The goal of this paper is to provide novel theoretical and empirical evidence that the null subjects traditionally labelled as pro and PRO, rather than being inherently distinct, are manifestations, differentiated in the course of the derivation, of what is underlyingly a single underspecified nominal pro-form, which we will call UPro. Included under this UPro are pro, OC PRO and also the various types of ‘non-obligatory control’ (NOC) PRO, including arbitrary PRO (PROarb). The interpretive and distributional distinctions lurking behind these labels result from how UPro interacts with its structural environment and language-specific rules of morpho-phonological realization. Specifically, OC PRO labels a rather specific interpretation that arises in embedding contexts where a syntactic OC relationship with an antecedent can be established. Different types of pro and NOC PRO, on the other hand, involve ‘control’ by (typically) silent representations of discourse contextual elements in the clausal left periphery. Finally, PROarb arguably involves the failure to establish a referential dependence, which we will formalize in terms of a failure to Agree in the sense of Preminger (2014). Crucial evidence motivating the approach proposed here will be adduced from Sundaresan’s (2014) “Finiteness pro-drop Generalisation”, which reveals an otherwise unexpected complementarity of OC PRO and pro.

Evidensbaserade riktlinjer är en del i vårdkontexten vilka tillsammans med strukturer inom utbildning, ekonomi och ledarskap finns för att stärka sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsutförande och patientens möjlighet att få god vård. Patientgruppen som vårdas på akutmottagningen till följd av drogpåverkan har ett komplext vårdbehov vilket förutsätter ett kunskapsbaserat och professionellt omhändertagande. Kompetensen vad gäller vården till dessa individer är dock bristfällig och patientgruppen möts ofta av stigmatiserande attityder från vårdpersonal. Behovet av evidensbaserade riktlinjer för att säkerställa vårdkvaliteten till denna patientgrupp är därför påtaglig. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga förekomsten av kliniska omvårdnadsriktlinjer specifika för patienter som söker vård till följd av drogpåverkan, samt bedöma dess evidensgrad. Studien utfördes enligt kvantitativ metod med explorativ ansats. En postenkät med 15 frågor utskickades till de (N = 72) svenska sjukhusbundna akutmottagningarna, och svarsfrekvensen uppgick till 62,5%. Studieresultatet redovisades med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik och förekommande riktlinjer evidensgranskades utifrån AGREE II. Resultatet visade att fem av de sjukhusbundna akutmottagningarna svarade att de hade riktlinjer för omvårdnaden av drogpåverkade patienter. AGREE II evidensgranskning av dessa riktlinjer visade på likartade låga resultatpoäng, där det lägsta poängresultatet återfanns i domänen Stringens i framställningen, det vill säga avseende riktlinjernas kunskapsbasering. Resultatet av den slutgiltiga sammanställningen av evidensbedömningen tydliggjorde att ingen av riktlinjerna kunde rekommenderas som stöd för patientkategorins omvårdnad. / Program: Magisterprogram i vårdvetenskap med inriktning mot akutsjukvård

Orientador: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Banca: Nelson Wanderley Perioto / Banca: Luis Garrigós Leite / Banca: Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk / Banca: Alexandre de Sene Pinto / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do produto comercial Agree® nas características biológicas de três inimigos naturais em laboratório, utilizando a traça-das-crucíferas, P. xylostella. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em sala climatizada a 25±1°C, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Foram verificados os aspectos biológicos de P. nigrispinus, Orius insidiosus e Trichogramma pretiosum por meio da ação do produto. Para os predadores foram elaboradas tabelas de vida de fertilidade. Os dados biológicos obtidos indicaram que quando P. nigrispinus se alimenta de lagartas infectadas com o produto os predadores sofrem efeito negativo em sua biologia, provocado provavelmente por alterações fisiológicas na lagarta. No experimento com O. insidiosus as características duração do segundo instar ninfal, o consumo ninfal e a longevidade das fêmeas foram afetadas pela ação do produto. Para T. pretiosum o produto não apresentou efeitos negativos que possam inviabilizar sua utilização conjunta com o produto para o Manejo Integrado de P. xylostella em brassicáceas. Apesar de o produto ter provocado efeitos negativos a P. nigrispinus e O. insidiosus estudos e técnicas complementares devem ser realizados para que, no futuro, esses inimigos naturais possam ou não ser utilizados em programas de controle biológico em culturas de brassicáceas associados com a bactéria entomopatogênica / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the action of biological insecticide Agree on biological characteristics of 3 natural enemies in laboratory, using the host diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The experiments were conducted in acclimatized room under 25±1°C, 70±10% relative umidity and 12 h photophase. The biological aspects of Podisus nigrispinus, Orius insidiosus and Trichogramma pretiosum were verified through the product action. Life and fertility table were elaborated to the predators. The biological data obtained showed that P. nigrispinus has the biology affected negatively when fed on infected caterpillars, probably occurred by physiological alterations in caterpillar. The characteristics duration and consumption of second nymphal instar, nymphal consumption and female longevity were affected by products in the assay with Orius insidiosus. The insecticide didn't show negative effects that can be unfeasible the use associated with the parasitoid T. pretiosum in the Integrated Pest Management to P. xylostella in brassicas. Thus the product cause negative effects on P. nigrispinus and O. insidiosus, complementary studies need to be realized in order to the future, these natural enemies can be used in Biological Programs associated with Bt in brassicas crops / Doutor

No description available.

Purpose. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the state of recommended practice for sedation interruptions (SI) and to discover factors that hinder or facilitate critical care nurses’ use in practice. To garner insight about why this evidence-informed intervention is not being used as recommended to improve mechanically ventilated patient outcomes. Methods. A series of studies using a multi-methods design and guided by the Knowledge to Action Framework: study 1) a systematic review and critical appraisal examined the quality and reporting of all available guidelines and care bundles with recommendations related to SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care; study 2) a needs assessment included an environmental scan of the study site and gap-analysis using a retrospective chart audit to measure the nature and magnitude of the evidence-practice gap; study 3) a descriptive qualitative study used semi-structured theory-based interviews to deepen our understanding of the determinants that influence SI use in preparation for a future implementation study. Findings. Study 1 included 11 guidelines and care bundles with 15 recommendations about SI. Deficiencies in the methodological quality of the current guidelines and care bundles may impact overall credibility and applicability of the recommendations, though SI is currently recommended best-practice. Study 2 confirmed the existence of an evidence-practice gap related to SI and affirmed the need to discover barriers and drivers to best practice implementation (study 3). We identified nine facilitators and 20 barriers to SI use by nurses. Facilitators were associated with the innovation (e.g., the importance of protocols) and the potential adopters (e.g., SI are specific to the nurse's role). The barriers were associated with the potential adopters (e.g., nurses’ knowledge gaps and variable goals of SI) and the practice environment (e.g., lack of availability of extra staff and multidisciplinary rounds). Conclusion. Before adequately implementing SI and evaluating uptake by nurses, we need to address modifications to existing guidelines and recommendations, even though SI is considered best practice. A theory-informed implementation study can further activate the use of SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care.

<p>The aim of the dissertation entitled Topicalization and<br />Left Dislocation in English and Serbian is to describe<br />and offer a generative account of the syntactic and<br />information-structural properties of topicalization and<br />left dislocation in the languages in question, two<br />superficially similar preposing structures which<br />express the same propositions, but are not felicitous in<br />the same context. The analysis is not contrastive in the<br />sense that we are looking for English-Serbian<br />counterparts or vice versa, but the tertium<br />comparationis are the phenomena of topicalization<br />and left dislocation. The fundamental diagnostics of<br />differentiating between the two variants of left<br />dislocation identified in Serbian is laid out, viz.<br />Hanging Topic Left Dislocation and Contrastive Left<br />Dislocation. The dissertation also explores how<br />informational structuring of an utterance determines<br />contextual choices. The lexicon provides the input to<br />the computational system which by means of features<br />builds structure via phases and also gives rise to<br />displacement. The data related to information structure<br />come from the numeration. The results of the research<br />indicate that the notion of a topic should be<br />deconstructed in a combination of the features [+/-<br />a(nchored), +/-c(ontrastive)], similarly to L&oacute;pez<br />(2009), anchored in the sense of Birner &amp; Ward<br />(1998), and contrastive in the pragmatic sense of Titov<br />(2013), whereby [+/-c] is parasitic on [+a].<br />Topicalization in both English and Serbian, and<br />Contrastive Left Dislocation in Serbian mark topics<br />vii<br />[+a, +c], whereas Hanging Topic Left Dislocation<br />HTLD in both English and Serbian marks topic [+a, -<br />c]. It is argued that adding pragmatic features in<br />addition to formal ones relevant to the derivation by<br />the operation which forms the numeration does not<br />offend the Inclusiveness Condition either. The<br />interpretation of an element marked as a topic is the<br />result of its featural content and its syntactic position,<br />reflecting the interaction of syntax, prosody and<br />pragmatics. Pragmatic features are valued but<br />uninterpretable in the numeration rendering the<br />syntactic object containing it active for syntactic<br />operations. Probe (pragmatic) features trigger<br />Agree(ment), but not displacement. It is an edge<br />feature that drives movement or Internal Merge. It is<br />argued that topicalization in both English and Serbian<br />is generated by movement. The edge feature on C<br />(Force) licenses the TopP if it is required for the<br />interpretation and if it is structurally possible, as<br />observed by Jim&eacute;nez-Fern&aacute;ndez &amp; Miyagawa (2014).<br />Unlike in English, the non-phase head T in Serbian<br />can inherit an edge feature from C and license the<br />TopP in the Spec,TP in those structures which are said<br />to be incompatible with topicalization in English. The<br />head licensing the left-dislocated element is realized<br />as comma intonation, as argued by Emonds (2004). It<br />is argued that Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in both<br />English and Serbian is derived by base-generation of<br />the left-dislocated constituent in its surface position<br />(adjoined to a CP), whereas Contrastive Left<br />Dislocation in Serbian by movement (also to a<br />position attached to a CP). What moves is the<br />resumptive pronoun, and then co-reference is<br />established upon adjoining of the left-dislocated<br />element via the operation Match or Match+Agree of<br />Boeckx (2003), which is the only way not to violate<br />the Inclusiveness Condition. Although both<br />Topicalization and Contrastive Left Dislocation mark<br />contrastive topics, they have different discourse<br />distributions, as confirmed by our corpus, thus this<br />adjoining of a left-dislocated element is justified. In<br />the case of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation, coreference<br />between the left-dislocated element and the<br />resumptive pronoun is established via the operation<br />Match of Boeckx (2003). If the resumptive pronoun is<br />a clitic, it moves to the second position in its intonational phrase triggered by the phonological requirement. Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in both English and Serbian marks referential topics and it is</p><p>also a topic-promoting device in Serbian, as argued on<br />relying on our corpus.</p> / <p>Cilj doktorske disertacije pod nazivom Tematizacija i<br />leva dislokacija u engleskom i srpskom jeziku je da<br />opi&scaron;e i ponudi generativni prikaz sintaksiĉkih i<br />informacijsko strukturnih osobina tematizacije i leve<br />dislokacije u pomenutim jezicima, dveju naizgled<br />sliĉnih struktura za pomeranje reĉeniĉnog elementa u<br />prednje polje koje izraţavaju iste propozicije, ali ne<br />odgovaraju istom kontekstu. Analiza nije kontrastivna<br />u smislu da traţimo englesko srpske ekvivalente ili<br />obratno, već je tertium comparationis pojava<br />tematizacije i leve dislokacije. PonuĊeni su i osnovni<br />dijagnostiĉki testovi za razlikovanje dva oblika leve<br />dislokacije identifikovana u srpskom, naime leve<br />dislokacije odvojene teme i kontrastne leve<br />dislokacije. Disertacija takoĊe istraţuje kako<br />informacijsko strukturiranje iskaza odreĊuje<br />kontekstualne izbore. Leksikon obezbeĊuje ulaznu<br />informaciju sistemu sintaksiĉkih operacija koji putem<br />obeleţja gradi strukturu u fazama i takoĊe dovodi do<br />pomeranja. Podaci vezani za informacijsku strukturu<br />su dati u numeraciji. Rezultati istraţivanja ukazuju na<br />potrebu da se pojam teme ra&scaron;ĉlani na kombinaciju<br />obeleţja [+/-a, +/-c], sliĉno L&oacute;pezu (2009), anaforiĉno<br />u smislu Birnera &amp; Warda (1998), i kontrastno u<br />pragmatiĉkom smislu Titove (2013) pri ĉemu je [+/-c]<br />zavisno od [+a]. Tematizacija i u engleskom i u<br />srpskom jeziku i kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskom<br />obeleţavaju teme kao [+a, +c], dok leva dislokacija<br />odvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku<br />obeleţava teme kao [+a, -c]. U radu se dokazuje da ni&nbsp;dodeljivanje pragmatiĉkih obeleţja pored formalnih obeleţja relevantnih za derivaciju putem operacije koja formira numeraciju ne naru&scaron;ava uslov ukljuĉenosti. Interpretacija elementa obeleţenog kao tema je rezultat njegove kombinacije obeleţja i njegove sintaksiĉke pozicije, &scaron;to odraţava interakciju sintakse, prozodije i pragmatike. Pragmatiĉka obeleţja su vrednovana, ali netumaĉiva u numeraciji ĉineći sintaksiĉki objekat koji ih sadrţi aktivnim za sintaksiĉke operacije. Upravna (pragmatiĉka) obeleţja uzrokuju slaganje, ali ne i pomeranje. Obeleţje ivice je ono &scaron;to pokreće pomeranje ili interno spajanje. Argumentujemo da je tematizacija i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku generisana pomeranjem. Obeleţje ivice na upravnom elementu C (Force) dozvoljava TopP ako je to neophodno za interpretaciju i ako je strukturno moguće, kao &scaron;to su formulisali Jim&eacute;nez-Fern&aacute;ndez &amp; Miyagawa (2014). Za razliku od engleskog, nefazni upravni element T (upravni element obeleţja vremena) u srpskom jeziku moţe da preuzme obeleţje ivice od C i dozvoli TopP u Spec,TP u onim strukturama za koje se smatra da nisu kompatibilne sa tematizacijom u engleskom jeziku. Upravni element koji dozvoljava levu dislokaciju se realizuje kao intonacijska pauza, kao &scaron;to predlaţe Emonds (2004). Argumetujemo da je leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku nastala generisanjem levo dislociranog konstituenta u mestu realizacije (pridruţenom CP projekciji), dok je kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskom nastala pomeranjem (takoĊe u poziciju pridruţenu CP projekciji). Ono &scaron;to se zapravo pomera je rezumptivna zamenica i onda se po pridruţivanju levo dislociranog elementa uspostavlja koreferentnost putem operacije uskladi ili uskladi+sloţi Boeckxa (2003), &scaron;to predstavlja jedini naĉin da se ne naru&scaron;i uslov ukljuĉenosti. Iako i tematizacija i kontrastna leva dislokacija obeleţavaju kontrastne teme, one imaju razliĉite diskursne distribucije, &scaron;to je potvrdio na&scaron; korpus, stoga je ovo pridruţivanje levo dislociranog elementa opravdano. U sluĉaju leve dislokacije odvojene teme, koreferentnost izmeĊu levo dislociranog elementa i rezumptivne zamenice se uspostavlja putem operacije uskladi (Boeckx 2003). Ako je rezumptivna zamenica klitika, ona se pomera u drugu poziciju u svojoj intonacijskoj frazi, &scaron;to je&nbsp;uzrokovano fonolo&scaron;kim zahtevom. Leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u englesko i u srpskom jeziku obeleţava referencijske teme i takoĊe je sredstvo unapreĊivanja teme u srpskom, kao &scaron;to se argumentuje na osnovu na&scaron;eg korpusa.</p>

Force est de constater l'absence dans les textes de loi d'une définition précise de la réparation intégrale et a fortiori de règles d'évaluation des dommages-intérêts compensatoires. La doctrine tente bien de pallier ce vide en décrivant les différents types d'indemnisation, notamment aux États-Unis. Pourtant, la difficulté reste entière lorsque le préjudice existe mais que son estimation est délicate ou incertaine. En effet, ces questions sont considérées uniquement comme des questions de faits ; les juges du fond restent donc souverains, ce qui débouche sur une grande imprévisibilité pour les parties. Réduire l'imprévisibilité judiciaire du dommage passe par le choix et la définition d'un cadre de travail commun. S'appuyant notamment sur les résultats d'une analyse empirique comparative de centaines de cas de jurisprudence, l'étude formalise des prescriptions à l'intention des parties qui souhaitent améliorer leurs chances de succès dans le recouvrement des gains manqués et de la perte de chance. Elle évoque aussi la nécessité d'améliorer la pratique judiciaire dans l'application du droit actuel à la réparation intégrale. Surtout, elle aboutit à une conclusion normative fondamentale qui consisterait à considérer le préjudice économique et financier, les dommages ­intérêts et le calcul du quantum également comme des questions de droit. Dès lors, il relèverait d'une bonne justice que la Cour de cassation préconisa et contrôla l'usage de telle ou telle méthode d'évaluation. Chaque chef de préjudice économique serait ainsi qualifié juridiquement et la notion de réparation intégrale serait élargie pour indemniser plus complètement le préjudice économique difficilement quantifiable.Il ressort enfin que des barèmes référencés d'indemnisation peuvent être construits à partir de l'observation de précédents jugés d'inexécutions contractuelles. L'introduction de ces barèmes pourrait bénéficier aux chercheurs dans leurs débats académiques, aux parties dans la rédaction de leurs contrats, aux conseils dans leurs échanges précontentieux voire aux juges comme outil d'aide à la décision. Si ces barèmes étaient validés et partagés, ils pourraient donner naissance à des modèles d'intelligence artificielle de type machine learning dont la valeur -notamment prédictive -serait sans commune mesure avec ce qu'on en perçoit aujourd'hui. / Law statutes and codes lack of a precise definition of the « full compensation » principle, and a fortiori they Jack of rules for assessing compensatory damages. The legal doctrine tries to fil] in the blank by describing the different types of damages awarded, notably in the United States. Yet, the issue remains full when the Joss is certain but its valuation remains complex or uncertain. The assessment of the economic Joss and the calculation methodology for damages are considered to be only matters of facts: trial courts and judges thus retain a sovereign power, resulting in great uncertainty for the parties. Reducing judicial uncertainty requires the choice and creation of a common framework. Based on the results of an empirical law and economics analysis of several hundreds of precedent cases, the dissertation formulates simple and practical suggestions for parties looking to improve their chances of success in recouping lost profits and lost opportunities. It also evidences which improvements of the judicial systems are required in order to actually implement the current right to full compensation. More importantly the research reaches a fundamental nonnative conclusion: economic Joss, compensatory damages and hence, the calculation of the quantum granted should be considered, not as mere matters of facts but also as matters of law. Henceforth, it would be logical that the Cour de cassation ( or the highest court) advises and controls the use of calculation methodology. Each head of damages would thus be legally qualified and the principle of full compensation would be extended in order to better compensate the loss when evaluating its quantum is complex. It finally results that referenced compensatory scales can be practically developed from compiling relevant legal precedents. The introduction of such scales would benefit academics in their debates, parties in the drafting of their contracts and counsels in their pre-trial exchanges. Eventually, judges could use them as tools to assist their rulings. If those scales were to be adopted and shared, they would enable the creation of such artificial intelligence as machine learning which value - notably the predictive value - would far exceed what is perceived today.

Les guides de pratique sont généralement définis comme des guides élaborés par une méthode systématique pour aider les praticiens et les patients à prendre des décisions concernant les soins de santé appropriés. Utilisés pour améliorer les pratiques, orienter les soins et diminuer les coûts, ils jouent un rôle de plus en plus central dans le système de santé et des services sociaux. Toutefois, ceux-ci présentent de nombreux défis, que ce soit au niveau de la qualité de leur contenu ou de leur utilisation par les intervenants. Afin de brosser un portrait de la situation des guides de pratique dans le domaine de la psychoéducation, deux études ont été réalisées. La première a pour objectif d’approfondir notre compréhension de la qualité des guides de pratique de l’Ordre des psychoéducateurs et psychoéducatrices du Québec (OPPQ). Celle- ci est constituée de deux volets : une évaluation quantitative de la qualité de ces guides avec la grille AGREE II et une évaluation qualitative de leur qualité à partir de la perception des psychoéducateurs concernant de tels guides, leur définition, leurs objectifs et leurs caractéristiques. Les résultats indiquent que les guides en psychoéducation offrent des informations claires et simples d’utilisation. Toutefois, ils présentent également des lacunes importantes dans plusieurs aspects : la rigueur d’élaboration, la participation des groupes concernés, l’applicabilité et l’indépendance éditoriale. De plus, d’autres critères spécifiques à la psychoéducation dont l’intégration des modèles théoriques, la sensibilisation des clients et des collègues, la précision des cadres légaux, sont nécessaires. Ces résultats permettent d’ores et déjà d’émettre des recommandations pour l’évaluation des guides de pratique en psychoéducation, l’amélioration de la qualité des guides actuels de l’OPPQ et assurer la qualité des guides futurs de l’OPPQ. La deuxième étude vise à mieux comprendre les facteurs personnels et environnementaux favorisant l’utilisation des guides par les psychoéducateurs. Nous avons effectué une recherche à devis mixte constituée de deux volets : 1- évaluation quantitative des facteurs influençant l’utilisation des guides de pratique à partir des réponses de 386 psychoéducateurs au questionnaire d’utilisation des connaissances (QUC ; en ligne) et 2- évaluation qualitative des mêmes facteurs à partir de la perception de 18 psychoéducateurs rencontrés individuellement, en ligne, après leur participation au premier volet. Il ressort des deux analyses qu’il est difficile d’isoler un facteur unique déterminant l’utilisation des guides de pratique. Celle-ci est plutôtexpliquée par un ensemble de facteurs en relation dynamique et complexe. L’analyse de régression logistique semble faire ressortir le rôle central des variables mesurant les opinions des intervenants sur les connaissances issues de la recherche. De plus, les résultats qualitatifs obtenus mettent de l’avant un ensemble d’autres éléments personnels et environnementaux, notamment le rôle de la formation dans l’utilisation des guides. Une meilleure connaissance de ces variables peut offrir des pistes pour favoriser l’utilisation des guides, notamment des recommandations pour la formation des psychoéducateurs. Les résultats des deux études permettent de dégager des recommandations complémentaires autant pour l’amélioration de l’utilisation des guides en psychoéducation que pour le développement de futurs outils de transfert de connaissances. En particulier, ils permettent d’identifier les caractéristiques principales pour développer des outils informatiques d’aide à la décision qui répondent spécifiquement aux besoins des psychoéducateurs. Ce point est d’autant plus important, étant donné l’augmentation importante de ces outils dans le domaine psychosocial dans les dernières années. / Practice guidelines are typically defined as guides developed using a systematic method to assist practitioners and patients in making informed health care decisions. They are used to improve practices, direct patient care and reduce costs, and are playing an increasingly pivotal role in the health care and social services system. The guidelines have many shortcomings, however, both in terms of quality and use by practitioners. Two studies were conducted to provide a picture of the current situation regarding practice guidelines in psychoeducation. The purpose of the first study was to gain a deeper understanding of the quality of the practice guidelines developed by the Ordre des psychoéducateurs et psychoéducatrices du Québec (OPPQ) [Quebec order of psychoeducators]. The study consisted of two parts: a quantitative assessment of the quality of the guidelines using AGREE II; and a qualitative assessment of their quality based on psychoeducators' perceptions of them, as well as their definition, objectives and characteristics. The results indicate that the psychoeducation guidelines provide clear, easy-to-follow information. However, they also have significant shortcomings, in several respects: thoroughness of guideline development, stakeholder involvement, applicability and editorial independence. Additional criteria specific to psychoeducation are also needed, including the integration of theoretical models, client and colleague awareness, and the detailed definition of legal frameworks. Based on these results, recommendations can already be made for assessing psychoeducational practice guidelines, improving the quality of the current OPPQ guidelines and ensuring the quality of OPPQ guidelines in the future. The second study was designed to better understand the personal and environmental factors that promote guideline use by psychoeducators. We conducted a mixed-methods study that had two components: (1) a quantitative assessment of the factors influencing the use of practice guidelines, based on the responses of 386 psychoeducators to a level of knowledge use survey (KUS; online); and (2) a qualitative assessment of these same factors, based on the perceptions of 18 psychoeducators met individually, online, following their participation in the first component. The two analyses revealed that it is difficult to isolate one single factor that determines the use of practice guidelines. Whether guidelines are followed is instead explained by a set of factors in a dynamic and complex relationship. It does appear that personal and environmental variables influence this use. The logistic regression analysis, highlight the central role of variables measuring the opinions of professionals on the knowledge resultingfrom the research. In addition, the qualitative results obtained highlight a series of other personal and environmental elements, and especially the role of training in practice guideline use. Greater knowledge of these variables may suggest ways to increase guideline use in the future, and especially recommendations for psychoeducator training. Based on the results of the two studies, complementary recommendations can be formulated for improving psychoeducational guideline use and for developing future knowledge transfer tools. Most notably, the findings point to the main characteristics required to develop computer-based decision support tools that meet the specific needs of psychoeducators. This is especially important given the significant increase in the use of these tools in the psychosocial field in recent years.

L'étude de la Faculté des langues (FL), telle que définie par la grammaire générative, a été principalement entreprise à travers l'examen des langues adultes, l'acquisition de la langue première, l'acquisition des langues secondes et l'acquisition bilingue. Peu de travaux ont abordé la FL à partir d'une situation d'acquisition atypique, communément appelée Trouble développemental du langage (TDL). Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la façon dont FL est affectée par cette condition malheureuse. Le TDL est manifesté par certains jeunes enfants et adultes et peut être la cause de limitations importantes dans le développement du langage. La production et la compréhension langagières de ce groupe d'enfants sont atypiques par rapport au comportement linguistique d'autres enfants du même âge. Leur atypicité consiste en une grammaire non-cible en ce qui concerne ce qui est autorisé et ce qui est interdit dans la/les langue(s) à laquelle/auxquelles ils sont exposés. Les symptômes les plus communs, d'un point de vue morpho-syntaxique, sont (a) l'omission de morphèmes et de mots, (b) les commissions, c'est-à-dire la présence inadéquate de certains mots ou le remplacement inapproprié de morphèmes et (c) les redoublements, c'est-à-dire, l'apparition de mots ou de morphèmes dans plus de positions que celles autorisées dans la langue cible. Ces symptômes ont été pris comme l’indication que la FL est déficiente. Le résultat de cette défaillance est une grammaire développée par les enfants ayant le TDL qui est qualitativement différente de celle développée par leurs pairs typiques. Cette thèse examinera si la compétence linguistique sous-jacente des enfants DLD est déterminée par les mêmes traits, opérations et principes qui régissent le langage naturel en général. Extraites de la littérature expérimentale sur le TDL, les données pour l’analyse incluent la compréhension et la production par les enfants du TDL et concernent les domaines nominal, temporel/verbal et propositionnel. Les propositionsiii avancées pour rendre compte de ce disorder seront évaluées. Toutes proposent explicitement ou implicitement que la grammaire universelle (GU), c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des traits et opérations phonologiques, sémantiques et syntaxiques qui sous-tendent FL, est défectueuse: certains traits peuvent être absents, ou des opérations peuvent être inactives ou fonctionner par intermittence. Contrairement à ces propositions, l'hypothèse défendue ici est que la GU n'est pas affectée chez les enfants TDL. C'est-à-dire que malgré les nombreuses différences entre le TDL et l'acquisition typique du langage, la GU se révèle être similaire à un certain niveau dans les deux situations d'acquisition. Si la GU était altérée chez les enfants TDL, on s'attendrait à ce que les enfants affectés par cette condition produisent des phrases remarquablement différentes de celles produites par des enfants typiques. Plusieurs études ont révélé que les enfants DLD et leurs pairs typiques peuvent montrer des performances linguistiques similaires en termes de quantité et de type d'erreurs. De plus, les données révèlent que les énoncés TDL ne sont pas toujours erronés; lorsque tous les éléments et les mécanismes linguistiques sont présents, ils sont correctement utilisés. Ceci est considéré comme un signe que les traits syntaxiques, bien qu'ils ne soient pas toujours réalisés morpho-phonologiquement, sont présents dans les dérivations syntaxiques des enfants TDL, et que les opérations syntaxiques Fusion et Accord sont actives, tout comme dans les grammaires typiques. Enfin, l'analyse des énoncés non-cibles par les enfants TDL met en évidence une grammaire syntaxiquement normale et même une ressemblance avec des langues auxquelles ces enfants n'ont pas été exposés. La conclusion est que, malgré la non-convergence entre le TDL et la langue cible, la GU dans cette situation d'acquisition est intacte. / The study of the Faculty of Language (FL), as defined by generative grammar, has been mainly undertaken through the examination of adult language, first language acquisition, second language acquisition and bilingual acquisition. Few works have approached the FL from an atypical acquisitional situation, standardly called Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). This dissertation is devoted to the study of how FL is affected by this unfortunate condition. DLD is displayed by some young children and adults and can be the cause of significant limitations in language development. The linguistic production and comprehension by this group of children is atypical compared to the linguistic behaviour of other children of the same age. Their atypicality consists in a non-target-like grammar with regard to both what is allowed and what is disallowed in the language(s) to which they are exposed. The most common symptoms, from a morpho-syntactic point of view, are (a) omission of morphemes and words, (b) commissions, i.e., the inadequate presence of certain words or the inappropriate replacement of morphemes and (c) doublings, i.e., the appearance of words or morphemes in more positions than are allowed in the target language. These symptoms have been taken to indicate that the FL is deficient. The result of this deficiency is a grammar developed by children with DLD that is qualitatively different from that developed by their typical peers. This dissertation will consider whether or not the underlying linguistic competence of children with DLD is determined by the same features, operations and principles that regulate natural language in general. Drawn from the experimental literature on DLD, the data for analysis include comprehension and production by children with DLD and concern the nominal, the temporal/verbal and the propositional domains. The proposals that have been put forth to account for this impairment will be evaluated. All of them explicitly or implicitly propose that Universal Grammar (UG), i.e., the set of phonological, semantic and syntactic features and operations that underlie FL, is faulty: Some features can be absent, or operations can be inactive or function intermittently. Contrary to these proposals, the hypothesis defended here is that UG is not affected in DLD children. That is to say, despite the many differences between DLD and typical language acquisition, UG is revealed to be similar at a certain level in both acquisitional situations. If UG were impaired in DLD, children affected by this condition would be expected to produce sentences remarkably different from those produced by typical children. Several studies have shown that children with DLD and their typical peers can display similar linguistic performance in terms of both quantity and type of errors. Moreover, the data reveal that DLD utterances are not always erroneous; when all linguistic elements and mechanisms are present, they are correctly used. This is taken as a sign that syntactic features, while not always realized morpho-phonologically, are present in DLD syntactic derivations, and that the syntactic operations Merge and Agree are active, just as in typical grammars. Finally, the analysis of non-target utterances by children with DLD evinces a syntactically normal grammar and even a resemblance with languages to which these children have not been exposed. The conclusion is that, despite the non-convergence of DLD and the target language, UG in this acquisitional situation is intact.

The dissertation is focused on changes in an attitude and initiative students at secondary special school with gastronomy orientation to study special subjects after realization a creative project: "Welcome Day - Day of Open Door - Halloween." The target group are students of Secondary School and College for Tourist Industry in České Budějovice. The dissertation is divided into fifth chapters. I the first two chapters different opinions of experts in teaching methods, classical and alternative methods of education and teaching, teachers competence and authority participation, experimental education are compared. The thirds chapter contains proposals for topics of project learning in schools with gastronomy orientation. There is an enumeration of folk traditions and their connection with the culture and gastronomy. The fourth chapter describes the project realization in Secondary School and College for Tourist Industry in České Budějovice. The fifth chapter contains the research targets, the research methods and interpretation of research results. The target of the dissertation is questionnaire comparison of students' attitudes after realization the project learning. The research assumptions are that students appreciate extension special subjects of folk traditions and do not reject to participation in the pro?ject realization.