As práticas agrícolas, muito além de processos estritamente ecológicos, constituem processos sociais. Simplificações na dinâmica ecológica, impostas pela artificialização dos sistemas agrícolas, tem causado desequilíbrios entre produção e diversidade de espécies. A utilização de modernas tecnologias de manejo agrícola, desenvolvidas com o intuito de restabelecer o funcionamento de agrossistemas complexos e facilitar mecanismos de autoregulação do ambiente, estão amplamente conectadas a questões socioeconômicas. Concebidas com o propósito de conservar e ampliar a biodiversidade, facilitar a ciclagem de nutrientes, assim como diminuir impactos ao solo (tais como erodibilidade e compactação) além de, entre outros efeitos, preservar a umidade dos solos e propiciar microclima mais estável e ameno, as tecnologias de integração agropecuária e florestal tem sido implementadas em diferentes regiões do mundo. Pesquisas tem sido conduzidas quanto às práticas de implementação adequadas a cada ecossistema e às especificidades locais, com a expectativa de obtenção de resultados satisfatórios a partir das perspectivas ecológica, agronômica, econômica e social. Identificar e avaliar o grau de identificação dos pequenos e médios produtores rurais do município de Ipameri, sudeste de Goiás, com formas de produção agrícola diversificadas e integradas, bem como a viabilidade de utilização destas tecnologias em seu cotidiano, são os propósitos desta pesquisa. Buscou-se compreender, a partir da perspectiva destes atores sociais, as implicações dos efeitos decorrentes de variáveis econômicas, sociais, ambientais e simbólicas inerentes às práticas agronômicas eleitas por estes produtores, para condução de suas atividades e expressão de seus valores, preceitos, tradições e estilos de organização social. Concluiu-se que os sistemas integrados constituem alternativas para recuperação de áreas de pastagens degradas e da paisagem, representam oportunidades de geração de empregos, diversificação de renda para micro, pequenos e médios produtores locais. A despeito das dificuldades elencadas pelos interagentes da pesquisa para sua implementação, constitui-se em uma estratégia compreendida como viável e de interesse para os potenciais usuários / Agricultural practices, beyond strictly ecological processes, are social processes. Simplifications in the ecological dynamics imposed by the artificiality of agricultural systems, has caused imbalances between production and species diversity. The use of modern farm management technologies developed in order to restore the functioning of complex agrosystems and facilitate environmental autoregulation mechanisms are widely connected to socio-economic issues. Designed in order to build and expand biodiversity, facilitate nutrient cycling, as well as to reduce impacts to the soil (such as erodibility and compression) besides other effects, to preserve the moisture of the soil and provide more stable and mild microclimate, the agricultural and forestry integration technologies have been implemented in different regions of the world. Researches have been conducted on appropriate implementation practices for every ecosystem and to local conditions, with the expectation of obtaining satisfactory results from the ecological, agronomic, economic and social perspectives. Identify and assess the degree of identification of small and medium farmers in the municipality of Ipameri, southeast of Goiás, with forms of diversified and integrated farming as well as the feasibility of using these technologies in their daily lives, are the purposes of this research. We seek to understand, from the perspective of these social actors, the implications of the effects of economic, social, environmental and symbolic variables inherent to agronomic practices elected by these producers to conduct their activities and to express their values, principles, traditions and styles of social organization. It was concluded that integrated systems constitute alternatives for recovery of degraded areas of pastures and landscape, representing opportunities for job creation, diversification of incomes for micro, small and medium local producers. Despite the difficulties listed by interactors, its implementation is a strategy understood as feasible and of interest to potential users

Tomando como base o instrumental analítico desenvolvido na Geografia, particularmente na Geografia Humana, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise de algumas feiras agroecológicas organizadas por camponeses de assentamentos e comunidades rurais localizadas na Paraíba. A investigação de aspectos relativos ao processo de formação das feiras agroecológicas analisadas, bem como de elementos específicos da organização, produção e comercialização, levou-nos a considerá-las enquanto uma estratégia configurada pelos camponeses e assessores técnicos com o propósito de viabilizar a superação de adversidades no processo produtivo e de circulação da produção agrícola. Desta maneira, como decorrência da própria investigação empreendida, as feiras agroecológicas foram equacionadas como produto de um esforço dos camponeses paraibanos dirigido à superação de mecanismos de subordinação ao capital comercial e industrial no campo. Ao constituírem-se como formas de insubordinação camponesa, as feiras agroecológicas estudadas contribuíram, em grande medida, para viabilizar um maior controle dessa parcela do campesinato sobre o trabalho familiar e seus frutos, materializando assim frações territoriais dotadas de importantes especificidades. / Taking as base the analytical instrumental developed in the Geography, particularly in the Human Geography, this work presents an analysis of some agro-ecological fairs organized by peasants of settlements and rural communities located in Paraiba. The investigation of relative aspects to the process of formation of the agro-ecological fairs analysed, as well as of specific elements of the organization, production and marketing, made us consider them as a strategy shaped by the peasants and technical advisers with the purpose of making feasible the overcoming of adversities in the productive process and, also, of circulation of the agricultural production. In this way, as a consequence of the undertaken investigation, the agro-ecological fairs were equated as a result of an effort of the peasants from Paraíba guided to the overcoming of mechanisms of subordination to the commercial and industrial capital in the countryside. Constituted as ways of peasants insubordination, the agro-ecological fairs studied contributed, in great measure, to make feasible a major control of this portion of the peasantry on the familiar work and its products, materializing, in this manner, territorial fractions composed by important specificities.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Adao_Jose_Vital_da_Costa.pdf: 1518848 bytes, checksum: 700248ad2477175b136922acfdf8a342 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-02 / This piece of research focuses on the contributions of Josué de Castro s historicalenvironmental and agro ecosystemic pioneering ideas in the reflection and dissemination of the agro ecological thought in Brazil. The agro exporting landlordism and family units of food production are analyzed along the Brazilian civilizing process by the historical-dialectic method. Upon using secondary sources, this analysis represents both a theoretical and a reflexive exercise on the constructive potential of historical-environmental perceptions towards the investigative specter of the complex Brazilian land universe, once different interaction strategies between society and nature are multiplied not only by the diversity of human groups but also by ecosystem heterogeneities. From that, an approach is reached which searches to identify in Josué de Castro s vast and relevant work how harmful monoculture farm production systems have been, both culturally and socio-environmentally, for food sustainability strategies. Upon exposing the reductionism of technical and mercantile models that have been historically adopted by Brazilian farming, we aim to contribute to the recognition of the importance of family production systems as adequate loci which can guarantee food safety on an agro ecological basis. / Esta pesquisa trata sobre as contribuições do pioneirismo histórico-ambiental e agroecossistêmico de Josué de Castro para reflexão e difusão do pensamento agroecológico no Brasil. Por intermédio do método histórico dialético analisamos, comparativamente, o latifúndio agroexportador e as unidades familiares de produção alimentar, buscando compreender a natureza e a extensão dos impactos socioambientais dos dois agroecossistemas, nos tempos e espaços, ao longo do processo civilizatório brasileiro. Utilizando-se de fontes secundárias, representa um exercício teórico e reflexivo sobre o potencial contributivo das percepções históricoambientais para o espectro investigativo do complexo universo agrário brasileiro, uma vez que as diferentes estratégias de interação entre sociedade e natureza se pluralizam não somente pela diversidade cultural dos grupos humanos, mas também, pelas heterogeneidades dos ecossistemas. A partir disso, constitui em uma abordagem que procura identificar, na vasta e relevante obra de Josué de Castro, o quanto os sistemas de produção agrícola monocultores foram nocivos, cultural e sociambientalmente, para as estratégias de sustentabilidade alimentar. Ao expor o reducionismo dos modelos técnicos e mercantis adotados historicamente na agricultura brasileira, acreditamos contribuir para o reconhecimento da importância dos sistemas de produção familiar, enquanto lócus adequado para garantir a segurança alimentar de base agroecológica.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / As a means to reduce poverty particularly in rural areas, the South African government has placed great emphasis on the development of small-scale farmers into becoming commercial farmers. Central to this effort is the provision of agricultural extension support, as reflected in the 1995 White Paper on Agriculture (DOA, 1995), African National Congress (ANC) policy resolutions of 2007 (ANC, 2007) and a 2011 extension recovery plan (DAFF, 2011). Parallel to this policy process, a growing role of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) in supporting small-scale farmers, and criticising the governmental approach is observed. Biowatch is one example of this kind of NGO that, aside from its direct support to farmers, advocates for an alternative approach that embraces ‘subsistence’ farming. The academic literature suggests that existing agricultural policies are too generic and therefore fail to accommodate the different types of small-scale farmers that are found in rural areas, resulting in poor policy impact. This thesis seeks to establish the ideological thinking underpinning two paradigms of small-scale farmer development in South Africa and explores what they look like in practice, while analysing how they produce and reproduce class differentiation, and the emergence of various livelihood trajectories. Through qualitative research conducted in one case study site (the village Emagengeni in Northern KwaZulu- Natal) the views of farmers (beneficiaries of extension support as well as non-receivers) have been elicited and so contribute to a clear picture of what is happening there. In addition, experiences and perceptions of government extension officers, provincial officials and a Biowatch official are taken into account. Theoretically, the study is framed using Cousins’ (2011) class analytical perspectives on smallscale farming in South Africa which distinguish between three types of ‘petty commodity producers’, i.e. (i) petty commodity producers that produce to meet most of their social reproduction needs, (ii) petty commodity producers producing to partially meet their social reproduction needs and (iii) petty commodity producers producing enough to sell and make profit and start to accumulate capital. In addition, the categories described by Dorward et al (2009) in the ‘stepping up’, ‘hanging in’ ‘stepping out’ and ‘dropping out’ theory, are used to analyse the broad types of strategies pursued by poor people. The sustainable livelihoods framework is used to classify the various types of farming households observed. The main argument is that since 1994 the nature of public agricultural support has not met the needs of the majority of farmers in the country, i.e. poorly resourced farmers mostly located in the former homelands. This is because it is trying to make them into something they are not, i.e. commercial farmers and is focused on on-farm productivity and does not address wider market conditions. Although Biowatch demonstrates a more effective response to farmers’ needs, it is limited in its approach to agrarian transformation. The conclusion is that government’s fixation on the commercialisation of small-scale farmers perpetuates the existing and already problematic dualism within the agricultural sector.

La transition agroécologique est annoncée par les pouvoirs publics comme le tournant majeur à venir de l’agriculture. Dans le même temps, les consommateurs et la société civile se montrent plus soucieux de l’alimentation et des questions agricoles. La dimension environnementale de la production agricole semble prendre une importance de plus en plus forte. L’agriculture francilienne doit alors composer avec ces nouvelles injonctions agricoles dans un contexte de grandes cultures implantées sur un territoire aux multiples enjeux (alimentaires, écologiques, économiques et d’aménagements). Quelle(s) forme(s) prend la transition agroécologique, quel(s) impact(s) a-t-elle sur les agriculteurs franciliens et la composition des exploitations, en quoi ces changements agricoles peuvent-ils amener à de nouvelles compositions territoriales : voici quelques-unes des questions qui animent et articulent ce travail doctoral. / Public authorities announced the agroecological transition as a major turning point to come for agriculture. At the same time, consumers and civil society are more and more aware of food and agricultural issues. The environmental dimension of the agricultural production seems to strongly gain in importance. The agriculture of the Île-de-France region is dealing with these new injunctions in a context of well-established field crops on a territory facing high stakes (regarding food, the environment, the economy and land planning). What form does this agroecological transition take, what impacts will this transition have for the farmers of Île-de-France and how do these changes lead to new territorial configurations: here are some of the issues that drive this doctoral research.

Thesis (Ph. D. Agric. (Plant Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose fast growing tree which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world due to its numerous benefits. The benefits include medicinal use, industrial use, soil fertility, water purification, climate change mitigation as well as of nutritional value for humans and livestock. Recently, many areas globally have been rendered vulnerable to climate change as well as food insecurity. Climate change increases irregularities of rainfall and temperature patterns in semi-arid conditions. One practical way to address this challenge in the agricultural sector is to introduce more trees crop species which are found to be more tolerant than annual crops under harsh growing conditions. Moringa is one species that could be considered under variable climatic conditions for positive outcomes through climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as life sustenance against food insecurity threats. Production of moringa in South Africa is exclusively for leaf processing and consumption. To date, there is no documented information available about seed and oil yield production of moringa mainly in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The aim of the study was to generate knowledge on moringa growth, nutritional composition, seed and oil yield production as well as its response to drought through gaseous exchange parameters, as influenced by plant density under diverse agro-ecological locations in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, from November 2013 to January 2016. The study area falls within the semi-region which is characterized by low and erratic rainfall which predominately falls in summer as well as extremely low or high temperatures. A survey was conducted from November 2013 to September 2014 in five districts of the Limpopo Province. Focus group discussion, questionnaires and field observations were used for data collection. A total of 150 moringa growers formed part of the focus group and a questionnaire was administered to only thirty-one farmers, who constitute the population of farmers producing moringa within an area of 0.25 ha or more. A second study was conducted at two experimental sites in the Limpopo Province of northern part of South Africa to evaluate for the first time, the effect of plant density and cutting interval on biomass production and chemical composition of moringa grown under two diverse climatic conditions. Four different planting densities (435 000, 300 000, 200 000 and 100 000 plants/ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design and experimental samples were replicated four times. A third study was conducted over two years to achieve additional objectives which included evaluation of gaseous exchange, biomass, seed, and oil yield. Untreated seeds of Moringa oleifera were used for establishing the trial at densities of 5 000, 2 500, 1 667 and 1 250 plants ha-1, with eight replicates. The same study was used to achieve the objective on gaseous exchange in comparison with other two naturally growing tree species of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees growing within the moringa trial vicinity. The study was further used to evaluate the effect of planting density on biomass, grain, oil yield production and nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera trees. The last part of the study was carried out in the five districts of the Limpopo Province to determine the influence of soil physical and chemical properties on the nutritional composition of moringa leaves. The farms that were identified during the survey were also used to achieve other objectives of the study. In order to determine soil and leaf nutritional composition, soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The harvested leaves were dried at room temperature and their nutritional compositions were determined using standard methods. Findings from the studies revealed the following: The survey indicated that there are potential moringa farmers in all the districts of the province, with the intention to commercialize the tree. Majority of farmers grow moringa on 0.251.0 ha and have been producing the crop for the past 2 years. The study on planting density and cutting frequency revealed satisfactory nutritional composition in the leaves across the cutting frequencies and that, an increase in the plant density led to enhanced biomass production. The study on the monthly and seasonal gaseous exchange revealed significant differences in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2 and stomatal conductance. However, planting densities of Moringa oleifera had no significant effect on all the gaseous exchange parameters measured. In a comparison of moringa with other tree species growing in the vicinity of moringa, the results differed significantly in gaseous exchange. The highest activity in photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and sub-stomatal CO2 (Ci), as well as higher stomatal density, was found in moringa. The findings from the biomass, seed yield and oil yield study showed that the increase in measured biomass, seed and oil yield increased with increasing planting density. However, seed oil concentration was non-significant. Findings from the ecology study revealed that moringa improved soil nutritional composition; mainly in areas where the trees were more than three years old as compared to control soils where moringa had not been planted. The soil nutritional composition differed with soil textural classes with the clay soils recording higher nutrient ion values. The study revealed that moringa can be produced in many locations of the Limpopo Province without negatively affecting leaf nutritional composition. Moringa leaves contain high level of nutrients even under marginal production areas irrespective of the planting density. A population of 5000 plants ha-1 can be used for seed and oil yield production where temperatures are favourable for improved farmers’ livelihoods. The results strongly showed with no doubt, the superiority of moringa in capturing more carbon among the three species. Moringa maintained good leaf yield even under drought condition, which is an indication of its potential to act as a good sink for carbon dioxide absorption. It can, therefore, be recommended for many parts of Limpopo Province for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and food security. KEY CONCEPTS: agro-ecology, biomass, climate change, commercialization, drought, food security, gas exchange, leaf chemical composition, location, Moringa oleifera, oil, seed, soil textural class, survey, trees, weather, yield

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-05T13:55:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flaviano Silva Quaresma.pdf: 1309063 bytes, checksum: ebb401df9d6955c17e4b99b07af5a1e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-05T13:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flaviano Silva Quaresma.pdf: 1309063 bytes, checksum: ebb401df9d6955c17e4b99b07af5a1e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-05 / This study aims to analyze the identity formation of young persons gotten involved with familiar agriculture, specifically with agro ecological basis, at same time living side by side with contemporary massive culture appeals, as Big Brother Brasil program, broadcasted by Rede Globo and chosen for our analysis made in Itaenga town, Pernambuco, Brazil. To understand the identities creations of these young within a rural context we analyzed their social values appropriations on Big Brother Brasil, with a sense of unveiling how happen contemporary relationships among them, whom live surrounded by hybrid values spread through a agro ecological agriculture base that is proposed where they live, and the world globalized massive cultural communes values, where the technologies produce and making spread symbolic properties on real time and a virtual form, this way, changing habits. Hybrid processes are present on our theoretical perspective, having as main authors Peter Burke and, most recently, Néstor García Canclini, whom guided the studies for cultural hybridization understanding. The most important keyword is identity, because are hybrid elements of its construction the investigation focus. Then, the hybrid plot of this study is between Rural Extension and familiar agriculture with agro ecological basis and the social relationships on Big Brother Brasil program, getting a construction what Zygmunt Bauman named as flexible identities. This author makes debate about the research’s information with Stuart Hall and Manoel Castells. For collecting information were elaborated itineraries of interviews, half‐structured, made with voice recorder, documental research (PNATER/MDA), bibliographic research and field diary (an important element to register daily happenings), also added the young’s personal accounts by means of group dynamic did in a session for making commentaries about the exhibited situations on Big Brother Brasil program. We also elaborated an interview’s itinerary half‐structured aiming to know details about the objective and others matters that involve sensibilities and constructed values on Big Brother Brasil by program team production. Among the results, staid clear that the young cultural identity at Lagoa e Itaenga familiar agriculture preserves experiences that make it more complex. The results point that this identity is distant of being only directed for familiar agriculture work on an ecologic base developed at the community. About social values, the rural young identity, for being flexible and hybrid, is ready for any kind of external situation from rural territory and also wishes to try new situations different of those already lived on the place. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como se constroem as identidades dos jovens da agricultura familiar envolvidos com agricultura de base agroecológica e que, ao mesmo tempo, convivem com os apelos da cultura massiva contemporânea, como o programa Big Brother Brasil da Rede Globo, escolhido para esta análise, no município de Lagoa de Itaenga, microrregião da Mata Setentrional de Pernambuco. Para compreender como são construídas as identidades desses jovens de contextos rurais, analisamos as apropriações feitas por eles, de valores sociais trabalhados no Big Brother Brasil, no sentido de descortinar como se dão as relações contemporâneas desses jovens, que convivem entre os valores híbridos disseminados por uma proposta de agricultura de base agroecológica no meio onde vivem, e os valores das comunas culturais massivas do mundo globalizado, onde as tecnologias produzem e circulam bens simbólicos em tempo real e de forma virtual e, assim, modificando hábitos. Os processos híbridos fazem parte da nossa perspectiva teórica, tendo como principais autores Peter Burke e mais recentemente, Néstor García Canclini, que guiaram o estudo na compreensão da hibridização cultural. A palavra‐chave mais importante é identidade, porque são os elementos híbridos de sua construção os focos de investigação. Então, a trama híbrida deste estudo está entre a Extensão Rural para a agricultura familiar de base agroecológica e as relações sociais do programa Big Brother Brasil, construindo o que Zygmunt Bauman chama de “identidades flexíveis”, autor que dialogou com os dados da pesquisa juntamente com Stuart Hall e Manoel Castells. Para a coleta de dados, foram elaborados roteiros de entrevistas semiestruturados, que foram realizadas com o uso de gravadores de voz. Além da pesquisa documental (PNATER/MDA), da bibliográfica e do diário de campo (elemento de grande importância para o registro cotidiano dos acontecimentos observados), também acrescentamos às nossas técnicas de coleta de dados, os depoimentos dos jovens por meio de dinâmica de grupo numa sessão para o comentário de situações exibidas no programa Big Brother Brasil. Também elaboramos roteiro de entrevista semi‐estruturado, com a finalidade de saber detalhes sobre o objetivo e outras questões envolvendo as sensibilidades e valores construídos no Big Brother Brasil pela produção do programa. Entre os resultados, ficou claro que a identidade cultural do jovem da agricultura familiar de Lagoa de Itaenga carrega experiências que a torna ainda mais complexa. Os resultados apontam que essa identidade está distante de ser unicamente voltada para o trabalho da agricultura familiar de base agroecológica desenvolvido na comunidade. Em relação aos valores sociais, a identidade do jovem rural, por se apresentar flexível e híbrida, está preparada para qualquer tipo de situação externa à área rural e também deseja experimentar novas situações diferentes daquelas já vividas no local.

MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Science / See the atttached abstract below

Current global agricultural practices are recognized as unsustainable. The increase in overall human population as well as the global trend of rural to urban migration, partially as a result of historically and continual unsustainable agricultural practices, exacerbates the vicious cycle of poverty and hunger in developing countries. Furthermore, cities and regions in developed countries practice unsustainable food production, distribution and consumption patterns, and as a result, exceed their global ecological footprint (Rees 2009). Consequently, the world is facing a global food (FAO 2009) and water crisis (UN Sick Water 2010). Cities and Regions must learn to feed themselves to address local food insecurity as well as protect from the climate effects of increased urbanization, including the Urban Heat Island effect (UHIe) by optimizing and fully integrating the local ecosystem services of food, water and forest within a tightly woven compact urban form through the implementation of strategic urban and regional food system planning. Cities can mitigate climate change and reduce the UHIe, by implementing sustainable intensive urban agriculture approaches through policy and zoning interventions that include concepts such as intensively productive urban agriculture that includes green roofs, vertical farming and greenways as continuously productive and edible urban landscapes, referred to in this paper as continuously productive urban agriculture and forestation (CPUAF) in the private and public realm. A highly participative, adaptive systems approach is explored as the key to sustainability within an economic world order that included corporate social responsibility and social enterprise as the foundation for the integration of multiple synergies. An increasing body of evidence often links urban forestation with urban greenery initiatives, as a carbon sink to reduce UHI effects, to reduce GHG emissions and as a tool for urban beautification and place making (ISDR: 2009,109). Urban agriculture, through the production of local food is increasingly recognized as a means to reduce fossil fuel emissions by reducing transportation and production outputs, to provide a secure local food source, enhance biodiversity and educate the public regarding food source while fostering a sense of community, environmental awareness and stewardship. This thesis explores the links between intensive urban agriculture and forestation, and the relationship between climate change, and the UHI’s as an adaptation and mitigation process in global cities, implemented as a interconnected, integrated, holistic urban management approach that has a further benefit of providing food security and a sustainable and local urban food source. / Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted