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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

An investigation into the medicinal properties of Tulbaghia alliacea phytotherapy.

Thamburan, Samantha. January 2009 (has links)
<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>
22

An investigation into the medicinal properties of Tulbaghia alliacea phytotherapy.

Thamburan, Samantha. January 2009 (has links)
<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>
23

Tvorba barevných látek při zpracování česnekovitých rostlin / Formation of color compounds during processing of alliaceous species

CURKO, Petr January 2016 (has links)
This Master's thesis is focused on study of color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous plants, especially during processing of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Sicilian honey garlic (Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.). Color compounds formed in alliaceous plants significantly reduce their sensory quality percieved by consumers and represent a relatively significant financial burden for the food industry. While especially blue and yellow compounds are formed during processing of garlic, pink to red compounds are formed during processing of Sicilian honey garlic. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis is focused on two plants of the genus Allium L. - garlic and Sicilian honey garlic, their significance, occurrence and usage. The study also discusses the mechanism of color compounds formation, that involves mainly sulfur compounds. The experimental part of the Master's thesis is focused on isolation and identification of the most significant color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous species and proposal probable mechanism of their formation.
24

Silício e nitrogênio em alho vernalizado com e sem limpeza de vírus

Oliveira, Nelson Geraldo de [UNESP] 27 May 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ng_dr_botfca.pdf: 23287461 bytes, checksum: f09056dc1cf6fba7c72c80066abf616d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do silicato de cálcio e do N no controle preventivo da reinfecção viral e pseudoperfilhamento do alho convencional e alho livre de vírus, visando aumentar a eficiência no uso da água, o aproveitamento do nitrogênio e conseqüentemente a produtividade, através de avaliações fitopatológicas e fitotecnicas da cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador, vernalizada por 45 dias a 4°C. O trabalho foi conduzido durante os anos agrícolas de 2009 e 2010 na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Campus de Botucatu - Unesp (latitude 22o45' S, longitude 48o34' W, altitude de 750m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 4 x 4 x 2 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de nitrogênio, (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1); quatro doses de silicato de cálcio, (0, 2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) e dois tipos de alho, convencional e livre de vírus. As parcelas foram de 1,20 x 2,0 m. Observou-se que o pH não variou em função das doses de silicato de cálcio, variando apenas o teor de silício e conseqüentemente o teor de Ca, em 2009 e 2010. O índice SPAD de alho livre de vírus é superior ao alho convencional. A assimilação liquida de CO2 (A) de alho livre de vírus é superior a do alho convencional. A relação Si:Ca encontrada na massa seca de alho é em média de 0,45, sendo portanto, classificado como planta não acumuladora de Si. O teor de Si de 0,85% na massa seca, não impede a reinfecção viral em alho livre de vírus. A produtividade de alho convencional apresenta resposta variável em função do nitrogênio. A produtividade de alho livre de vírus é influenciada pela interação ilicato de cálcio x N, atingindo a máxima produtividade de 18 Mg ha-1 / The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of calcium silicate and N in the preventive control of viral reinfection and the lateral bud growth in conventional garlic and virus-free garlic, aiming at increasing the efficiency of water use, making a good use of nitrogen and consequently increasing the productivity, through the phytopathological and phytotechnical evaluations of the cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador, vernalized for 45 days at 4 °C. The task was held during the two agricultural years of 2009 and 2010 in the Experimental Farm in São Manuel, belonging to the School of Agronomical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil at latitude 22o45” S, longitude 48o34” W, altitude 750m. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 4 x 2 with four replications. The treatments consisted of four doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1), four doses of calcium silicate, (0, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1) and two types of garlic, conventional garlic and virus-free garlic. The plots were of 1.20m x 2.0 m. It was observed that the pH did not vary with the doses of calcium silicate, only varying the silicon content and therefore the content of Ca in 2009 and 2010. The SPAD index of virus-free garlic is superior to conventional garlic. The CO2 assimilation net (A) of the virusfree garlic is superior to conventional garlic. The Si:Ca ratio in the dry mass of garlic is an average of 0.45 being, therefore classified as a not Si accumulating plant. The Si content of 0.85% in dry weight, does not prevent viral reinfection in virus-free garlic. The productivity of conventional garlic has a variable response depending on the nitrogen. Productivity of free virus garlic is influenced by the interaction of calcium silicate x N, reaching the maximum yield of 18 Mg ha-1
25

Silício e nitrogênio em alho vernalizado com e sem limpeza de vírus /

Oliveira, Nelson Geraldo de, 1974- January 2011 (has links)
Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do silicato de cálcio e do N no controle preventivo da reinfecção viral e pseudoperfilhamento do alho convencional e alho livre de vírus, visando aumentar a eficiência no uso da água, o aproveitamento do nitrogênio e conseqüentemente a produtividade, através de avaliações fitopatológicas e fitotecnicas da cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador, vernalizada por 45 dias a 4°C. O trabalho foi conduzido durante os anos agrícolas de 2009 e 2010 na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Campus de Botucatu - Unesp (latitude 22o45' S, longitude 48o34' W, altitude de 750m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 4 x 4 x 2 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de nitrogênio, (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1); quatro doses de silicato de cálcio, (0, 2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) e dois tipos de alho, convencional e livre de vírus. As parcelas foram de 1,20 x 2,0 m. Observou-se que o pH não variou em função das doses de silicato de cálcio, variando apenas o teor de silício e conseqüentemente o teor de Ca, em 2009 e 2010. O índice SPAD de alho livre de vírus é superior ao alho convencional. A assimilação liquida de CO2 (A) de alho livre de vírus é superior a do alho convencional. A relação Si:Ca encontrada na massa seca de alho é em média de 0,45, sendo portanto, classificado como planta não acumuladora de Si. O teor de Si de 0,85% na massa seca, não impede a reinfecção viral em alho livre de vírus. A produtividade de alho convencional apresenta resposta variável em função do nitrogênio. A produtividade de alho livre de vírus é influenciada pela interação ilicato de cálcio x N, atingindo a máxima produtividade de 18 Mg ha-1 / Abstract: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of calcium silicate and N in the preventive control of viral reinfection and the lateral bud growth in conventional garlic and virus-free garlic, aiming at increasing the efficiency of water use, making a good use of nitrogen and consequently increasing the productivity, through the phytopathological and phytotechnical evaluations of the cultivar Roxo Pérola de Caçador, vernalized for 45 days at 4 °C. The task was held during the two agricultural years of 2009 and 2010 in the Experimental Farm in São Manuel, belonging to the School of Agronomical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil at latitude 22o45" S, longitude 48o34" W, altitude 750m. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 4 x 2 with four replications. The treatments consisted of four doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1), four doses of calcium silicate, (0, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1) and two types of garlic, conventional garlic and virus-free garlic. The plots were of 1.20m x 2.0 m. It was observed that the pH did not vary with the doses of calcium silicate, only varying the silicon content and therefore the content of Ca in 2009 and 2010. The SPAD index of virus-free garlic is superior to conventional garlic. The CO2 assimilation net (A) of the virusfree garlic is superior to conventional garlic. The Si:Ca ratio in the dry mass of garlic is an average of 0.45 being, therefore classified as a not Si accumulating plant. The Si content of 0.85% in dry weight, does not prevent viral reinfection in virus-free garlic. The productivity of conventional garlic has a variable response depending on the nitrogen. Productivity of free virus garlic is influenced by the interaction of calcium silicate x N, reaching the maximum yield of 18 Mg ha-1 / Orientador: Leonardo Theodoro Büll / Coorientador: Marcelo Agenor Pavan / Coorientador: Rumy Goto / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Shizuo Seno / Banca: Rovilson José de Souza / Doutor
26

Toxicidade pré-clinica de fitoterápicos à base de mel de abelha, própolis e extratos de Mikania glomerata, Eucalyptus globulus ou da associação Zingiber officinale e Allium sativum em roedores

PONTE, Francisca Liduina Ribeiro January 2003 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5096_1.pdf: 254073 bytes, checksum: 5827be40ecff661f6d409cc3b9ebfe20 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Nesse estudo, avaliamos a toxicidade pré-clínica aguda e crônica de 03 fitoterápicos, amplamente consumidos pela população brasileira para o tratamento de afecções respiratórias. A formulação dos três compostos contém mel de abelha e extrato de própolis acrescida de extrato fluído de Mikania glomerata (fitoterápico A), extrato fluído de Eucalyptus globulus (fitoterápico B) ou extratos fluídos de Zingiber officinale e Allium sativum (fitoterápico C), os fitoterápicos A e B são apresentados sob a forma de xarope e o fitoterápico C sob a forma de spray . O ensaio de toxicidade aguda dose única (7,5, 15, 25 ou 35 ml/kg; v.o.), em camundongos Swiss de ambos os sexos (n=10animais/grupo), demonstrou baixa ordem de toxicidade para os três compostos. Os fitoterápicos A e C, em doses de até 25 ml/Kg, não produziram mortalidade nos animais dos respectivos grupos, enquanto que na dose de 35 ml/kg foi verificado um percentual de 30% e 70% de mortalidade para os fitoterápico C e A, respectivamente. Em relação ao fitoterápico B, nos animais submetidos ao tratamento com doses de até 15 ml/kg, não foi verificado nenhum registro de morte. Entretanto, para as doses de 25 e 35 ml/kg foram observados mortalidade de 20% e 40%, respectivamente. Nos três estudos não foi possível determinar a DL50 dos fitoterápicos em função da impossibilidade de administração de volume superior ao volume máximo (1 ml), já utilizado na administração da dose de 35 ml/kg, permitido para a espécie estudada. Nas observações gerais, o tratamento agudo com os três fitoterápicos (7,5 e 15 ml/kg) não evidenciou nenhum indicativo de toxicidade, quando comparado ao grupo controle, do início até o 14o dia após o tratamento, para os animais sobreviventes. No estudo de toxicidade crônica em ratos de ambos os sexos, o tratamento com o fitoterápico A (7,5 ou 15 ml/kg; v.o.) não apresentou diferença no perfil hematológico e bioquímico dos grupos tratados em relação ao controle, após 90 dias de tratamento. O perfil hematológico dos grupos tratados com os fitoterápicos B ou C (7,5 ou 15 ml/kg; v.o.) também não diferiram do controle. Os animais do grupo tratado com o fitoterápico B (7,5 ml/kg), apresentaram um aumento significativo (p<0,01) na concentração plasmática de triglicérides (102,2±8.8 para machos e 100,0±8.8 mg/dl para fêmeas), em relação ao grupo controle salina (86,8±8.8 para machos e 84.6±8.8mg/dl para fêmeas). Os animais do grupo tratado com o fitoterápico C (15 ml/kg) apresentaram diferenças significantes (p<0,01) em relação à concentração plasmática de glicose (86,8±4,7 nos machos e 77,2&#1048690;4,7 mg/dl nas fêmeas), em relação aos valores do controle (66,7&#1048690;4,7 para os machos e 68,5&#1048690;4,7 mg/dl para as fêmeas). Os valores relativos à concentração de triglicérides (127,0&#1048690;11,0 nos machos e 96,0&#1048690;11,0 mg/dl nas fêmeas) também diferiram significantemente (p<0,05) em relação ao controle (86,8&#1048690;11,0 nos machos e 84,6&#1048690;11,0 mg/dl nas fêmeas). A nível clínico, estas diferenças constatadas, não parecem ser significativas, uma vez que os valores observados se encontra dentro da faixa de referência considerada normal para a espécie estudada. Após a administração crônica, o comportamento geral dos animais não apresentou alteração e a evolução do peso corporal dos grupos tratados não apresentou nenhuma diferença significante em relação ao controle. A análise macroscópica de órgãos vitais tais como pulmões, fígado, coração, rins e estômago não revelaram nenhuma alteração em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao peso desses órgãos, foi possível constatar que, somente nos grupos de machos tratados com o fitoterápico A foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) em relação ao peso do fígado e rim, para o grupo tratado com 7,5ml/kg, e do baço para o grupo tratado com 15 ml/kg. Porém, tais alterações não foram dose dependente e restringiram-se apenas aos machos. A análise desses resultados leva a conclusão que, em doses equivalentes em termos humanos, os três fitoterápicos (7,5 ou 15 ml/kg), não apresentaram efeitos tóxicos (agudo e crônico) relevantes do ponto de vista clinico, em camundongos Swiss e ratos Wistar de ambos os sexos
27

Análise molecular em alho consumo nacional e importado para detecção da presença de Allexivírus

NASCIMENTO, Robson José do 21 February 2006 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T13:42:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Robson Jose do Nascimento.pdf: 504518 bytes, checksum: c6daea872bbe37b1f317f4658b6ff1ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Robson Jose do Nascimento.pdf: 504518 bytes, checksum: c6daea872bbe37b1f317f4658b6ff1ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Garlic is a monocotyledon belonging to the family Aliaceae, originating in Central Asia. In Brazil, it was introduced by the Portuguese, at the time of discovery, being widely used in cooking until the present day. Botanically, it is an agrarian herbaceous, with approximately 50 cm of height, propagated by bulbilho, which allows the maintenance of the agronomic characteristics. This method of propagation allows an efficient dissemination of pathogens, mainly viruses, which are one of the main groups of pathogens of this culture, which can cause a reduction of productive potential between 20 and 80%. Garlic is a natural host of viral species belonging to the genera Potyvirus, Carlavirus and Allexivirus. The latter was recently established as a member of the Flexiviridae family and groups Garlic mite-borne filamentous virus (GarMbFV), Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C Garlic virus D (GarV-D), Garlic virus E (GarV-E), Garlic virus X (GarV-X) and Shallot virus X (ShV-X). In Brazil, imported garlic has been used for planting, which constitutes a risk of introduction of exotic viral species in the country. Currently, the detection of allexivirus in bulbs can be performed by serological and / or molecular tests, and planting is necessary to obtain foliar tissue with high concentration of viral particles, which requires, on average, 30 days. Serological tests are efficient, however, because of the difficulty in producing high quality antisera, are currently less indicated than molecular methods. Aiming to reduce the time for analysis of detection of allexivirus in garlic, a methodological adjustment for nucleic acid extraction was sought directly from the leaf primordia of bulbilhos. Samples of garlic, from Rio Grande do Sul and imported from Argentina were analyzed using foliar primordia obtained by dissecting the bulbiles to extract total RNA using the Trizol reagent. Amplifications of the target genomic fragment were performed via RT-PCR. A band at the time corresponding to 500 bp was observed on agarose gel in the two samples studied. PCR products were transferred to membranes for Southern blot testing, for which a cold probe capable of detecting Allexivirus species was used, from which testing the presence of allexivirus was confirmed. Another allexivirus detection analysis was carried out on samples of garlic consumption imported from Argentina, China and Spain, following the same methodology, being verified a band corresponding to 500 bp in samples from Argentina and China. Southern Blot test, in which a specific cold probe was used to detect GarV-C, confirmed viral infection by the aforementioned species. According to the results obtained, it was found that the extraction of total RNA directly from leaf primordia, combined with the use of molecular techniques, presents itself as a fast and efficient method for detection of allexivirus. It was also verified that most of the analyzed samples are infected with allexivirus, evidencing a sanitary pattern that contraindicates the use of this type of material as seed, with the risk of introduction of exotic viral species. / O alho é uma monocotiledônea pertencente à família Aliaceae, originário da Ásia Central. No Brasil, foi introduzido pelos portugueses, na época do descobrimento, sendo amplamente utilizado na culinária até os dias atuais. Botanicamente, trata-se de uma herbácea agâmica, com aproximadamente 50 cm de altura, propagada via bulbilho, o que permite a manutenção das características agronômicas. Este método de propagação possibilita uma eficiente disseminação de patógenos, principalmente vírus, que são um dos principais grupos de patógenos desta cultura, podendo causar uma redução do potencial produtivo entre 20 e 80%. O alho é hospedeiro natural de espécies virais pertencentes aos gêneros Potyvirus, Carlavirus e Allexivirus. Este último foi recentemente estabelecido como membro da família Flexiviridae e agrupa as espécies Garlic mite-borne filamentousvirus (GarMbFV), Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C (GarV-C), Garlic virus D (GarV-D), Garlic virus E (GarV-E), Garlic virus X (GarV-X) e Shallot virus X (ShV-X). No Brasil, o alho consumo importado tem sido empregado para o plantio, o que se constitui um risco de introdução de espécies virais exóticas no país. Atualmente, a detecção de allexivírus em bulbos pode ser realizada por testes sorológicos e/ou moleculares, sendo necessário plantio para obtenção de tecido foliar com alta concentração de partículas virais, o que requer, em média, 30 dias. Os testes sorológicos são eficientes, no entanto, em razão da dificuldade para produção de anti-soros de alta qualidade, atualmente são menos indicados que os métodos moleculares. Objetivando reduzir o tempo para análise de detecção de allexivírus em alho, buscou-se um ajustemetodológico para extração de ácido nucléico diretamente dos primórdios foliares de bulbilhos. Amostras de alho consumo, oriundos do Rio Grande do Sul e importado daArgentina foram analisadas, empregando-se primórdios foliares obtidos por dissecação dos bulbilhos para extração de RNA total com uso do reagente Trizol. As amplificações do fragmento genômico alvo foram realizadas via RT-PCR. Uma banda na altura correspondente a 500 pb foi observada, em gel de agarose, nas duas amostras estudadas. Os produtos de PCR foram transferidos para membranas para teste de Southern Blot, para o qual empregou-se uma sonda fria capaz de detectar espécies de Allexivirus, de cujo teste foi confirmado a presença de allexivírus. Outra análise de detecção de allexivírus foi realizada em amostras de alho consumo importado da Argentina, China e Espanha, seguindo a mesma metodologia, sendo verificada, uma banda na altura correspondente a 500 pb em amostras oriundas da Argentina e da China. Teste de Southern Blot, no qual empregou-se uma sonda fria específica para detectar GarV-C, confirmou infecção viral pela espécie citada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos constatou-se que a extração de RNA total diretamente de primórdios foliares, aliada ao uso de técnicas moleculares apresenta-se como um método rápido e eficiente para detecção de allexivírus. Constatou-se também, que a maior parte das amostras analisadas encontra-se infectada por allexivírus, evidenciando um padrão sanitário que contra-indica o uso deste tipo de material como semente, com o risco de introdução de espécies virais exóticas.
28

Evaluación técnica y económica de la producción de ajo bajo riego por goteo.

Pais Llanca, Juan Francisco January 2004 (has links)
Con el propósito de conocer el comporta miento y rentabilidad del cultivo de ajo bajo riego por goteo, se realizó una evaluación técnica y económica de cuatro configuraciones de riego por goteo. El ensayo se realizó en un predio ubicado en la ciudad de Llay-llay perteneciente a la provincia de San Felipe, V Región. El cultivo se desarrolló entre los meses de mayo y noviembre del 2003. Las cuatro configuraciones de riego por goteo se distribuyeron en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con 8 repeticiones. La unidad experimental consistió en una mesa de cultivo de 1,47 m de ancho por 50 m de largo. Los tratamientos consintieron en instalación de dos o tres tuberías de goteo por cama sobre el suelo o enterradas a 20 cm. Para la evaluación técnica se midieron parámetros de crecimiento como diámetro ecuatorial del bulbo y producción de materia seca. Además se midieron variables de rendimiento como la producción de bulbos cosechados y la distribución de tamaño de éstos. En cuanto a la evaluación económica, cada configuración de riego se planteó como un sistema de riego, determinado los costos qu e implicaría la instalación de estos sistemas en la realidad. Para determinar la configurac ión más rentable se utilizaron indicadores de rentabilidad como el valor actual neto, tasa interna de retorno, relación beneficio costo y periodo de recuperación de la inversión. Además, se realiz ó un análisis de sensibilidad. Desde el punto de vista técnico no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos a excepción de la acumulación de la materia seca total. Las variaciones observadas podrían ser explicadas por las diferentes precipitaciones que entregaban los tratamientos. Tres tuberías de goteo en superficie generan un frente de mojamiento lateralmente homogéneo pero llega a menor profundidad. En tanto los tratamientos con dos tuberías de goteo por tener un mayor tiempo de riego logran una mayor lámina aplicada en el punto de goteo, llegando a profundidades adecuadas. El rendimiento promedio obtenido fue de 15,8 ton ha -1 , del cual un 79% corresponde a ajo con calidad de exportación; todos los tratamientos presentaron igual distribución de calibres. Al evaluar económicamente los tratamientos el mejor evaluado fue el de dos tuberías de goteo por cama, enterradas a 20 cm. En este se maximizaron los recursos, ya que utilizó menos tuberías por cama y al estar enterradas no sería necesario su recambio a la mitad del proyecto por deterioro. Al realizar un análisis de sensibilidad se observó que los proyectos son más sensibles a la baja de lo s precios de venta, que al alza de insumos.
29

Yield and quality responses of Egyptian white garlic (Allium sativum L.) and wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea Harv.) to nitrogen nutrition

Mudziwa, Nyengedzeni 22 October 2010 (has links)
Allium sativum and Tulbaghia violacea are some of the most important medicinal plants used by South African traditional healers for the treatment of flu, fever, cold, tuberculosis, asthma and many more diseases. However, growth, yield and quality are constrained by excessive and under fertilization. This study was carried out to determine, firstly, the effect of N source (ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate) on yield and quality of A. sativum and T. violacea plants. Secondly, to determine the best season for harvesting T. violacea and lastly, to determine the antifungal effects of A. sativum and T. violacea plant extracts against plant pathogens Altenaria solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Both plants were treated with both N sources applied as topdressing treatments at a total of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1, divided into three applications at three week (A. sativum) and three month (T. violacea) intervals. A. sativum plants were sampled at 54, 82, 112, 140 and 175 days after planting (DAP) while, T. violacea plants were sampled monthly for ten months. Parameters recorded were growth analysis, yield and bioactivity for both plant species. Both nitrogen sources improved plant growth and yield of A. sativum and T. violacea plants. Calcium nitrate at 150 kg•ha-1 and ammonium sulphate at 200 kg•ha-1 produced the highest at 24 t•ha-1 and 27 t•ha-1, respectively. Ammonium sulphate improved bioactivity of leaves with the highest bioactivity recorded at 82 and 112 DAP. Yield obtained from the autumn harvest was not affected by N source. Ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate at 200 kg•ha-1 produced the highest yields of 23.6 t•ha-1 and 23.5 t•ha-1, respectively. In contrast, yield obtained from the winter harvest was affected by N source at 200 kg•ha-1, with significantly better yield of 30.8 t•ha-1 with calcium nitrate compared to 27.4 t•ha-1 with ammonium sulphate. Crude extracts of T. violacea bulbs that were treated with ammonium sulphate significantly inhibited the growth of plant pathogenic fungi, whereas extracts from plants treated with calcium nitrate showed low bioactivity. Extracts from plants grown with ammonium sulphate at 100 kg•ha-1 were more effective in controlling growth of plant pathogens when compared to other N levels. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) effects of A. sativum against S. rolfsii and A. solani were at 0.01 mg•mL-1. The MIC of T. violacea extracts against A. solani was at 0.006 mg•mL<Sup>-1. The MIC of T. violacea extracts were better than previously reported in literature. Therefore, A. sativum and T. violacea plant extracts can be used as fungicides against S. rolfsii and A. solani diseases for crops such as tomato and potato. / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted
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An investigation into the medicinal properties of Tulbaghia alliacea phytotherapy

Thamburan, Samantha January 2009 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 - 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro. / South Africa

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