Efterfrågan på matematiskt kunnande ökar i samhället. Algebraiskt kunnande gynnar lärandet inom andra delar av matematiken. Algebra innebär att upptäcka matematiska strukturer och kunna generalisera dessa. Mönsterundervisning ses som en säker väg till algebra. Samtidigt visar forskning kopplat till upprepade mönster att de flesta elever inte kan generalisera upprepade mönster innan de börjar skolan, och menar att det finns ett behov av en strukturerad undervisning kopplad till upprepade mönster. Stora delar av matematikundervisningen i Sverige utgår från matematikböcker. Därför syftar denna studie till att beskriva de upprepade mönster elever kan möta genom ett läromedel och därigenom dra slutsatser om vad elever får för möjlighet att lära om algebra genom dessa. Följande frågor besvaras: Vilken variation och omfattning av mönster och mönsteruppgifter får eleverna möta i matematikböckerna kopplade till upprepade mönster? och Vilken ytterligare vägledning ger lärarhandledningen för att elever ska utveckla förståelse av upprepade mönster?  Den teoretiska ansats studien utgår från är tidigare forskning om undervisning i växande mönster. Studien är avgränsad till matematikböcker för år 1–3. Urvalet av material innefattar 6 matematikböcker i serien Koll på matematik samt tillhörande lärarhandledningsböcker. Samtliga böcker har analyserats för att finna upprepade mönster. Dessa mönster sorterades efter kategorierna riktning, uttrycksformer, mönsterstruktur och uppgifts typ. Därefter genomsöktes lärarhandledningen efter förslag på undervisning kopplade till de upprepade mönstren som fanns i elevböckerna. Resultatet visar att det främst finns en variation på uttrycksformer och mönsterstrukturer i matematikböckerna och en mindre variation på riktning. Uppgiftstyperna varierar i viss mån. Vidare visar resultatet att lärarhandledningen tillförde flera kommunikativa aspekter kopplade till mönster och även fler metoder vilket inte framgick i elevböckerna. / The request for mathematical knowledge is increasing in today's society. Algebraic knowledge favour further learning in other areas of mathematics. Algebra involves finding mathematical structures and being able to generalize these. Teaching about patterns are described as a safe path to learn algebra. At the same time, research on repeating patterns proves that most children cannot make generalization about repeating patterns before they enter school, therefore structured teaching connected to repeated patterns is needed. Teaching in Sweden is mostly based on mathematics schoolbooks. Therefore, the aim for this study is to describe the repeated patterns students can encounter through teaching material and thereby draw conclusions about which opportunities students have to learn about algebra through these. The questions answered in this study are: Which variation and amount of patterns and pattern tasks do the pupils get exposed to in the mathematics books connected to repeating patterns? and What does the additional teacher guides provide with for pupils understanding of repeating patterns? The study is limited to mathematics schoolbooks for schoolyear 1-3.  The theoretical approach in this study is based on previous research on teaching methods connected to repeated patterns. The selection of mathematics books includes 6 mathematics books from the teaching materials Koll på matematik. All pages have been scanned to find repeated patterns. The repeating patterns were categorized by the pattern's direction, different expression of pattern, structure, and task type. Afterwards, the teacher's manual was searched for teaching suggestions linked to the repeating patterns that were found in the student books. The result indicates that the variation is primally connected to different expression of pattern and pattern’s structure in the mathematics books and that there are minimal variation of the patterns direction. The task types vary to a certain extent. Furthermore, the result indicate that the teacher's guide contributes with several communicative aspects connected to repeating patterns and more methods that were not apparent in the student books.

Forskning och internationella analyser har visat att elevers kompetenser inom algebra är bristfälliga. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka vilka kompetenser eleverna på låg och mellanstadiet behöver befästa för att uppnå kunskapskraven och för att kunna ta sig an framtida studier. Syftet kommer att besvaras genom tre framtagna forskningsfrågor: I vilken utsträckning följer läromedlen på lågstadiet forskningen kring early algebra? Hur ser progressionen ut från lågstadiet till mellanstadiet i lärobokserier beträffande matematiska kompetenser inom algebraområdet? och I vilken utsträckning behandlar mellanstadiets läromedel de kompetenser som forskning menar är bristande kunskaper på högstadiet? En läromedelsanalys genomfördes för att få syn på i vilken utsträckning de olika kompetenserna finns representerade i läromedlen. Genom tidigare forskning har studien identifierat vilka kompetenser som eleverna behöver befästa på låg och mellanstadiet för att kunskapskraven ska uppnås.Resultatet från analysen visar på att de kompetenser som efterfrågas finns med till viss del i de analyserade läromedlen men att det finns utvecklings möjligheter. / Research and international analyses have shown that students' skills in algebra are deficient. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate whichcompetencies students in primary and middle school need to consolidate to achieve the knowledge requirements and to be able to take on future studies.The purpose will be answered through three developed research questions: To what extent do the teaching materials in primary school follow the research about early algebra? What is the progression from primary to middleschool in textbook series regarding mathematical skills in the field of algebra? To what extent do middle school teaching materials deal with the skillsthat research believes are lack of knowledge in high school? A teaching material analysis was implemented to see to what extent the different competencies are represented in the teaching materials. Through previus reasearch, the study has identified which competencies the students needto consolidate at the primary and intermediate leves for the knowledge requirements to be achieved. The results from the analysis show that the competencies that are in demandare included to some extent in the analysed teaching materials, but that thereare development opportunities

Orientador: Nelson Antonio Pirola / Resumo: Esta pesquisa se desenvolveu na perspectiva da Psicologia da Educação Matemática e buscou investigar o desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico face às crenças de autoeficácia, as atitudes em relação à Matemática e ao conhecimento matemático especializado para o seu ensino nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Buscou, também, analisar possíveis relações e influências de aspectos afetivos na solução de problemas algébricos, com foco na capacidade de generalização, cerne do desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico. A investigação foi ancorada numa abordagem mista, quanti-qualitativa, fundamentada nos estudos de Creswell e Park (2013). Os participantes da pesquisa foram 128 estudantes do curso de Pedagogia (pre-service) de instituições privadas e 119 professores (in-service) dos anos iniciais, da rede pública de ensino. Para tanto, os instrumentos utilizados para essa investigação contaram em sua primeira etapa com um questionário para caracterização dos participantes, sendo um para os pre-service e outro para os in-service; uma Escala de Atitudes traduzida e validada por Brito (1996); um questionário estruturado em duas subescalas do tipo likert, uma sobre as crenças de autoeficácia dos participantes em relação ao conhecimento especializado para o desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico e a outra para o ensino desse pensamento matemático nos anos iniciais. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, foram selecionados três pre-service e três in-service considerando suas pontuações nas escal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research developed from the perspective of the Mathematics Education psychology and sought to investigate the algebraic thinking development in relation to the self-efficacy beliefs, attitudes towards Mathematics and specialized mathematical knowledge for its teaching in the early years of Elementary School. It also sought to analyze possible relationships and influences of affective aspects in solving algebraic problems, focusing on the generalization capacity, the core of the algebraic thinking development. The research was anchored in a mixed, quanti-qualitative approach based on the studies of Creswell and Park (2013). The participants of the study were 128 students from the pre-service pedagogy course, from private institutions and 119 teachers (in-service) from the early years of the public school system. To do so, the instruments used for this research had in their first stage a questionnaire to characterize the participants, one for pre-service and the other for in-service; a Scale of Attitudes translated and validated by Brito (1996); a questionnaire structured in two likert type subscales, one on the participants' self-efficacy beliefs regarding the specialized knowledge for the algebraic thought development and the other for the teaching of this mathematical thought in the early years. In the second stage of the research, three pre-service and three in-service were selected considering their scores on the scales (below, median and above the central point) for ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Ricardo Kucinskas (ricardo.kucinskas@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T23:22:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 cartabcoRicardo.pdf: 21310 bytes, checksum: fdb63965512cf2222ad8c0a892d83d4f (MD5) Dissert_RK.pdf: 28912456 bytes, checksum: b52fd80f02c5b25023a447b43e47f390 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-02-05T15:59:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 cartabcoRicardo.pdf: 21310 bytes, checksum: fdb63965512cf2222ad8c0a892d83d4f (MD5) Dissert_RK.pdf: 28912456 bytes, checksum: b52fd80f02c5b25023a447b43e47f390 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-02-05T15:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 cartabcoRicardo.pdf: 21310 bytes, checksum: fdb63965512cf2222ad8c0a892d83d4f (MD5) Dissert_RK.pdf: 28912456 bytes, checksum: b52fd80f02c5b25023a447b43e47f390 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-05T16:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 cartabcoRicardo.pdf: 21310 bytes, checksum: fdb63965512cf2222ad8c0a892d83d4f (MD5) Dissert_RK.pdf: 28912456 bytes, checksum: b52fd80f02c5b25023a447b43e47f390 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This dissertation of professional masters proposes the introduction of the Algebra study for elementary school students. Our main objective was to develop a work outlined in didactic sequence, based on instigating problems that would challenge the independent thinking, essential for the effectiveness of the meaningful learning. For this purpose, a didactic sequence will be presented by three phases: Algebraic Thinking, Algebraic Expressions and First Degree Equations. In order to develop algebraic thinking, students were mobilized to study models and regularities. After that, problems that explored the variation of quantities and the generalization of patterns led them to read and represent some algebraic expressions as well as to calculate its numeric value in various contexts. Finally, our intention was to translate situations through first degree equations, analyzing them, finding their respective roots and validating the results found. As for the development of this research and the data analysis, we were guided by a qualitative approach, since the interactive contact of the researcher as a teacher at a municipal school provided the construction of a reality of students inserted in a particular universe of beliefs, values and several meanings. As the most important result, we realized that 7th grade students initially had only intuitive conceptual notions and had some difficulty in dealing with algebraic calculations. Therefore, problem solving proved to be an effective methodology for students to appropriate Algebra as a meaningful knowledge. / Esta dissertação de mestrado profissional tem como proposta a introdução do estudo da Álgebra para alunos do ensino fundamental. Nosso maior objetivo foi desenvolver um trabalho delineado em sequência didática, a partir de problemas instigantes que desafiassem o racicíonio independente, imprescindível para a efetivação da aprendizagem significativa. Para isso, será apresentada uma sequência didática composta por três fases: Pensamento Algébrico, Expressões Algébricas e Equações do 1º Grau. A fim de desenvolver o pensamento algébrico, os alunos foram mobilizados a estudar padrões e regularidades. Após isso, problemas que exploravam a variação de grandezas e a generalização de padrões os levaram a ler e representar expressões algébricas bem como calcular seu valor numérico em variados contextos. Por fim, nossa intenção foi traduzir situações por meio de equações de primeiro grau, analisando-as, encontrando suas respectivas raízes e validando os resultados encontrados. Quanto ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa e à análise dos dados, nos pautamos numa abordagem qualitativa, uma vez que o contato interativo do pesquisador como professor de uma escola municipal proporcionou a construção de uma realidade de alunos inseridos num universo particular de crenças, valores e significados diversos. Como principal resultado, percebemos que os alunos do 7º ano tinham inicialmente apenas noções conceituais intuitivas e apresentavam certa dificuldade para lidar com cálculos algébricos. Diante disso, a resolução de problemas mostrou-se como metodologia eficaz para que os discentes se apropriassem da Álgebra como conhecimento significativo.