This diploma thesis deals with the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this work is to describe and evaluate the importance and impact of developing country and two developed economies of Canada and the United States on the Mexican economy. I deal with trade relations within NAFTA (Mexico - U.S. and Mexico - Canada). I analyze international trade of Mexico. The result of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of NAFTA to the Mexican economy with an emphasis on economic relations with other member states.

Trademarks and their practical use in economic competition The aim of my thesis is to highlight both the possibility of practical use of trademarks in economic competition and the problems associated with use of the trademarks. The thesis is divided into five main chapters. . The first chapter defines which label may or may not become a trade mark and also describes the registration procedure. In this charter I also point to the current conservative approach concerning sound and smell trademarks and try to suggest a possible future legislation, because in my view the trade mark law is constantly evolving and it is necessary to adapt it to the future market needs. This issue is discussed from the national, european and international point of view. The following chapters concentrate on particular ways of use of trademarks in economic competition. The emphasis is placed mainly on two areas - license agreement and protection against unfair competition. The license agreement is currently the most common means by which the industrial rights are transferred. For this reason I try to outline possible problems arising from a conclusion of a license agreement and from its duration; with reference to the current legislation. Very interesting, but in my point of view, rather controversial opinion was expressed...

Concession agreement and concession procedure The aim of this thesis is to analyse the valid legal regulations concerning the concession procedure and concession agreements that form the legal framework of the PPP projects in the strict sense, and to identify its key issues. The first chapter of this thesis concerns both the European and Czech sources of law relating to the concession procedure. On the European level, the role of primary law is being considered, followed by the sources of secondary law and the influence of decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the domestic level, the thesis is focused on the regulation contained in the Concession Act, specific kinds of concessions regulated in special acts and on explanation of the relation between the Concessions Act and Public Procurement Act. Chapter two examines the relevant concepts of law, which determine the personal and substantive scope of the concession procedure with accent on the definition of the concept of "concession", resp. concession agreement, and basic principles which originate from the European primary law and apply both to the concession procedure pursuant to part II of the Concessions Act as well as awarding concessions that are not subject to the regulation in the Concessions Act. Chapter three analyses...

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Clarissa Alencar de Sousa - 2011.pdf: 2102130 bytes, checksum: 6bb83ef788c784420e40b39ebf41b26e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) changed aids morbidity and mortality profile, decreasing opportunist diseases and deaths. However, adherence is determinant to ensure long-term benefits. This study aims to compare three measures of adherence to HAART and to estimate frequency and related factors of this event. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted among 249 adults, receiving HAART in a public referral center (Hospital das Clínicas/UFG), in Goiás, from 2009 through 2010. Three measures of adherence were investigated 1) Patients who scored > 75 points at the Questionnaire CEAT-VIH (Remor E et al, 2007) were considered adherent. 2) Patients who reported taking more than 95% of the prescribed antiretroviral pills in the past 7 days were considered adherent. 3) Pharmacy refill records measure. Considered adherent those withdrew antiretroviral drugs at the correct time. The prevalence of non adherence and its 95.0% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Agreement between measures of adherence was assessed using Kappa test. To evaluate the reliability of the measures, undetectable HIV viral load was considered the gold standard. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS (13.0) P <.05 was considered significant Results: The majority of participants were men (77.1%), 57.0% had > 8 years of schooling and 61.4% were taking AZT, 3TC and EFV. The prevalence of no adherence, considering missing doses in previous 7 days, was 27.2% (CI95% 17.3 -31.2). According to questionnaire CEAT-VIH, 51.0% (CI95% 49.5 – 52.5) had low/insufficient adherence. According to pharmacy refill records 37.4% (CI95% 35.0 – 39.8) were no adherent. There was a low grade of agreement between the three measures used to evaluate adherence (kappa < 0.40). Adherence was significantly associated with undetectable viral load. Adherence was not associated with gender, schooling or number of pills/day. Being a heavy alcoholic user was associated to poor adherence. Conclusions: Different measures applied to the same patients yielded different levels of adherence, although all three measures were associated with adequate virological response. The estimative of non adherence can be considered high since the majority of patients were taking a low complexity and high tolerability antiretroviral drugs combination. / Introdução: A terapia antirretroviral de alta potencia (TARV) mudou o perfil de morbi-mortalidade da aids, reduzindo as doenças oportunistas e os óbitos. Entretanto, a adesão é fundamental para garantir benefícios duradouros. Objetivos: Avaliar três instrumentos para mensurar adesão à TARV e estimar a prevalência e fatores associados a esse evento. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 249 adultos, acompanhados em serviço público de referência (Hospital das Clinicas/UFG), em Goiás, entre 2009 e 2010. Foram utilizados três instrumentos: 1) Questionário CEAT-VIH (Remor E et al, 2007), com ponte de corte para não aderência >75 pontos; 2) Autorrelato do percentual de doses perdidas, sendo classificados como aderentes os pacientes que utilizaram ≥ 95% das doses, nos últimos 7 dias; 3) Registro de dispensação de TARV, sendo classificados como aderentes quem retirou as drogas na data correta. Estimaram-se as prevalências de não adesão e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Investigou-se a concordância (Kappa) entre instrumentos. Na avaliação da acurácia dos testes diagnósticos, utilizou-se, como padrão-ouro, o resultado da carga viral. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS (13.0) para análise estatística. Nível de significância, p<0.05. Resultados: Os participantes eram, em sua maioria, homens (77,1%), 57,0 % referiam > 8 anos de escolaridade e 61,4% usavam AZT, 3TC e EFV. A prevalência de não adesão, considerando o número de doses perdidas, foi de 27,2% (IC95% 17,3 - 31,2). Utilizando-se o CEAT-VIH, 51,0% dos pacientes (IC95% 49,5 - 52,5) tiveram adesão baixa/insuficiente. De acordo com registros da farmácia 37,4% (IC95% 35,0 – 39,8) foram não aderentes. Houve baixa concordância entre os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar adesão (kappa< 0.40) A adesão mensurada pelos diferentes métodos esteve associada à carga viral indetectável. O uso de álcool esteve associado a não adesão quando mensurada pelo autorrelato da perda de doses e pelo registro da perda de doses. Conclusão: Os instrumentos utilizados evidenciaram associação entre adesão adequada e boa resposta virológica. A prevalência de não adesão variou de acordo com o instrumento utilizado e foi alta, sobretudo, considerando que a maioria dos pacientes estava em uso de esquema terapêutico de baixa complexidade e boa tolerabilidade.

A presente tese realiza uma descrição e análise da marcação de terceira pessoa de plural nas comunidades quilombolas de Mamuna e Itamatatiua, localizadas em Alcântara (MA). Esta marcação está no centro dos debates sobre a formação do português brasileiro, ora sendo tomada para explicar a deriva (Naro & Scherre, 2007), ora para explicar o contato linguístico (Lucchesi et al., 2009; Silva, 2005, entre outros). Esta pesquisa parte do princípio de que o contato ocorrido na época colonial entre o português trazido para o Brasil àquela época, as diferentes línguas africanas trazidas para cá, especialmente as línguas bantas (LBs), e as diferentes línguas indígenas existentes neste território, é o responsável pelas particularidades do português falado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, as especificidades da marcação de terceira pessoa das comunidades alcantarenses podem ser explicadas a partir do contato linguístico estabelecido na formação dessas comunidades. O plural de terceira pessoa em Mamuna e Itamatatiua traz um terceiro tipo de marcação, que emerge a partir do processo fonológico de redução dos ditongos nasais pós-tônicos finais. Esta marcação revela-se como a mais produtiva não só em termos quantitativos, mas também por aparecer em contextos distintos aos de outras comunidades, como verbos no presente do indicativo, verbos de segunda conjugação e verbos irregulares. Os processos fonológicos para evitar encontros vocálicos das LBs e o contexto final átono poderia explicar essa redução, apontada por diferentes autores como característica da fala de pretos (Mendonça, 1933; Raimundo, 1933, entre outros). Adicionalmente, a ecologia externa de formação das comunidades alcantarenses poderia ter ajudado não apenas na manutenção desse final reduzido, mas na sua reinterpretação como morfema plural de terceira pessoa, bem como na sua expansão para contextos nos quais uma redução fonológica para uma vogal posterior não seria prevista no português brasileiro. / This thesis presents a linguistic description and analysis of the third person plural mark in the Quilombola communities of Mamuna and Itamatatiua located in Alcântara (MA). This mark is in centering of debates about formation of Brazilian Portuguese and may be used to explain linguistic drift and language contact (Naro & Scherre, 2007), (Lucchesi et al., 2009; Silva, 2005, among others). This research assumes that linguistic contact between the Portuguese brought to Brazil in the colonial era, different African languages, especially Bantu languages (LBs), and different Native Brazilian languages spoken in the territory, is responsible for peculiarities of the Portuguese spoken in Brazil. In this sense, specificities of the third person plural of Alcântara communities can be explained by linguistic contact established in formation of these communities. These third person plural in Mamuna and Itamatatiua have a third type of plural that emerges from the phonological process of reduction of nasal diphthongs in a final post-tonic position which proves to be the most productive in quantitative terms that appear in different contexts, i.e. verbs in present indicative, verbs of second conjugation and irregular verbs. The phonological processes to avoid vowel encounters of LBs and final unaccented context could explain the reduction that characterize black speech or fala de pretos, as pointed out by different authors (Mendonça, 1933; Raimundo, 1933 among others). In addition, the external ecology of Alcântara communitiess formation could have helped not only maintain the final reduced mark but in its reinterpretation as plural morpheme of third person, as well as its expansion into contexts in which phonological reduction for posterior vowel would not be anticipated in Brazilian Portuguese.

Este trabalho analisa, de acordo com as premissas teórico-metodológicas da Sociolinguística Variacionista (Labov 1972:[2008]), como se dá a concordância nominal de número (CN) na fala de alagoanos estabelecidos na cidade de São Paulo, em comparação com a fala de paulistanos. A análise multivariada é feita com as ocorrências de sintagmas nominais simples (constituídos de dois elementos), como as pessoa-s/ø. O objetivo principal é verificar quais são os fatores linguísticos e sociais que concorrem para a realização da CN nesses dois subgrupos de falantes. Os dados foram extraídos de 24 entrevistas sociolinguísticas com paulistanos e 24 com alagoanos que vivem na capital paulista. Ambas subamostras são definidas pelas mesmas variáveis sociais: sexo/gênero, faixas etárias e escolaridade. Os resultados indicam que a taxa de não realização da concordância (CN-Ø) entre alagoanos e paulistanos é praticamente a mesma. Em ambas as subamostras, os fatores sociais mostraram-se mais significativos, uma vez que todos foram selecionados para os dois grupos de falantes, com os maiores ranges. As mulheres são as mais sensíveis à variante de prestígio; no entanto, as alagoanas apresentam percentual um pouco maior de CN-Ø (23%) do que as paulistanas (17%). Não há indicativo de mudança em progresso: em ambos os subgrupos, a segunda faixa etária é a que desfavorece CN-Ø. Já para escolaridade, trata-se de um grupo de fatores mais significativo para paulistanos do que para alagoanos. Quanto aos fatores linguísticos, Classe de palavra do elemento nuclear, Processo de formação de plural do elemento nuclear e Número de sílaba do elemento não-nuclear se mostraram mais significativos. Da perspectiva da concordância nominal de número, esta dissertação mostra que alagoanos e paulistanos se assemelham mais do que se diferenciam. Nesse sentido, pode ser que façam parte de uma mesma comunidade de fala (Labov 1972 [2008]), 1996 [2006], Guy 1981 mas isso só poderá ser confirmado por estudos futuros, que se dedicarem a outras variáveis na fala destes e de outros grupos de falantes migrantes para a cidade de São Paulo. / Within the framework of variationist Sociolinguistics (Labov, 1972 [2008]), this master thesis analyzes variable number agreement within the nominal phrase (NP), in the Portuguese spoken in the city of São Paulo by Alagoanos (migrants from the northeastern state of Alagoas) and by Paulistanos (those born and raised in the city). The multivariate analysis focuses on two-word plural NPs, such as as pessoas/ø the persons. The main goal is to verify what linguistic and social factors condition the variable in use, in a comparison between these two groups of speakers. The data was extracted from 24 sociolinguistic interviews with Alagoanos and 24 with Paulistanos. Both samples are stratified by the same social variables: sex/gender, age group and level of education. Results indicate that the frequency of CN-Ø (that is, lack of agreement) is approximately the same for both groups of speakers. In both, social factors are more significant than linguistic factors, since all of the social ones included in the analysis were selected as statistically significant. Women disfavor CN-Ø (a generally stigmatized form), although the agreement is more frequent among Alagoanas than among Paulistanas. Theres no indication of change in progress: for both groups of speakers, the intermediate age group disfavors CN-Ø. As for level of education, it is more significant for Paulistanos than for Alagoanos. Among the linguistic factors, the class of the nuclear word, the morphology of plural, and the number of syllables of the NP left element were the ones selected as statistically significant This thesis shows that, from the perspective of number agreement within the NP, Alagoanos and Paulistanos are more similar than different. Therefore, they could be part of a same speech community (Labov 1972 [2008], Guy 1981) in the city something that should be discussed by further research, including other linguistic variables and groups of speakers.

O presente estudo, incluindo a tradução do texto grego, dedica-se à natureza e sentido da Mãe-Terra, mostrando que o Hino Homérico comemora o inviolável e eterno ser de Deméter e sua filha Perséfone, narrando a reação repulsiva da mãe diante da violência paterna que dá a filha deles como esposa ao rei do Hades, ignorando os laços consangüíneos que as unem. Irada, a Mãe-Terra age, pondo em risco a estabilidade cósmica até que, limitada por sua moîra coercitiva, encontra e propõe um acordo mediador, que põe fim ao conflito e leva seu poder a ascender na sagrada ordem do poder de Zeus pai. / The present study, including the translation of the Greek text, dedicates itself to the nature and sense of the Earth Mother, explaining that the Homeric Hymn commemorates the inviolable and eternal being of Demeter and her daughter Persephone, narrating the mother’s repulsive reaction before the paternal violence who gives their daughter as wife to the king of Hades, ignoring consanguineous laces that associate them. Angry, Earth Mother acts, putting in risc the cosmic stability until, limited by her coercive moîra, finds and proposes mediator accord, which ends the conflict and makes her power to ascend to the sacred order of the Zeus father’s power.

A percepção de risco teratogênico equivocada pode levar à privação de uso de medicamentos seguros e à relutância ou não adesão ao tratamento farmacológico durante a gestação. Estudos prévios realizados em países desenvolvidos sugerem que a percepção de risco teratogênico ao uso de medicamentos é superestimada por gestantes, não gestantes e profissionais de saúde. Grande parte destes estudos foi realizada em centros de aconselhamento teratogênico e utilizou apenas uma técnica de aferição da percepção de risco (Escalas Visuais Analógicas). Com o objetivo de caracterizar a percepção de risco teratogênico por gestantes e mulheres em idade fértil, conduzimos um estudo que combinou métodos qualitativos e quantitativos de investigação. Participaram da pesquisa usuárias de serviços de saúde da rede básica municipal de Porto Alegre. Em termos qualitativos, foram realizados dois grupos focais com gestantes. Os dados quantitativos resultaram da realização de entrevistas estruturadas com 287 mulheres em idade fértil divididas em dois grupos: gestantes e não gestantes. A percepção de risco de malformações congênitas na população geral e as percepções de risco teratogênico das exposições a paracetamol, metoclopramida, misoprostol e radioterapia na gestação foram aferidas por duas técnicas: Escalas Visuais Analógicas (EVA) e perguntas numéricas. A concordância entre as duas técnicas de aferição foi avaliada pela análise gráfica de Bland-Altman. Não encontramos concordância entre as medidas obtidas por EVA e por pergunta para nenhuma das percepções de risco em estudo. As medianas das percepções de risco teratogênico medidas por EVA foram superiores às obtidas através da pergunta numérica, para todas as variáveis. Para ambas as técnicas de aferição, as medianas das percepções de risco teratogênico ao paracetamol e à metoclopramida foram mais baixas que para o risco de malformações congênitas na população geral. Já as medianas das percepções de risco ao misoprostol e à radioterapia apresentaram os maiores valores. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas percepções de risco entre gestantes e não gestantes. A lógica acionada pelas mulheres na estimação do risco teratogênico é a da classificação dos medicamentos em fortes e fracos. Dentro desta lógica, os medicamentos e as exposições percebidos por elas como fracos não apresentam riscos, enquanto que aqueles percebidos como fortes são vistos como perigosos e devem ser evitados na gestação. Concluímos que o uso de EVA leva à superestimação das percepções de risco teratogênico. Além disso, frente à dificuldade em operar a lógica probabilística na estimação de risco, as mulheres operam uma lógica própria, classificando os medicamentos em fortes ou fracos. / An erroneous perception of teratogenic risk can lead to the non-use of safe medications and reluctance to or abstaining from pharmacological treatment during pregnancy. Previous studies conducted in developed countries suggest that the perception of teratogenic risk in the use of medications is overestimated by pregnant women, non-pregnant women and health professionals. Most of these studies were performed in teratogen counseling centers and only used one technique for measuring risk perception (Visual Analogue Scales). In order to characterize the perception of teratogenic risk by pregnant women and women of childbearing age, we conducted a study that combined qualitative and quantitative research methods. Public health care users from the city of Porto Alegre participated in the research. In qualitative terms, two focus groups were carried out with pregnant women. The quantitative data was derived from structured interviews with 287 women of childbearing age divided into two groups: pregnant and non-pregnant women. The perception of risk of congenital malformations in the general population and the perception of teratogenic risk through exposure to acetaminophen, metoclopramide, misoprostol and radiation therapy during pregnancy were measured via two techniques: Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) and numerical questions. The agreement between the two measurement techniques was evaluated using Bland-Altman graphic analysis. We did not find an agreement between the measurements obtained through VAS and those obtained through questions for any of the risk perceptions in the study. The medians of the perceptions of teratogenic risk measured by VAS were higher than those obtained by numerical questions, for all variables. For both measurement techniques, the medians of the perceptions of teratogenic risk with acetaminophen and metoclopramide were lower than those for the risk of congenital malformations in the general population. However, the medians of the perceptions of risk with misoprostol and radiation therapy presented the highest values. There were no significant differences in risk perceptions among pregnant and non-pregnant women. The logic employed by women in estimating teratogenic risk is the classification of drugs according to strong and weak. According to this logic, the drugs and exposure to them, perceived by these women as weak, do not present risks, while those perceived as strong are seen as hazardous and should be avoided during pregnancy. Our conclusion is that the use of VAS leads to the overestimation of teratogenic risk perceptions. Moreover, given the difficulty to engage in probabilistic logic for estimating risk, women engage in their own logic, classifying medications as strong or weak.

Este trabalho busca analisar o Acordo em Controle de Concentrações como um instrumento jurídico em benefício do setor industrial em face ao impacto do pós-fordismo periférico na economia brasileira. Para tal, se busca primeiramente investigar a disciplina do direito da concorrência dentro do sistema de regulação instituído pelo pós-fordismo periférico. Em seguida, passa-se à do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE), em especial o procedimento de tomada de decisão no controle de concentrações. Nesse sentido, optou-se pela análise da decisão de aprovação do ato de concentração (fusão) Videolar-Innova, viabilizado por meio de um Acordo em Controle de Concentrações (ACC). Assim, o presente estudo busca verificar se o referido ACC poderia constituir um mecanismo de regulação em benefício ao setor industrial em face do impacto gerado pelas políticas do pós-fordismo. O método a ser utilizado é o materialismo histórico-dialético, e como referencial teórico a Teoria da Regulação e da Derivação. Por fim, por meio da conclusão do trabalho se buscou demonstra a articulação das forças sociais a modelar a política econômica em benefício de determinados setores, em especial o industrial, para enfrentar o processo de desindustrialização e desnacionalização gerados pelas políticas neoliberais no marco do sistema de regulação. Sendo esta articulação dentro das limitações para manobra da política econômica que lhe são impostas. / This paper proposes to analyze the Agreement on Control of Economic Concentration as a juridical instrument in benefit of the industrial sector face to the impact of peripheral post-Fordism on Brazilian economy. In order to achieve this, it has first sought to investigate the discipline of competition law within the system of regulation instituted by the peripheral post-Fordism. Afterwards, it analyses the Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, especially the decision-making procedures in the control of economic concentration. That is why it was adopted the analysis of the decision to approve the merger agreement Videolar-Innova, which was able due to the Concentration Control Agreement. Therefore, it seeks to verify if this Agreement would constitute a regulation mechanism that benefits the industrial sector towards the impact reproduced by the politics of post-Fordism. The method to be applied is the Dialectical and Historical Materialism and, as theoretical reference, the Regulation and Derivation Theory. The conclusion of this work seeks to demonstrate the articulation of social forces that molds the economic politics in benefit of specific sectors, especially the industrial one, to struggle the deindustrialization and denationalization generated by the neoliberalism politics as a reference to the system of regulation, as this articulation is in the limits of economic politics manoeuvring which is imposed for them.

This dissertation is an extended argument for the syntactic structure proposed in (1), referred to as the 'VICTR Hierarchy' after the initials of the five functional heads it comprises: (1) [VolitionP Volition [InitiationP Initiation [ConsecutionP Consecution [TransitionP Transition [ResultP Result [VP ] ] ] ] ] ] The VICTR Hierarchy is a hierarchy of functional heads corresponding to the part of the clause generally known in the minimalist literature as `vP' or the `thematic domain'. Nominal arguments are merged in the specifiers of one or more of these heads and receive their thematic interpretations on the basis of their merged positions. Evidence for a model of thematic roles and syntactic argument structure based in the VICTR Hierarchy is presented for a range of domains, with a focus on 'split intransitivity'. Split intransitivity is explored initially in regard to English, with close consideration of a range of split intransitive diagnostics (e.g. 'out'-prefixation, the resultative construction); a VICTR account of these patterns is presented. A VICTR account of auxiliary selection patterns in Western European languages is also given. This is followed by analysis of split intransitive case and agreement systems. A formal account of the case and agreement patterns in these languages based in the VICTR hierarchy is presented, derived in part from the inherent case theory of ergativity (Legate 2002, Aldridge 2004 and others) and drawing on a detailed typology. The dissertation then proceeds to detailed analysis of the semantic basis of split intransitive alignment in two languages, Basque and Georgian. Other split intransitive behaviours in these languages are also considered in VICTR terms. Throughout, the VICTR approach is compared to other approaches to split intransitivity following Perlmutter's (1978) Unaccusative Hypothesis. The VICTR Hierarchy is also compared to the similar proposal of Ramchand (2008). It is argued that the VICTR Hierarchy accounts more readily than these other approaches for the particular classes of verbs identified by split intransitivity diagnostics in the languages considered, and also for cross-linguistic variation in split intransitive behaviours. Much support, with some caveats, is also found in the data considered for the applicability of Sorace's (2000) Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy (ASH) to a range of split intransitive phenomena cross-linguistically. Together with acquisitional considerations, the VICTR features are argued to allow for a formalisation of the patterns described by the ASH.