave as infinitives in all the aspects tested here. Here I follow Hornsteins (2007, 2010) approach to Principle A and B. In his terms, pronouns and reflexives are by-products of grammatical operations and are semantically inert. Movement is more economical than pronominalization and so trumps the application of the latter where Move suffices for convergence. More generally, just as Merge is cheaper than Move, so Move (and Reflexivization, in the guise of Move) is cheaper than Construe (in the guise of Pronominalziation). In this perspective, obviation is a consequence of economy of derivations. We argue that BP facts provide empirical evidence that obviative subjunctives are underlying infinitives for they derivationally compete. In the Minimalist Program framework (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2008), we propose that such complements do not have syntactic Tense feature and must agree with the matrix clause, which explains their temporal defectiveness, and their weak Phase behavior (Chomsky 2001, 2008). The unvalued embedded C-T in the relevant step of the derivation is not allowed to Case mark its subject, being a defective probe (Chomsky 2001), which allows the DP to move to the matrix clause for Case requirements. Thus, the movement alternative is the only convergent result starting from a numeration with a single DP for a subject and it surfaces as an infinitive. The same considerations hold for a derivation with two distinct DPs for subject positions, the only difference being that after getting valued by the matrix clause in the syntax component, the embedded C-T can value the Case of its subject, which leads to a nominative embedded subject and subjunctive morphology on the verb. The thesis discusses some advantages on adopting this analysis to obviation effects in Romance.

Dentro dos estudos gerativos, é de consenso geral que o português brasileiro (PB) não se conforma à descrição de línguas conhecidas como tipicamente pro-drop, (Figueiredo Silva 1996, Kato 1999, Kato e Negrão 2000, entre outros). Ferreira (2000, 2009), Rodrigues (2004) argumentam que o sujeito nulo referencial do PB é uma cópia apagada resultante do movimento de um sintagma que originalmente ocupava esta posição, nos termos da Teoria de Controle por Movimento (Hornstein (2001)), e por isso o sujeito nulo mostra os diagnósticos de controle obrigatório (CO). Essa dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar as restrições ao licenciamento e interpretação do sujeito nulo em orações subjuntivas do português brasileiro. Ao analisar o contraste no licenciamento de sujeito nulo em complementos subjuntivos do PB, tratamos também de contextos que apresentam obviação pronominal, típica de complementos subjuntivos nas línguas românicas (e eslavas). A presente dissertação identifica e discute três tipos distintos de complementos subjuntivos, que se agrupam da seguinte forma: os Subjuntivos-L(ivres) e Subjuntivo- A(dverbiais), que permitem sujeitos nulos de CO, mas não impõem obviação a um pronome aberto; eles se mostram independentes quanto à oração matriz e se comportam como indicativos nos aspectos relevantes testados. Os Subjuntivos- R(estritos) mostram propriedades opostas, já que esse contexto impõe obviação e é exclusivo em não licenciar CO no PB; os Subjuntivos-R mostram dependência quanto à oração matriz e se comportam como infinitivos nos aspectos relevantes. Para dar conta dos contrastes, adotamos a reinterpretação dos princípios A e B em termos de economia derivacional (Hornstein 2001, 2007), em que a possibilidade de uma derivação utilizar apenas movimento bloqueia, na mesma estrutura sintática, o uso de pronomes ligado. É então proposto que subjuntivos-R competem com complementos infinitivos, por serem domínios temporais defectivos. A obviação pronominal e a ausência de CO em Subjuntivos-R é uma consequência direta dessa competição. No quadro do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2008), nós propomos que esses complementos não apresentam traço sintático de Tempo e precisam concordar com a oração matriz para receber o valor de tempo adequado. Isso explica o comportamento temporal defectivo desse domínio, bem como suas propriedades de fase fraca (Chomsky 2001, 2008). A possibilidade de movimento do sujeito depende da numeração inicial de cada derivação, que leva a diferentes resultados: quando há um DP para sujeito na numeração, o sujeito DP não recebe Caso e se move para oração matriz, gerando uma estrutura de CO com morfologia default de infinitivo. A valoração de Tempo se dá no componente coberto. Já quando há mais de um DP para as posições de sujeito, C T da oração subordinada deve ser valorado no componente sintático, como mecanismo mais custoso para salvar a derivação. Assim, haverá a atribuição de Caso para o sujeito e a morfologia de subjuntivo como resultado. Essa dissertação discute vantagens de se adotar essa análise para os efeitos de obviação, bem como evidências adicionais de que ela pode estar no caminho correto. / Within the Generative framework, it is a consensus that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) does not conform to the description of typical pro-drop languages (Figueiredo Silva 1996, Kato 1999, Kato and Negrão 2000, among others). Based on Hornsteins (2001) Movement Theory of Control, referential null subjects in BP have been analyzed as traces (deleted copies) of A-movement (Ferreira 2000, 2009, Rodrigues 2004) and therefore they show all the diagnoses of obligatory control (OC). This thesis aims to investigate the restrictions on the licensing and interpretation of null subjects in subjunctive clauses in BP. By examining the contrast on the licensing of null subjects in subjunctive complements of PB, we also dealt with pronominal obviation effects, typical from subjunctive complements of volitional predicates in BP (and many other Romance and Slavic languages). In this thesis, we will propose that Tense defectiveness is responsible to both obviation and lack of OC in certain Subjunctive clauses. This thesis discusses three distinct types of subjunctive complements, which are grouped as follows: the Free-Subjunctives and Adverb-Subjunctives, which allow OC null subjects, but do not impose obviation to an overt pronoun. They show syntactic independence with respect to the main clause and behave as indicatives in all relevant aspects. In contrast, the Restricted-Subjunctives show exactly the opposite pattern: this context is exclusively in not licensing OC in BP and triggers obviation effect. Additionally, Restricted-Subjunctives are dependent on the main clause and behave as infinitives in all the aspects tested here. Here I follow Hornsteins (2007, 2010) approach to Principle A and B. In his terms, pronouns and reflexives are by-products of grammatical operations and are semantically inert. Movement is more economical than pronominalization and so trumps the application of the latter where Move suffices for convergence. More generally, just as Merge is cheaper than Move, so Move (and Reflexivization, in the guise of Move) is cheaper than Construe (in the guise of Pronominalziation). In this perspective, obviation is a consequence of economy of derivations. We argue that BP facts provide empirical evidence that obviative subjunctives are underlying infinitives for they derivationally compete. In the Minimalist Program framework (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2008), we propose that such complements do not have syntactic Tense feature and must agree with the matrix clause, which explains their temporal defectiveness, and their weak Phase behavior (Chomsky 2001, 2008). The unvalued embedded C-T in the relevant step of the derivation is not allowed to Case mark its subject, being a defective probe (Chomsky 2001), which allows the DP to move to the matrix clause for Case requirements. Thus, the movement alternative is the only convergent result starting from a numeration with a single DP for a subject and it surfaces as an infinitive. The same considerations hold for a derivation with two distinct DPs for subject positions, the only difference being that after getting valued by the matrix clause in the syntax component, the embedded C-T can value the Case of its subject, which leads to a nominative embedded subject and subjunctive morphology on the verb. The thesis discusses some advantages on adopting this analysis to obviation effects in Romance.