<p>This thesis deals with the preparation and use of chiralbispyridylamides as ligands in metal-catalyzed asymmetricreactions.</p><p>The compounds were prepared by amide formation usingdifferent coupling reagents. Bispyridylamides havingsubstituents in the 4- or 6- positions of the pyridine ringswere prepared by functional group interconversion of the 4- or6- halopyridine derivatives. These synthetic approaches provedto be useful for various types of chiral backbones. Pseudo C₂-symmetric bispyridylamides were also synthesizedby means of stepwise amide formation.</p><p>The compounds were used as ligands in themicrowave-accelerated Mocatalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylationreaction. Ligands having ð-donating substituents in the4-positions of the pyridine rings gave rise to products withhigher branched to linear ratio. The catalytic reaction, whichproved to be rather general for allylic carbonates with anaromatic substituent, was used as the key step in thepreparation of (R)-baclofen. The Mo-bispyridylamide catalystprecursor was studied by NMR spectroscopy.</p><p>Bispyridylamide complexes of metal alkoxides were alsoevaluated in the asymmetric addition of cyanide to aldehydesand the metal complexes involved were studied by NMRspectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Chiral diamines wereused as additives to study the ring opening of cyclohexeneoxide with azide, catalyzed by Zr(IV)-bispyridylamidecomplexes.</p><p>Various bispyridylamides were attached to solid supports oforganic or inorganic nature. The solid-supported ligands wereused in Mo-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactionsand in the asymmetric addition of cyanide to benzaldehyde.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>asymmetric catalysis, chiral ligand, pyridine,amide, allylic alkylation, enantioselective, cyanation,ring-opening, chiral Lewis acid.</p>

<p>Enzymes as tools in organic synthesis have provided enormous advantages. This thesis deals with the applications of enzymes in the kinetic resolutions of racemic compounds. The stereochemistry of chiral compounds and the kinetics of α/β hydrolase lipases are presented. From a practical point of view, the handling of a large number of parameters that influences the kinetic resolutions, especially enantioselectivity (E-value) are systematically described. A variety of approaches employed for raising the yields to over 50% are additionally discussed.</p><p>Methods for the preparation of synthetically useful chiral building blocks were developed in this thesis. Thus, resolution of secondary alcohols bearing two vicinal stereocentres are studied. These building blocks can serve as starting materials for the synthesis of various enantiomerically pure compounds for agrochemistry, pharmaceuticals, chemical industry, and particularly for the total synthesis of pheromones.</p><p>Racemic 3-substitued 2-hydroxybutane derivatives were produced in fairly high diastereomeric purities by a variety of chemical approaches, such as epimerization, metal-catalysed asymmetric addition etc. Kinetic resolution of these racemates was achieved by enzyme-catalysed reactions. Two lipases, Candida antarctica lipase B and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase were found to be useful in acylations as well as hydrolyses. In the biotransformations studied, the presence and nature of the second vicinal stereocentre in the chiral secondary alcohols investigated seemed to be important, e.g. in terms of the efficiencies of sequential kinetic resolutions, and altering the selectivities as well.</p>

From medicine to aerospace, innovation in multiple fields will not occur without addressing current questions that still exist in polymer behavior and manipulation. This dissertation represents the research carried out over the course of three separate experiments using rheometry as the key technique to explore the behavior of polymer composites. In all three studies, polymer composites were investigated for changes to their known physical properties caused through the addition of a filler or functionalization. Chapter Two examines the possibility of enhancing poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) through the use of soluble carbon nanotubes. In this series of experiments, carbon nanotubes were covalently functionalized using reductive alkylation with a dodecyl group to render them easily soluble in the same organic solvents as low molecular weight poly(4-methyl-1-pentene). The polymer and the functionalized nanotubes were dissolved together in carbon tetrachloride then the solvent is removed leaving the functionalized nanotubes uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. The composites were then compression molded and the changes to the physical properties were explored. The functionalized nanotube filler generally acted to plasticize the samples producing transparent but colored polymers. The samples had a lower modulus and glass transition which was the opposite found by Clayton et al. using sonicated pristine carbon nanotubes. Polyurethanes have a growing significance in the biomedical field, and we explore the possibility fine tuning the properties of a polyurethane for such uses in Chapter Three. Here, self healing Polycarbonate polyurethanes (PCU) were synthesized with two different soft segments, Nippollan 964 and T-5652, and characterized with dielectric analysis (DEA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheometry. The extra methyl group acted to produce a crystalline-like ordered hard segment that caused the 964 PCU to become Arrhenius in the glass transition region where the 5652 PCU had followed WLF behavior. Results showed the pendent methyl group acted to impart a crystalline-like character to the 964 PCU making it a candidate for applications that would be suited to a stiffer polymer. In Chapter Four we explore the possibility of increasing the wearability and comfort of contact lenses through increased hydration. The hydrogels 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) solutions were created in three concentrations; neat, 50/50 and 60/40. Into these samples [Cu2({μ2-CO2}R)4(axial)2] (Cu(II) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (MHBC) were dissolved 0.05% by weight. The samples were then polymerized via UV polymerization and compression molded. The experiments performed included penetration resistance , water absorption, micro hardness and glass transition. Addition of the MHBC acted to increase the water uptake of the samples but also reduced their ability to withstand mechanical penetration. With further study into crosslinking of the polymers, the MHBC could show promise in increasing hydration for commercial use.

La catàlisi asimètrica es part de la síntesi asimètrica i fa possible la transformació de substrats pro-quirals o racèmics en productes quirals emprant quantitats catalítiques de compostos que contenen informació quiral. El disseny de nous lligands es l'etapa clau per a obtenir alts nivells de reactivitat i selectivitat. Els carbohidrats son uns dels membres més importants dintre de la "chiral pool".Aquesta tesi esta enfocada en el desenvolupament i aplicació en catàlisi asimètrica de nous lligands amb esquelet carbohidrat.Aquestos lligands foren aplicats amb èxit a la hidroformilació asimètrica catalitzada per Rh d'alquens monosubstituïts, interns disubstituïts i 1,1´-disubstituïts.L'efecte de les modificacions estructurals dels lligands 1,3-difosfit sobre els resultats catalítics a l'alquilació al·lílica catalitzada per Pd de compostos fenil-al·lílics ha sigut també estudiat en aquesta tesis. Finalment, els lligands 1,3-difosfit han sigut aplicats a l'estabilització de nanopartícules metàl·liques, i la seva aplicació a la hidrogenació de o- i m-metilanisol. / Asymmetric catalysis is part of the asymmetric synthesis and makes possible the transformation of a pro-chiral or racemic substrate into a chiral product using catalytic amounts of the compounds which contain the chiral information. The design of new ligands is perhaps the most crucial step to achieve the highest levels of reactivity and selectivity. Carbohydrates are the most prominent members of the "chiral pool".This thesis focus on the development and application in asymmetric catalysis of new 1,3-diphosphite with carbohydrate backbone. These ligands were successful applied in the Rh-asymmetric hydroformylation of monosubstituted, disubstituted internal and 1,1´-disubstituted alkenes.The effect of the structural modification of these 1,3-diphosphite ligands on the catalytic results of the Pd-allylic alkylation of phenyl-allyl compounds was also studied in this thesis. Finally, the 1,3-diphosphites ligands were applied to stabilize metal nanoparticles. These nanocatalysts were tested in the hydrogenation of pro-chiral o- and m-methylanisole.

This thesis concentrates on understanding how individual nonspecific DNA–protein contacts are used in the excision mechanism of the human DNA repair enzyme, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG). Initially, studies focus on understanding the structure and magnitude of these fundamentally different DNA–protein stacking and T-shaped interactions to be applied to the active site of AAG. High-level ab initio techniques revealed fundamental knowledge about the structure and magnitude of these distinctly different – and +– contacts between (one or two) conjugated amino acid(s) and one nucleobase. Additionally, the mechanism used by AAG to excise (neutral and cationic) damaged nucleotides was investigated using a hybrid ONIOM approach. Reaction potential energy surfaces reveal that AAG prefers to excise both neutral and cationic substrates through a concerted mechanism, yet the nonspecific contacts present in the active site are only catalytic for the cleavage of the neutral substrates. / xvi, 195 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm + 1 CD-ROM

Ce travail de these a permis le déveloippement de nouvelles reactions de couplage catalysées par des sels de cobalt(II) Le premier chapitre décrit l'allylation cobalta catalysée d'halogénures d'alkyles. La méthode est facile à mettre en œuvre, efficace avec une grande variété d'halogénures d'alkyes et des acétates ou carbonates d'allyle substitués. Les rendements vont de bons à excellents et la tolérance fonctionnelle élevée. Dans le cas d'acétates d'allyle substitués le produit linéaire est obtenu majoritairement ou exclusivement. Quelques expériences ont permis de mettre en lumière la formation d'espèce radicalaire lors du cycle catalytique. Les premiers essais pour étendre cette méthodologie aux couplages allyle-allyle et alkyle-alkyle sont également décrits. Le deuxième chapitre porte sur l'amination catalysée au cobalt d'organozinciques fonctionnalisés en utilisant des N-chloroamines. La procédure est simple et générale et demande des conditions plus douces que celles précédemment décrite, tout en tolérant un très large éventail de substrats, avec une bonne tolérance à de nombreux groupes fonctionnels. Les premiers essais pour étendre la méthodologie à la réaction entre un organozincique et une source électrophile de soufre en vue de former des liaisons C-S sont également exposés. Enfin le dernier chapitre décrit la réaction d'organozinciques engendrés par catalyse au cobalt avec une source " verte " de cyanure électrophile, N-cyano-N-phenyl-p-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (NCTS), pour conduire avec de bons rendements aux arylnitriles correspondants. Des sources analogues de CN+ ont également été testées.

<p>Three methodology studies and two total synthesis endeavors are presented. First, a study of Lewis acid and hydrogen bond mediated soft enolization of thioesters and their addition to imines in the Mannich reaction is reported. MgBr2*OEt2 and Hunig's base are used in concert with bulky thioesters and aromatic aldehydes to generate syn-b-aminothioesters with moderate diastereoselectivity and yield. Next, a biomimetic organocatalytic Mannich reaction is presented using a chiral cinchona alkaloid to effect the enantioselective addition of an imines to thioesters with high yield and diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivities up to 88:12.</p><p>The direct addition of enolizable aldehydes to a-iodo thioesters to produce b-hydroxy thioesters enabled by reductive soft enolization is reported. The transformation is operationally simple and efficient and has the unusual feature of giving high syn-selectivity, which is the opposite of that produced in the aldol addition with (thio)esters under conventional conditions. This method is tolerant to aldehydes and imines that contain acidic a-protons, as well as electrophiles containing other acidic protons and base-sensitive functional groups.</p><p>The development of a strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of a large portion of the polycyclic polyprenylated acyl phloroglucinols via N-amino cyclic carbamate hydrazones, and its application to the first asymmetric total synthesis of both (+)- and (-)-clusianone is discussed. The clusianones are synthesized with an er of 99:1 and their anti-HIV activity is found to be 1.53 and 1.13 &#61549;M, respectively. A library of clusianone-like compounds is synthesized and their biological activity has been probed.</p><p>Finally, efforts towards the total synthesis of brasilicardin A are reported. An appropriate model system was synthesized, and conditions were established using a pinene-based aldol reaction to synthesize the b-methoxy-a-amino ester side chain of the molecule. Next, efforts toward the synthesis of the anti-syn-anti- perhydro-phenanthrene core are discussed.</p> / Dissertation

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_BrunoRicardoVilacha_M.pdf: 1423792 bytes, checksum: 7de8ab5e57971637382e0a11e87dbdf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Napalilactona e Patilactona A são dois sesquiterpenóides espirolactônicos isolados de fontes marinhas. Esses sesquiterpenos, biogeneticamente derivados de um esqueleto carbônico do tipo aristoleno, apresentam em suas estruturas quatro centros estereogênicos contínuos e diferem apenas na substituição do heteroátomo (Cl versus OH) vizinho à unidade espiro g-butirolactônica. Como parte de um programa de pesquisa direcionado à síntese de alguns produtos naturais, descrevemos, nesse trabalho, um estudo focado no desenvolvimento de um método direto, que permitiria a preparação de um alceno funcionalizado, opticamente ativo. Esse intermediário pode ser usado para a síntese assimétrica dos dois sesquiterpenos. Devido ao elevado custo da (S)-(-)-pulegona, iniciamos esse trabalho com a (R)-(+)-pulegona, como um sistema modelo. O nosso objetivo principal era estabelecer uma estratégia sintética que mais tarde pudesse ser extrapolada para a síntese dos sesquiterpenos citados. Baseado nos dados anteriormente descritos pelo nosso laboratório para a síntese racêmica da Patilactona A, realizamos uma seqüência de reações na tentativa de se formar esse alceno funcionalizado. De acordo com a rota sintética partindo da (R)-(+)-pulegona, o intermediário seleneto foi preparado em 9 etapas com um rendimento global de 12%. Em vista do sucesso na síntese de intermediários avançados a partir da (R)-(+)-pulegona, esta mesma sequência sintética pôde ser usada na síntese assimétrica da (+)-Napalilactona, usando como material de partida a (S)-(-)-pulegona / Abstract: Napalilactone and Pathylactone A are two sesquiterpenoids spirolactones isolated from marine corals. These sesquiterpenes, biogenetically derivable from an aristolene carbon skeleton, show in their structures four contiguous stereocenters and differ only in the nature of heteroatom substituent (Cl versus OH) adjacent to the spirolactone ring junction. As part of a research program directed toward the total synthesis of some marine natural products, we describe in this work a study focused on the development of a straightforward method, which would allow the preparation of an optically active functionalized alkene. This key intermediate could be used for the asymmetric synthesis of both sesquiterpenes. Owing to the high cost of (S)-pulegone, we began this work using (R)-pulegone as a model system. Our aim was to establish a synthetic strategy that later could be surpassed for the synthesis of the sesquiterpenes cited. Based on data previously described from our laboratory for the racemic synthesis of Pathylactone-A, we carried out a sequence of reactions in an attempt to form the functionalized alkene. According to the synthetic route from (R)-(+)-pulegone, the intermediate selenide was prepared in 9 steps with overall yield of 13%. In view of the success in the synthesis of advanced intermediates from (R)-pulegone, this same synthetic sequence could be used for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-Napalilactone, using as starting material the (S)-(-)-pulegone / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-16T14:44:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roger Pereira Alves - 2015.pdf: 1984653 bytes, checksum: acab08cd2cf2271fa365158234c85c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-16T14:52:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roger Pereira Alves - 2015.pdf: 1984653 bytes, checksum: acab08cd2cf2271fa365158234c85c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roger Pereira Alves - 2015.pdf: 1984653 bytes, checksum: acab08cd2cf2271fa365158234c85c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It has grown in recent year’s concerns about the environment preservation and extension use of renewable products and its low toxicity. Thus, it is necessary to replace the use of petroleum and its derivatives by bioproduct. The petroleum derivatives can pollute soil and water further the air. As an example, only a quarter of fossil lubricants manufactured in the world are recycled, causing a huge range of toxic waste to the environment. So the aim of this work is to synthesize a biolubricant less aggressive to the environment, certainly do not contain synthetic additives, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors and high concentration of heavy metals, as well as increasing the rate of manufacture process then they cause irreparable damage for the diverse ecosystems. The biolubricant was synthetized via alkylation, etherification and esterification reactions of linseed oil. The biolubricant obtained showed excellent physicochemical properties such as high flash point, viscosity, lubricity and thermal stability, it also showed low acid value, volatility, pour point and cloud point, not being corrosive to copper, with good oxidative stability, and compete in the global lubricants market. / Nos últimos anos tem crescido as preocupações sobre a preservação do meio ambiente e a ampliação do uso de produtos renováveis e de baixa toxicidade. Portanto, tem-se procurado substituir o uso de petróleo e seus derivados por bioprodutos. Além da poluição atmosférica, os derivados de petróleo podem contaminar o solo e a água. Como exemplo cita-se que apenas um quarto dos lubrificantes fósseis produzidos no mundo é reciclado, gerando uma quantidade gigantesca de resíduos tóxicos à natureza. Assim, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de sintetizar um biolubrificante renovável, menos agressivo ao meio ambiente, que não contenha aditivos sintéticos, modificadores de viscosidade, inibidores de corrosão e elevada quantidade de metais pesados, visando diminuir custos de produção e minimizar impactos para os diferentes ecossistemas. O biolubrificante foi sintetizado via reação de alquilação, eterificação e esterificação do óleo de linhaça. O biolubrificante obtido apresentou excelentes propriedades físico-químicas como elevado ponto de fulgor, índice de viscosidade, lubricidade e estabilidade térmica, além de apresentar baixo índice de acidez, volatilidade, ponto de fluidez e névoa, não ser corrosivo ao cobre e apresentar adequada estabilidade oxidativa, demonstrando elevada capacidade de empregabilidade no mercado de lubrificantes mundiais.

A química verde, que tem a preocupação com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e processos incapazes de causar poluição, tem sido citada cada vez mais em destaque, pela mídia, como mais uma das iniciativas para prevenção da poluição desenfreada. Neste estudo tem-se buscado a redução ou eliminação de solventes, adaptação dos sistemas reacionais para operação em temperatura ambiente e aumento do rendimento em processos de reações guiados pelos doze princípios da química verde. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na síntese de intermediários de princípios ativos para uso industrial, através de processos de formação de oximas e oximas éteres. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais, preparação de oximas e preparação de oximas éteres. Na primeira preparou-se oximas através da reação de aldeídos (benzaldeído, furfuraldeído, salicilaldeído e p-anisaldeído) e cetonas (ciclopentanona, ciclohexanona, metil etil cetona, benzofenona e acetofenona) com cloreto de hidroxilamina, sem a utilização de solventes orgânicos e sem adição de água. Na segunda o objetivo foi preparar oximas éteres (O-butil benzaldeído oxima, O-butil furfuraldeído oxima, N-butoxi-(2-butoxifenil) metanimina, O-butil p-anisaldeído oxima, O-butil ciclohexanona oxima, O-butil ciclopentanona oxima e O-butil metil etil cetona oxima) a partir da alquilação de oximas utilizando um suporte sólido de KF/Al2O3 como catalisador. Todos os compostos foram caracterizados por RMN 13C (apt) e alguns por infravermelho e RMN 1H. / Green chemistry, which is concerned with the development of technologies and processes incapable of causing pollution, has been cited increasingly highlighted, by the media, as another of the initiatives to prevent pollution rampant. This study has sought a reduction or elimination of solvents, reaction to adjust the systems operating at room temperature and yield increase in reactive processes that are guided by the twelve principles of green chemistry. The objective of this work is the synthesis of active intermediates for industrial use, through processes of formation of oximes, oximes ethers. The work was divided into two phases, preparation of oximes and preparation of oximes ethers. In the first was prepared oximes by reaction of aldehydes (benzaldehyde, furfuraldeyde, salicylaldehyde and p-anisaldeyde) and ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, benzophenone and acetophenone) with hydroxylamine chloride without the use of organic solvents and without adding water. For the second was prepared oximes ethers (O-butyl benzaldheyde oxime, O-butyl furfuraldeyde oxime, N-butoxy-(2-butoxyphenyl) methanimine, O-butyl p-anisaldeyde oxime, O-butyl cyclohexanone oxime, O-butyl cyclopentanone oxime e O-butyl methyl ethyl ketone oxime) from the alkylation of oximes, using a solid support as catalyst KF/Al2O3. All compounds were characterized by 13C NMR (apt) and some infrared and 1H NMR.