Introdução. A hospitalização tem sido associada com o declínio funcional. Em pacientes críticos, os efeitos da perda funcional na hospitalização podem perdurar por muito tempo após a alta hospitalar. Muitos fatores durante a estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva podem ter potencial para influenciar a perda funcional após esse período. A hipótese do estudo foi que o nível de atividade e mobilidade durante o período na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva poderia ter mais impacto para o declínio funcional que outras variáveis. Objetivo. Investigar o impacto do nível de atividade física e outros fatores clínicos durante a estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva como possíveis fatores preditivos e protetores do declínio funcional. Desenho do estudo. Estudo prospectivo observacional. Métodos. O estudo incluiu pacientes de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo e foi aprovado pelo comitê de Ética da Instituição. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade maior que 18 anos, sem diagnósticos neurológicos, sem contra indicação para mobilização e Índice de Barthel maior que 80 pontos. Foram excluídos pacientes com estadia menor que quatro dias e óbito durante o estudo. Um acelerômetro no tornozelo do paciente foi usado para analisar o nível de atividade e mobilidade durante todo o período da internação na unidade intensiva. Foram avaliadas variáveis como idade, sexo, SAPS III, ventilação mecânica, medicações, comorbidades e motivo da admissão. A funcionalidade foi avaliada através do Índice de Barthel no momento da admissão e da alta. Os pacientes foram divididos no momento da alta da Terapia Intensiva em dois grupos: pacientes que eram funcionalmente dependentes (Índice de Barthel menor que 80 pontos) e independentes (maior que 80 pontos). Regressão logística e Odds Ratio foram usados para analisar os fatores de risco e de proteção para o declínio funcional. Resultados. Foram avaliados 62 pacientes com 57 ± 17 anos, 53% do sexo feminio, Índice de comorbidade de Charlson 3 (2-6), SAPS III 54 ± 13 pontos. 39% dos pacientes fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica durante 2,5 (1-4) dias. Os pacientes passaram 94 ± 4% do tempo da internação inativos, 6±3,7% em atividade leves e 87±9% deitados. 58% se tornaram funcionalmente dependentes. A análise do Odds Ratio mostrou que a idade aumentou em 23% (OR=1.23, CI95% 1,05-1,43) o risco de declínio funcional, e o tempo em inatividade em 227% (OR=3.27, CI95% 1,23-8,68). Ao contrário disso, o tempo gasto em atividades leves foi um fator de proteção para o declínio funcional (OR=0.50, CI95% 0,36-0,69). Limitações. O estudo foi realizado em apenas uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva com pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos. Para análise do acelerômetro foi usado um algoritmo já validado na literatura, porém para pacientes idosos saudáveis. Conclusão. Os resultados desse estudo oferecem as primeiras evidências que diferentes níveis de atividade física durante o período na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva foram relacionados a perda funcional nesse período. O único fator protetivo independente modificável foi a atividade física, mesmo que em níveis baixos. Portanto, a idade e a porcentagem do tempo em inatividade durante o período de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, foram fatores preditivos independentes para a perda funcional no momento da alta. Atividades leves, mostrou-se ser fator protetivo em pacientes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Background. The hospitalization has been associated with adverse events such functional decline. In critical patients, this impairment can still for long time after hospital discharge. Many factors during the stay in intensive are unit could influence the functional decline. We hypothesized that the level of exercise and mobility during the period in intensive care unit could be more impact for functional decline than clinical characteristics. Objective. We aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity level and other clinical factors during intensive care unit stay as possible predictors and protectors of the functional decline in discharge moment. Design. This investigation was a prospective, observational study. Methods. This study included patients from an ICU, in Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Study inclusion criteria were aging over than 18 years, without neurological pathology and contraindication for mobilization, Barthel Index >= than 80 points. Our exclusion criteria were less than 4 days in the ICU and death during the protocol. Accelerometry on the ankle was used to analyze activity during all the period in ICU. We also assessed age, sex, SAPS III, mechanical ventilation, drugs, comorbities and reason of ICU admission. We assessed functional status by BI in ICU discharge. For statistical analysis, we divided the patients in ICU discharge into two groups: who was functionally dependent (FD; BI <80points) and independent (FI; BI >=80 points). Logistic regressions and Odds Ratio were used to analyze predictive and protective factors of functional decline. Results. We analyzed 62 patients (57 ± 17 years, 53% male, Charlson Index 3 (2- 6), SAPS III 54 ± 13 points, 39% under mechanical ventilation during 2,5 (1-4) consecutive days. Patients spent 94 ± 4% of the time in inactivity, 6 ± 3,7% in light activities, and 87±9% lying. 58% of patients become FD. The age and percentage of time in inactivity were independent factors for functional decline. The Odds Ratio (OR) showed that age (OR=1.23, CI95% 1,05-1,43) and time in inactivity (OR=3.27, CI95% 1,23-8,68) were predictive factors for functional decline. On the other hand, time in light activity (OR=0.50, CI95% 0,36-0,69) was a protective factor for functional decline. Limitations. We analyzed a single ICU with clinical and surgery patients, we used validated algorithms for healthy subjects, specifically, elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study offer the first evidence that the different level of physical activity during ICU stay is related to functional loss in this period. Since inactivity is a risk factor, light activity is a protective factor for these patients. Therefore, physiotherapy intervention can focus on maintaining patient functionality, since physical activity is a modifiable factor in the ICU environment. With the goal of maintaining functionality, the only modifiable factor, in our study, was physical activity, even when in low level. So, the age and the percentage of time in inactivity during the stay in ICU were predictive factors for loss of functional independence in discharge moment. Perform light exercises during this moment proved to be a protective factor for functional loss in ICU patients

Background: The Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a potential resource to be applied to patients in the immediate postoperative period of cardiothoracic surgery in order to avoid functional loss, which often occurs even during a short period of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit. Objective: To investigate the effects of NMES on functional exercise capacity in cardiac surgery patients in the immediate postoperative period. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, adult patients in the preoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting and cardiac valve replacement were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group, subjected to the usual care of physical therapy, or intervention group, who underwent NMES in the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius, bilaterally, for 60 minutes, for up to 10 sessions. The primary outcome was distance walked, assessed through the Six-Minute Walk Test at postoperative day 5. Secondary outcomes were walking speed; blood lactate after effort; muscle strength, assessed through the extensor isometric strength, handgrip strength and Medical Research Council scale; electrical muscle activity of the rectus femoris; functional independence measure and quality of life, assessed through the Nottingham Health Profile, at baseline (preoperative) and postoperative period. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS. The chi-square test, t-test, the analysis of variance and the effect size calculation were performed. Results: The analysis included 45 patients, 23 in the NMES group and 22 in the control. There was no statistically significant difference between groups on distance walked (95% IC, -83,51 to 52,79, p=0,080), or walking speed, muscular strength, electrical muscle activity, functional independence and quality of life. However, patients in the NMES group preserve the extensor strength, the electrical muscle activity, muscle strength assessed through Medical Research Council and blood lactate after the effort when compared to the rest. There was a decrease in handgrip strengh, functional independence and decline in mobility assessed through PSN, with no return to baseline values in 5PO, except for mobility in the NMES group, which presented a return to preoperative values. Conclusion: The use of NMES has no effect on functional exercise capacity in the cardiac surgery patients in the immediate postoperative period, but was associated with preservation of muscle strength, recruitment of rectus femoris motor units, and blood lactate after effort. / Introdução: A eletroestimulação neuromuscular (EENM) se apresenta como um potencial recurso a ser utilizado no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com o objetivo de evitar o declínio de mobilidade funcional, que muitas vezes ocorre mesmo durante um curto período de internamento na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da EENM na capacidade funcional de exercício de pacientes no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca. Metodologia: Neste ensaio clínico randomizado, pacientes adultos, em pré-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio e implante de bioprótese valvar foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo Controle, submetido aos cuidados usuais da fisioterapia; e Grupo Experimental, em que foi adicionada a aplicação da EENM, com a corrente FES (Functional Electrical Stimulation) no reto femoral e gastrocnêmio lateral bilateralmente, por 60 minutos em até 10 sessões durante a hospitalização. O desfecho primário foi a distância percorrida, avaliada através do Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) no 5° dia pós-operatório (PO). Os desfechos secundários foram velocidade da marcha; lactimetria pré e após esforço; força muscular, avaliada a partir da dinamometria de extensão de joelho, escala do Medical Research Council (MRC) e preensão palmar; atividade eletromiográfica do músculo reto femoral; medida de independência funcional (MIF); e qualidade de vida através do Perfil de Saúde de Nottingham (PSN), avaliados no pré e pós-operatório. Para estatística foi utilizada o programa SPSS. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student, exato de Fisher, ANOVA e calculado o tamanho do efeito. Valores de p <0,05 indicaram significância estatística. Resultados: Foram incluídos na análise 45 pacientes, 23 pertencentes ao grupo EENM e 22 ao grupo controle. A EENM não teve efeito sobre a distância percorrida (95% IC, -83,51 a 52,79, p=0,080) no 5PO, nem mesmo sob velocidade de marcha no T10, força muscular, lactimetria, atividade eletromiográfica, independência funcional e qualidade de vida. O grupo EENM, porém, apresentou manutenção da força para extensão de joelho, da atividade eletromiográfica, força muscular global a partir do MRC e do lactato sanguíneo após o esforço quando comparado ao repouso, diferente do grupo controle. Houve queda da preensão palmar, independência funcional e do domínio habilidades físicas do PSN, sem retorno aos valores basais no 5PO, exceto para habilidades físicas no grupo EENM que apresentou retorno aos valores pré-operatórios. Conclusão: O uso da EENM não demonstrou efeito sobre a capacidade funcional de exercício de pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, porém foi associada à preservação de força muscular, recrutamento das unidades motoras do reto femoral e do lactato sanguíneo ao esforço. / Aracaju

Introdução. A hospitalização tem sido associada com o declínio funcional. Em pacientes críticos, os efeitos da perda funcional na hospitalização podem perdurar por muito tempo após a alta hospitalar. Muitos fatores durante a estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva podem ter potencial para influenciar a perda funcional após esse período. A hipótese do estudo foi que o nível de atividade e mobilidade durante o período na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva poderia ter mais impacto para o declínio funcional que outras variáveis. Objetivo. Investigar o impacto do nível de atividade física e outros fatores clínicos durante a estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva como possíveis fatores preditivos e protetores do declínio funcional. Desenho do estudo. Estudo prospectivo observacional. Métodos. O estudo incluiu pacientes de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo e foi aprovado pelo comitê de Ética da Instituição. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade maior que 18 anos, sem diagnósticos neurológicos, sem contra indicação para mobilização e Índice de Barthel maior que 80 pontos. Foram excluídos pacientes com estadia menor que quatro dias e óbito durante o estudo. Um acelerômetro no tornozelo do paciente foi usado para analisar o nível de atividade e mobilidade durante todo o período da internação na unidade intensiva. Foram avaliadas variáveis como idade, sexo, SAPS III, ventilação mecânica, medicações, comorbidades e motivo da admissão. A funcionalidade foi avaliada através do Índice de Barthel no momento da admissão e da alta. Os pacientes foram divididos no momento da alta da Terapia Intensiva em dois grupos: pacientes que eram funcionalmente dependentes (Índice de Barthel menor que 80 pontos) e independentes (maior que 80 pontos). Regressão logística e Odds Ratio foram usados para analisar os fatores de risco e de proteção para o declínio funcional. Resultados. Foram avaliados 62 pacientes com 57 ± 17 anos, 53% do sexo feminio, Índice de comorbidade de Charlson 3 (2-6), SAPS III 54 ± 13 pontos. 39% dos pacientes fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica durante 2,5 (1-4) dias. Os pacientes passaram 94 ± 4% do tempo da internação inativos, 6±3,7% em atividade leves e 87±9% deitados. 58% se tornaram funcionalmente dependentes. A análise do Odds Ratio mostrou que a idade aumentou em 23% (OR=1.23, CI95% 1,05-1,43) o risco de declínio funcional, e o tempo em inatividade em 227% (OR=3.27, CI95% 1,23-8,68). Ao contrário disso, o tempo gasto em atividades leves foi um fator de proteção para o declínio funcional (OR=0.50, CI95% 0,36-0,69). Limitações. O estudo foi realizado em apenas uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva com pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos. Para análise do acelerômetro foi usado um algoritmo já validado na literatura, porém para pacientes idosos saudáveis. Conclusão. Os resultados desse estudo oferecem as primeiras evidências que diferentes níveis de atividade física durante o período na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva foram relacionados a perda funcional nesse período. O único fator protetivo independente modificável foi a atividade física, mesmo que em níveis baixos. Portanto, a idade e a porcentagem do tempo em inatividade durante o período de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, foram fatores preditivos independentes para a perda funcional no momento da alta. Atividades leves, mostrou-se ser fator protetivo em pacientes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Background. The hospitalization has been associated with adverse events such functional decline. In critical patients, this impairment can still for long time after hospital discharge. Many factors during the stay in intensive are unit could influence the functional decline. We hypothesized that the level of exercise and mobility during the period in intensive care unit could be more impact for functional decline than clinical characteristics. Objective. We aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity level and other clinical factors during intensive care unit stay as possible predictors and protectors of the functional decline in discharge moment. Design. This investigation was a prospective, observational study. Methods. This study included patients from an ICU, in Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Study inclusion criteria were aging over than 18 years, without neurological pathology and contraindication for mobilization, Barthel Index >= than 80 points. Our exclusion criteria were less than 4 days in the ICU and death during the protocol. Accelerometry on the ankle was used to analyze activity during all the period in ICU. We also assessed age, sex, SAPS III, mechanical ventilation, drugs, comorbities and reason of ICU admission. We assessed functional status by BI in ICU discharge. For statistical analysis, we divided the patients in ICU discharge into two groups: who was functionally dependent (FD; BI <80points) and independent (FI; BI >=80 points). Logistic regressions and Odds Ratio were used to analyze predictive and protective factors of functional decline. Results. We analyzed 62 patients (57 ± 17 years, 53% male, Charlson Index 3 (2- 6), SAPS III 54 ± 13 points, 39% under mechanical ventilation during 2,5 (1-4) consecutive days. Patients spent 94 ± 4% of the time in inactivity, 6 ± 3,7% in light activities, and 87±9% lying. 58% of patients become FD. The age and percentage of time in inactivity were independent factors for functional decline. The Odds Ratio (OR) showed that age (OR=1.23, CI95% 1,05-1,43) and time in inactivity (OR=3.27, CI95% 1,23-8,68) were predictive factors for functional decline. On the other hand, time in light activity (OR=0.50, CI95% 0,36-0,69) was a protective factor for functional decline. Limitations. We analyzed a single ICU with clinical and surgery patients, we used validated algorithms for healthy subjects, specifically, elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study offer the first evidence that the different level of physical activity during ICU stay is related to functional loss in this period. Since inactivity is a risk factor, light activity is a protective factor for these patients. Therefore, physiotherapy intervention can focus on maintaining patient functionality, since physical activity is a modifiable factor in the ICU environment. With the goal of maintaining functionality, the only modifiable factor, in our study, was physical activity, even when in low level. So, the age and the percentage of time in inactivity during the stay in ICU were predictive factors for loss of functional independence in discharge moment. Perform light exercises during this moment proved to be a protective factor for functional loss in ICU patients

Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been found to be effective in restoring voluntary functions after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke. However, the central nervous system (CNS) changes that occur in as a result of this therapy are largely unknown. Objective: To examine the effects of FES on the restoration of voluntary locomotor function of the CNS in a SCI rat model. Methods: SCI rats were instrumented with chronic FES electrodes in the hindlimb muscles and were divided into two groups: (a) FES therapy and (b) sedentary. At day 7 post-SCI, the animals were assessed for locomotion performance by using a Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. They were then anesthetized for a terminal in vivo experiment. The lumbar spinal cord and somatosensory cortex were exposed and the instrumented muscles were stimulated electrically. Associated neurovascular responses in the CNS were recorded with an intrinsic optical imaging system. Results: FES greatly improved locomotion recovery by day 7 post-SCI, as measured by BBB scores (P < 0.05): (a) FES 10 ± 2 and (b) controls 3 ± 1. Furthermore, the FES group showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) of neurovascular activation in the spinal cord and somatosensory cortex when the muscles were stimulated between 1 and 3 motor threshold (MT). Conclusion: Hind limb rehabilitation with FES is an effective strategy to improve locomotion during the acute phase post-SCI. The results of this study indicate that after FES, the CNS preserves/acquires the capacity to respond to peripheral electrical stimulation.

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the treatment of choice for end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Growth in the number of procedures performed annually in the United States is expected to increase steadily. Post-operative rehabilitation settings vary and include both institutional and community based physical therapy (PT) services. Despite access to PT, deficits in gait often persist for months and even years after surgery. Slow gait speed, asymmetrical walking patterns, and prolonged time in double-limb support following the TKA often lead to the need for an assistive device for walking and prolong the rehabilitation phase. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze early gait during inpatient rehabilitation to quantify both the improvements made and deficits that remain in important gait variables. This study identifies predictor variables that contribute to the variance in discharge ambulation device use and IRF length of stay. Subjects: A convenience sample of 230 patients discharged to an IRF following a TKA (160 following a single TKA and 70 following a bilateral procedure) was used for this analysis. Method: Paired t-tests were used to compare temporal and spatial gait variables from the initial gait assessment compared to the discharge gait assessment in patients following single TKA to determine remaining deficits. Right vs left comparisons were made for patients following a bilateral procedure. A binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors associated with the need for a two-handed ambulation device at discharge. A multiple linear regression developed a model to assess predictors of the inpatient rehabilitation length of stay. Finally, a self-assessment to evaluate patient confidence with walking (mGES scale) was correlated to actual gait speed performed on the gait analysis in a sample of patients from our study population. Findings: Deficits in step length, step time and percent of single limb support remained in the involved limb compared to uninvolved limb at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation following single TKA; no limb differences between the right and left side were noted in patients after bilateral TKA. The discharge gait speed of 54.6 cm/sec for single TKA patients and discharge speed of 61.5 cm/sec for bilateral TKA patients is within the classification of limited community ambulators and making them appropriate for a home discharge. But despite improvement from admission to discharge, the gait speed for both groups in our study remain below the gait speed identified by prior studies 3-months following TKA surgery where speed reached 135 cm/sec. The need for a two-handed ambulation device, such as bilateral canes or a walker, was associated with slow walking speed and prior use of a device before surgery. A longer rehabilitation length of stay was associated with slower initial gait speed, lower motor FIM scores and reduced knee extension at admission. The mGES patient self-report conducted at the time of the discharge gait assessment showed a moderate correlation to the discharge gait speed; however, the pairing of the admission mGES with the admission gait speed was not significantly correlated.

Critically ill patients can be prescribed bed rest as a therapeutic intervention. Immobility from bed rest can cause neuromuscular deconditioning and weakness. Preventing immobility by implementing mobilization activities may prevent these complications from occurring. Currently, mobility protocols are lacking. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the evidence related to mobilizing patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In the future, a standard mobility protocol should be instituted for critically ill patients indicating when and how to begin mobilization. The efficacy of mobility protocols relies on an interdisciplinary team for positive outcomes to prevent complications of inactivity and promote patient safety. Future implementation of mobilization can decrease patients' lengths of stay and extensive rehabilitation from inactivity. Nursing education, practice and research should focus on interventions to prevent complications of immobility by identifying mobilization techniques, safety approaches and the use of protocols.

No description available.

A despeito das evidências de que a redução do repouso no leito após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico sob abordagem transfemoral não aumenta as complicações decorrentes da punção arterial, esta prática ainda não está incoporada em muitos laboratórios de hemodinâmica (LH), principalmente em centros latino-americanos. Buscando preencher esta lacuna do conhecimento testou-se neste estudo se a redução do tempo de repouso no leito para três horas (GI), comparada a repouso de cinco horas (GC), não aumenta as complicações decorrentes da punção arterial após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico eletivo com introdutor 6 French e abordagem transfemoral. Foi conduzido um Ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) no LH de um hospital público e universitário, região metropolitana, do Rio Grande do Sul no período de janeiro de 2011 a setembro de 2013. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos ambulatoriais. O GI deambulou três horas após a retirada do introdutor, e o GC após cinco horas. Todos pacientes permaneceram cinco horas na sala de observação onde foram observados a cada hora, pela equipe de enfermagem, e contatados por telefone em 24, 48 e 72 horas após a alta hospitalar. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: hematoma, sangramento, hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma, formação de fístula arteriovenosa e reação vaso vagal Incluíram-se 730 pacientes: GI (n=367) e GC (n=363), média de idade de 62+11 anos. Durante a permanência dos pacientes na sala de observação do LH o hematoma foi a complicação mais observada em ambos os grupos, 12(3%) no GI e 13(4%) no GC (P=0,87); no GI 11(3%) pacientes apresentaram hematoma classificado como pequeno e 1(0,3%) apresentou hematoma classificado como grande; enquanto que no GC 11(3%) pacientes apresentaram hematoma classificado como pequeno e 2(0,6%) apresentaram hematoma classificado como grande; o sangramento ocorreu em 4(1%) dos pacientes no GI e 6(2%) no GC (P=0,51), tanto no GI como no GC a ocorrência de sangramento foi considerada menor. A reação vaso vagal ocorreu em 5(1,4%) pacientes no GI e 4(1,1%) pacientes no GC (P=0,75). Nos contatos em 24, 48 e 72 horas a equimose foi a complicação mais prevalente nos três períodos, para ambos os grupos, seguida pelo relato de dor no local da punção, para nenhuma das comparações foi observado significância estatistica. Apenas 1(0,3%) paciente do GC apresentou pseudoaneurisma no contato em 48 horas, necessitando retornar ao hospital para tratamento. Não foi observada nenhuma outra complicação durante todo o período do estudo. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que a intervenção na redução do tempo de repouso para três horas após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico eletivo mostrou-se segura, sem aumento de complicações quando comparada aos pacientes que permaneceram em repouso de cinco horas. / Despite evidence that point out that reduction of rest in bed time after diagnostic cardiac catheterization using transfemoral approach does not contribute to complications of arterial puncture, such practice was still not incorporated into several hemodynamic laboratories (HL), especially in Latin American centers. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this study presents a test for the reduction of rest in bed time of three hours (IG) compared to rest in bed time of five hours (CG), aiming at verifying if the time does not increase complications of arterial puncture after diagnostic cardiac catheterization using 6 French introducer and the transfemoral approach. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted at a HL in a public university hospital located in the metropolitan area of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, between January 2011 and September 2013. Adult outpatients were included in this trial. The IG remained three hours after the withdrawal of the 6 French introducer and the CG remained five hours in the ambulatory. All patients remained five hours in the observation room, being checked every one hour by the nursing staff and being contacted by telephone at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the discharge. The outcomes hematoma, bleeding, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and vasovagal response were assessed. For the study, 730 patients were included and separated into GI (n=367) and GC (n=363), mean age of 62 ± 11. While patients remained in the observation room in the HL, the hematoma was the most common complication observed in both groups, 12(3%) in IG and 13(4%) in CG (P=0.87); in IG, 11(3%) patients presented small hematoma and 1(0.3%) presented large hematoma; in CG, 11(3%) patients presented small hematoma and 2(0.6%) presented large hematoma; bleeding occurred in 4(1%) patients in IG and 6(2%) in CG (P=0.51); both IG and CG presented minor bleeding occurrences. The vasovagal response occurred in 5(1.4%) patients in IG and 4(1.1%) patients in CG (P=0.75). During telephone contacts at 24, 48 and 72 hours, ecchymosis was the most prevalent complication for the three periods in both groups, followed by pain at the puncture site. Statistical significance was not observed in any of the comparisons. Only 1(0.3%) patient in the CG had pseudoaneurysm within 48 hours after discharge and had to return to the hospital for treatment. No other complications were observed during the study period. The results of this study demonstrate that reducing the time of rest in bed for three hours after diagnostic cardiac catheterization proved to be a safe procedure, with no increase in complications when compared to patients who remained resting in bed for five hours. / Con relación a las evidencias de que la reducción del reposo en el lecho tras cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico bajo abordaje transfemoral no aumenta las complicaciones decurrentes de la punción arterial, esta práctica aún no está incorporada en muchos laboratorios de hemodinámica (LH), principalmente en centros latinoamericanos. En la tentativa de rellenar este hueco del conocimiento se hizo un test en este estudio para saber si la reducción del tiempo de reposo en el leco para tres horas (GI), comparada a cinco horas (GC), no aumenta las complicaciones decurrentes de la punción arterial tras cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico con introductor 6 French y vía transfemoral. Fue dirigido un Ensayo clínico randomizado (ECR) en LH de un hospital público y universitario, región metropolitana, de Río Grande del Sur en el periodo de enero de 2011 a septiembre de 2013. Fueron incluidos pacientes adultos ambulatoriales. GI deambuló tres horas luego de la retirada del introductor, y GC tras cinco horas. Todos los pacientes permanecieron cinco horas en la sala de observación donde fueron observados a cada hora, por el equipo de enfermería, y contactados por teléfono en 24, 48 y 72 horas tras el alta hospitalario. Fueron evaluados los siguientes resultados: hematoma, hemorragia, hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma, formación de fístula arteriovenosa, reacción vaso y vagal. Se incluyeron 730 pacientes en la sala de observación de LH, el hematoma fue la complicación más observada en ambos grupos, 12 (3%) GI y 13 (4%) GC (P=0,87); en GI 11(3%) pacientes presentaron hematoma clasificado como pequeño y 1(0,3%) presentó hematoma clasificado como grande; mientras que en GC 11(3%) pacientes presentaron hematoma clasificado como pequeño y 2 (0,6%) presentaron hematoma clasificado como grande; la hemorragia ocurrió en 4 (1%) de los pacientes en GI y 6 (2%) en GC (P=0,51), tanto en GI como en GC la ocurrencia de hemorragia fue considerada menor. La reacción vaso vagal ocurrió en 5 (1,4%) pacientes en GI y 4 (1,1%) pacientes en GC (P=0,75). En los contactos en 24, 48 y 72 horas la equimosis fue la complicación que más prevaleció en los tres periodos, para ambos grupos, seguida por el relato de dolor en el local de la punción, para ninguna de las comparaciones fue observada significancia estadística. 1 (0,3%) paciente de GC presentó pseudoaneurisma en el contacto en 48 horas, necesitando volver al hospital para tratamiento. No se observó ninguna otra complicación durante todo el periodo del estudio. Los resultados de este estudio permiten concluir que la intervención en la reducción del tiempo de reposo para tres horas luego de cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico electivo es posible y segura, sin aumento de complicaciones cuando comparada a los pacientes que permanecieron en reposo de cinco horas.

Deconditioning occurs in critically ill patients as early as 4 days after entering the intensive care unit (ICU) resulting in a loss of up to 25% peripheral muscle tone and 18% body weight by the time the patient is discharged. Early mobility (EM) has been shown to reduce complications such as neuromuscular weakness, muscle wasting, pneumonia, and the effects of prolonged periods of time on the ventilator. No formal education on EM had been provided to nurses at the clinical site. The purpose of this project was to develop an educational program on EM to promote early ambulation of critically ill ICU patients. The theory of knowledge to action was used to guide the development of the educational program. The practice-focused question addressed whether an educational program would improve nurses' perceptions of their knowledge of EM and if they would promote the use of EM among ICU patients. After a literature review to identify evidence-based practices and a protocol on EM, an educational program was developed that included a 25-item Likert-style pretest and posttest to measure percent agreement with perceptions of knowledge gained and likelihood of behavior change related to the practice of EM. Participants included 60 ICU nurses. Results demonstrated improvement in perceptions of knowledge of EM (from 74% before education to 88% after) and in likelihood of behavior change related to EM (from 69% before education to 91% after). Findings may be used to integrate EM into the ICU setting to reduce complications such as neuromuscular weakness, muscle wasting, and pneumonia. Results may also include improved patient outcomes, reduced length of stay, and increased quality of life for patients and their families, and thereby promote positive social change.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was any difference in energy expenditure (kcal/min) and oxygen consumption (VO2) between subjects walking with Masai Barefoot Technology ® (MBT) shoes and regular orthopedic shoes. The research hypothesis was that MBT shoes demand more energy expenditure than regular orthopedic shoes. Methods: Seven women aged 49-65 were recruited for the study. The subjects were tested in two sessions, with a minimum of two weeks in between each sesssion. On each test session the subjects walked with both MBT shoes and orthopedic shoes which were adjusted in mass (g) to match the mass of the MBT shoes. While the subjects walked on a treadmill, the oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (min-1) and self selected velocity (m/s) for each of the shoe types was measured. Results: Results showed that there is no significant difference in oxygen consumption (VO2) between the MBT and orthopedic shoes. Energy expenditure (kcal/min) was also calculated from the data and the results revealed that there is no significant differ-ence between MBT and orthopedic shoes in energy expenditure (kcal/min) either. The self selected velocity (m/s) between the two shoe types was also found to be insignificant. Conclusion: The results showed no significant difference between the shoes. This could indicate that the specific construction of the MBT shoe has no effect on the energy expenditure (kcal/min) of its user. This lack of difference may be due to the equal mass of the shoes, but since oxygen consumption (VO2) was not investigated in orthopedic shoes with different shoe masses, this conclusion cannot be confirmed. The self selected velocity (m/s) was found to be insignificant and this finding could suggest to that prolonged usage of the MBT shoe may diminish gait parameters dissimilarities during ambulation. This study should therefore be seen as a pilot study and further investigation in this area should be pursued.