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Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Cycles for Elliptic Curves Over Number FieldsBrown, Jim, Heras, David, James, Kevin, Keaton, Rodney, Qian, Andrew 01 January 2016 (has links)
Let E/ℚ be an elliptic curve. Silverman and Stange define primes p and q to be an elliptic, amicable pair if #E(Fp) = q and #E(Fq) = p. More generally, they define the notion of aliquot cycles for elliptic curves. Here, we study the same notion in the case that the elliptic curve is defined over a number field K. We focus on proving the existence of an elliptic curve E/K with aliquot cycle (p1,⋯, pn) where the pi are primes of K satisfying mild conditions.
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Mosaic Bridge: Public Space and Social Interaction Among DiversityMedina Mejia, Lis C. 21 September 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Can the Amiable Compositeur System Be the Support Needed by the Public Attorney to Settle Disputes and Not Submit them to Arbitration? / ¿El Sistema del Amigable Componedor Podría Ser el Respaldo que Necesita el Procurador para Poder Transar las Controversias y No Someterlas a Arbitraje?Talavera Cano, Andrés, Olórtegui Huamán, Julio 10 April 2018 (has links)
It is known the case of the public attorneys that, having the opportunity to settle a controversy aroused between the public entity and the contractor, prefer to submit that dispute to arbitration with higher costs that this decision cause to the State. The reason? The concern of having «the reasonableness of his decision to settle the dispute» subjected to an administrative responsibility procedure.This paper aims to discuss this problem and analyze a possible solution. Thus, taking into consideration the Colombian experience and the recent Peruvian regulation in the «Reglamento de la Ley de APPs», the authors suggest to include in the «Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado» the «Amicable Compositor» as a mechanism of alternative dispute resolution. / Es conocido el caso del procurador público que ante la posibilidad de transar los conflictos que surgen entre las entidades públicas y los contratistas, prefiere llevarlos a arbitraje con los mayores costos que dicha decisión genera para el Estado. El motivo responde a la preocupación de que se cuestione «la razonabilidad de su decisión de transar» imputándole responsabilidad mediante acciones de control.El presente artículo tiene como finalidad traer a discusión esta problemática así como una posible solución. De esta forma, teniendo en consideración la experiencia colombiana así como su reciente regulación en el Reglamento de la Ley de APPs, los autores proponen incluir en la Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado la figura del «Amigable Componedor» como mecanismo alternativo de solución amigable de conflictos.
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La prévention et le règlement amiable des difficultés des entreprises en droit comparé franco-marocainBachlouch, Saida 01 October 2012 (has links)
Les difficultés rencontrées par les entreprises peuvent prendre des proportions importantes etles conduire vers une cessation d’activité si elles ne sont pas traitées suffisamment tôt.Le législateur marocain, conscient de la nécessité de la sauvegarde des entreprises, s’estinspiré de la loi française du 1er mars 1984, afin de mettre en place un dispositif légalorganisant des procédures de prévention et du règlement amiable.Le principe de la prévention repose en premier lieu sur l’alerte interne et externe, permettantainsi une détection précoce des difficultés. Le but étant de favoriser un dialogue entre lesorganes de contrôle et les dirigeants pour mettre en oeuvre une action concertée.Le règlement amiable, mécanisme contractuel et confidentiel, permet aux dirigeants desentreprises de demander la désignation d’un conciliateur afin de négocier avec leurscréanciers un accord amiable en vue d’optimiser le redressement de leurs entreprises.Néanmoins, les enquêtes réalisées au Maroc ont montré la méconnaissance et le faible usagede ces mécanismes préventifs par les dirigeants d’entreprises, car ils sont inadaptés à leurcontexte économique, social et culturel. A l’exemple des réformes des procédures collectivesentreprises par le législateur français entre 1994 et 2008, une réforme approfondie de la loimarocaine relative à la prévention et au règlement amiable est nécessaire afin de les rendreplus efficaces et accessibles. / The difficulties faced by the companies can lead to important consequences and a potentialdiscontinuance of business if not considered at an early stage.The Moroccan legislator, considering that the saving of the companies is of the essence, hasdrawn his inspiration from the French Law enacted on March 1st 1984 in order to set up in1996 prevention and amicable settlement procedures.The prevention principle first of all relies on internal and external warnings, allowingdifficulties prediction at an early stage. The purpose is to establish a dialogue betweensupervisory committees and corporate management in order to agree on a concerted step.The amicable settlement, which is a contractual and confidential mechanism, grants the rightto corporate managers to appoint a conciliatory to negotiate an amicable settlement with thecreditors in order to optimize the company recovery.Nevertheless, investigations in Morocco have demonstrated that this prevention mechanism iseither unrecognized or weakly used by corporate managers, mainly because this mechanism isnot in line with the economical, social and cultural context. Between 1994 and 2008, theFrench legislator has amended the bankruptcy proceedings which can be considered as anexample. An in-depth reform of Moroccan laws relating to prevention and amicablesettlement procedure is necessary as well for further efficiency and accessibility.
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L'unité fondamentale des accords amiables / The fundamental unity of amicable settlementsPoli, Catherine 14 December 2018 (has links)
Les processus de résolution amiable des différends – conciliation, médiation, procédure participative ou droit collaboratif – présentent une unité d’objectif. Leur mise en œuvre permet une tentative de conclusion d’un accord amiable : un contrat consacrant la solution du différend construite par les parties. Sans se départir d’une approche procédurale, cette étude propose une analyse contractuelle de la résolution amiable des différends. Au-delà d’une procéduralisation de la formation de l’accord amiable, le droit commun des contrats sert en effet de manière unitaire les négociations et la conclusion de l’accord amiable. Ce dernier présente néanmoins une certaine diversité au regard des qualifications contractuelles qu’il peut revêtir. Si le contrat de transaction apparaît comme un référent à l’accord amiable, tout accord amiable ne consiste pas nécessairement en une transaction. Mais au-delà du jeu des qualifications possibles, le droit commun des contrats fédère les conditions de validité et les forces de l’accord amiable. Une unité fondamentale des accords amiables se révèle ainsi, garantissant la résolution effective des différends / The amicable settlement process - conciliation, mediation, collaborative procedure or law - present the same aim. Every amicable settlement process permits the conclusion of an amicable agreement: a contract consecrating the solution built by the parties. Without distracting from procedural approach, this study offers a contractual analysis of the amicable dispute resolution. Beyond a proceduralisation of the negotiation and the amicable settlement formation, it is the general law of contract that insure a support to the amicable settlement process. However, the amicable settlement presents some diversity due to peripheral qualifications. If the transaction contract is a reference to the amicable settlement, every amicable settlement is not necessarily a transaction. Beyong the choice of qualifications, the general contract law unites the validity conditions and the forces of the amicable settlement. A fundamental unity of amicable settlements reveals, safeguarded the effective dispute resolution
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Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levelsNegy, Kevin 01 May 2013 (has links)
Latin America is a region that has deep roots in Spanish colonialism. Since its independence, many countries in the region have heavily depended on agriculture exports to industrialized states to support their economies. This has led to political theorists to label Latin America as an area full of "periphery" countries that are exploited for resources by "core countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua were not the exception. In recent years, however, a noticeable difference between the economies of the countries has helped Costa Rica and Panama become more successful than Nicaragua, on the basis of GDP, GNI, and other similar measures. This thesis attempts to explain this economic difference by analyzing what type of relationship the three countries have had with the United States (which has acted as a regional hegemon) and analyzing how each country has handled economic dependence on agriculture. Through this comparative case study, the thesis tries to add to development and dependency theory literature.
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La rupture amiable du contrat de travail / The amicable termination of an employment contractGuastalla, Pierre 12 December 2015 (has links)
La rupture du contrat de travail se caractérise en général par la volonté unilatérale d’une partie et ce n’est que par une construction jurisprudentielle issue du droit des contrats en application de l’article 1134 du Code civil que la rupture d’un commun accord a été rendue possible. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec une transaction et ne poursuit pas les mêmes objectifs. Elle connu néanmoins un succès très restreint et fût mise à l’écart par le droit du travail. Ce mode de rupture amiable n’a connu sa consécration qu’avec la loi du 25 juin 2008 créant la rupture conventionnelle. Elle a été influencée par la jurisprudence relative à la rupture d’un commun accord classique pour finalement s’en éloigner définitivement et suivre son propre chemin. On a donc pu apprécier l’incidence que chacune des formes de rupture a pu avoir sur l’autre. Les litiges entre les parties, ainsi que les restrictions liées à l’état de santé du salarié ne font désormais plus obstacle à la conclusion d’une rupture conventionnelle, privilégiant ainsi la volonté des parties au détriment de la protection du salarié. Cette réforme a de plus créé une dualité entre ces deux régimes ; mais le juge a rapidement affirmé l’exclusivité de la rupture conventionnelle en ce qui concerne le contrat à durée indéterminée. Toutefois cette dualité persiste encore dans de nombreux domaines. Il semblait donc intéressant d’étudier les pistes destinées à améliorer encore ce mode de rupture amiable en essayant de concilier la fluidité et la sérénité des relations de travail / The termination of an employment contract is generally characterised by one party’s unilateral intention to terminate and the possibility to terminate by mutual agreement has only been construed by case law on the basis of article 1134 of the civil code. Such termination by mutual agreement is not to be confused with a transaction and does not pursue the same objectives. This construction has however not encountered much success and has been sidelined by labour law practitioners. The amicable termination of employment contracts has not been truly sanctioned until the law of 25 June 2008 that created the contractual termination. The contractual termination has been influenced by the case law that construed the termination by mutual agreement, but it ultimately moved away for good and followed its own path. It was thus possible to analyse the impact each kind of amicable termination had on its alternative. Legal proceedings between the parties and restrictions in connection with the health of the employee do not prevent a contractual termination, thereby privileging the autonomy of the parties over the protection of the employee. In the beginning there was a rivalry between the two kinds of termination, but case law has quickly established the exclusivity of the contractual termination for permanent employment contracts. However the duality remains in numerous other domains. It seemed thus interesting to study the possibilities that may improve the existing alternatives of amicable termination and reconcile fluidity and serenity in the employer-employee relationship
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Le rôle de la cessation des paiements dans la prévention et le traitement des difficultés des entreprises / Cessation of payments in the interprises fighting for survivalOssouma-Efame, Everick 20 June 2015 (has links)
La cessation des paiements, c’est sans aucun doute l’une des notions clés du droit des procédures collectives. Pour s’en rendre compte, il suffit de vérifier le contentieux qui en la matière est très abondant. Légalement définie au sein du premier alinéa de l’article L. 631-1 du Code de commerce comme l’impossibilité pou un débiteur de faire face à son passif exigible avec son actif disponible, cette définition, a été, à l’origine, l’œuvre d’une décision de la Cour de cassation rendue le 14 février 1978. Sous l’empire des dispositions antérieures à la loi de sauvegarde des entreprises, la cessation des paiements est un « curseur » qui sert de ligne de démarcation entre les procédures amiables et les procédures judiciaires. Un tel système a été dénoncé car il manquait cruellement de souplesse et d’efficacité dans la lutte contre les défaillances des entreprises. La loi du 26 juillet 2005, dans l’optique d’anticiper le traitement des difficultés des entreprises a mis un terme au système de « la cessation-curseur » en instituant la procédure amiable de conciliation et la procédure collective de sauvegarde. Toutefois, lorsque les « digues » que constituent les outils de l’anticipation n’ont pas pu enrayer le risque de cessation des paiements, le chef d’entreprise qui se retrouve dans une telle situation doit, dans un délai de quarante-cinq jours, demander l’ouverture d’une procédure de redressement ou de liquidation judiciaire. Lorsqu’il ouvre l’une ou l’autre de ces deux procédures, le tribunal saisi doit fixer une date de cessation des paiements. Cette date sera décisive pour la détermination de la période suspecte. De plus, l’ouverture des procédures collectives aura une incidence sur l’entreprise, elle joue sa survie, sur les créanciers dont le recouvrement de la créance est menacé, sur les fournisseurs qui craignent pour leurs relations contractuelles avec le débiteur, sur les garants qui craignent d’être appelés et sur la personne du débiteur elle-même. Sa gestion antérieure de l’entreprise sera scrutée et s’il en résulte des fautes en relation plus ou moins directe avec la cessation des paiements, il encourt des sanctions ou des actions en responsabilité. / Cessation of payments is certainly one of the key concepts in the law on collective insolvency proceedings. This can be seen by checking the litigation, which is very abundant in this matter. Legally defined in the first paragraph of Article L. 631-1 of the Commercial Code as the inability of a debtor to meet its accrued liabilities with its quick assets, this definition originated in a decision of the Court of Cassation issued on February 14, 1978. Under the provisions prior to the insolvency act, cessation of payments is a "cursor" which serves as a line of demarcation between amicable proceedings and judicial proceedings. Such a system has been criticized for being sorely lacking in flexibility and effectiveness in preventing business failures. The law of July 26, 2005, with the objective of anticipating treatment of company difficulties, put an end to the "cessation-cursor" by instituting the amicable conciliation proceeding and the collective insolvency proceeding. However, when the "barriers" formed by the anticipation tools have not been able to halt the risk of cessation of payments, the company director in such a situation must, within a period of forty-five days, request the initiation of a receivership or court-supervised liquidation proceeding. When either of these proceedings is initiated, the court must fix a date of cessation of payments. This date will be final for the determination of the suspect period. Moreover, the initiation of collective insolvency proceedings will have an effect on the enterprise fighting for survival, on the creditors whose ability to collect their debt is threatened, on the suppliers worried about their contractual relations with the debtor, on the guarantors who fear being called upon and on the debtor itself. Prior management of the enterprise will be probed and if faults more or less closely connected to the cessation of payments are revealed, sanctions or tort actions may result.
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Os artigos de Euler sobre os n?meros amig?veisLeoncio, Sarah Mara Silva 22 January 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-01-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Among the many methodological resources that the mathematics teacher can use in the classroom, we can cite the History of Mathematics which has contributed to the development of activities that promotes students curiosity about mathematics and its history. In this regard, the present dissertation aims to translate and analyze, mathematically and historically, the three works of Euler about amicable numbers that were writed during the Eighteenth century with the same title: De numeris amicabilibus. These works, despite being written in 1747 when Euler lived in Berlin, were published in different times and places. The first, published in 1747 in Nova Acta Eruditorum and which received the number E100 in the Enestr?m index, summarizes the historical context of amicable numbers, mentions the formula 2nxy & 2nz used by his precursors and presents a table containing thirty pairs of amicable numbers. The second work, E152, was published in 1750 in Opuscula varii argument. It is the result of a comprehensive review of Euler s research on amicable numbers which resulted in a catalog containing 61 pairs, a quantity which had never been achieved by any mathematician before Euler. Finally, the third work, E798, which was published in 1849 at the Opera postuma, was probably the first among the three works, to be written by Euler / Entre os diversos recursos metodol?gicos que podem ser trabalhados na sala de aula pelo professor de matem?tica, podemos citar a Hist?ria da Matem?tica que contribui para a elabora??o de atividades que promovam curiosidade hist?rica e matem?tica nos discentes. Assim, a presente disserta??o objetiva traduzir e analisar, matematicamente e historicamente, os tr?s trabalhos de Euler sobre os n?meros amig?veis que foram escritos durante o s?culo XVIII com o mesmo t?tulo: De numeris amicabilibus. Estes trabalhos, apesar de terem sido escritos em 1747 quando Euler vivia em Berlim, eles foram publicados em datas e lugares diferentes. O primeiro, publicado em 1747 na Nova Acta Eruditorum e que recebeu a numera??o E100 do ?ndex Enestr?m, apresenta resumidamente o contexto hist?rico dos n?meros amig?veis, menciona a f?rmula 2nxy & 2nz que foi usada por seus precursores e ainda apresenta uma tabela contendo como resultado trinta pares de n?meros amig?veis. Por sua vez, o segundo trabalho, E152, foi publicado em 1750 na Opuscula varii argumenti, ele ? o resultado de uma an?lise completa da pesquisa de Euler sobre os n?meros amig?veis que resultou em um cat?logo contendo 61 pares, quantidade n?o alcan?ada por nenhum matem?tico antes de Euler. Por fim, o terceiro trabalho, E798, que foi publicado em 1849 na Opera postuma, provavelmente tenha sido o primeiro, entre os tr?s trabalhos, a ser escrito por Euler
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Le règlement amiable du litige fiscal au Maroc / The friendly settlement of the tax disputes in MoroccoBakkali, Hicham 15 December 2016 (has links)
Vu la nature complexe de la matière fiscale et son lien étroit à un environnement évolutif, le litige entre contribuables et administration devient une réalité inéluctable. Aujourd’hui, la pratique fiscale révèle que la voie juridictionnelle n’est pas toujours la meilleure façon de satisfaire aux besoins des litigants. Sous cet angle, le fisc veut instaurer de nouveaux instruments de règlement du litige, dit modes amiables, pour des nouveaux rapports avec le contribuable. En effet, la DGI examine aujourd’hui les différentes dimensions de ses litiges avec les contribuables, dont le but est d’aboutir à une gestion participative. Pour ce faire, elle cherche à mettre en place une pratique qui fournit de nouvelles manières d’aborder les difficultés. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle approche qui se focalise sur les éléments les plus importants du litige, elle propose un mode de règlement amiable de style coopératif, visant d’abord à identifier les intérêts mutuels pour une solution consensuelle. Cette pratique non juridictionnelle du règlement de litige évolue très rapidement. Elle a suscité un débat passionnant au sein de la théorie du droit public, tant sur le plan du fond que sur le plan de la forme. Les spécialistes ont débattus en effet les différentes possibilités juridiques de l’intégrer dans les procédures et de la mettre en examen pour tester sa comptabilité avec le système fiscal. Au bout du compte, la pratique qui a été admise par la DGI est celle de règlement négocié du litige, aboutissant à une transaction. Cette évolution reflète la montée en puissance de l’autorité de la fonction consultative en matière fiscale. En pratique, cela entraîne l’invention des instruments administratifs ou juridiques propres à l’administration fiscale qui facilitent le mécanisme de règlement du litige. L’incorporation des pratiques amiables reconnaît l’intérêt croissant de faire face au litige, mais quelques améliorations restent encore à réaliser, car le mécanisme a besoin d’un appui législatif et juridique, mais aussi d’une véritable volonté d’éliminer tout litige de la part du contribuable. / Given the complex legal nature of the tax and its close connection to a changing environment in Morocco, the conflict between the tax administration and its users become an inescapable reality. The judicial process was and is the traditional tool to adjust, but the Moroccan tax practice today reveals that this route is not always the best way to meet the needs of litigants. From this angle, the Moroccan tax legislator wants to introduce new tax disputes resolution tools for new relations between the tax authorities and taxpayers. The Moroccan tax administration examines now the different dimensions of his disputes with the different categories of taxpayers. The long term goal is to achieve participatory management of disputes. To this end, the DGI seeks to put in place following the new instruments that provide new ways to see the disputes that may arise between different tax services and their users. The current approach focuses on the most important elements of the conflict between the administration of the taxpayer, and that impact on how to approach and manage. This approach offers alternative methods of settling tax disputes cooperative style first to identify mutual interests for a consensual solution. These non-judicial methods of settling tax disputes evolve very quickly in the Moroccan case. They aroused passionate debate in the theory of public law, both on the substance of the plan on the level of form. Moroccan specialists have indeed discussed the various legal possibilities of integrating them into the overall system of dispute resolution, which have been under investigation to test their compatibility with the tax system. The accepted and mastered by DGI modes are negotiated settlement of tax disputes techniques such as negotiation and transaction. Other collection methods and under different and innovative forms in tax matters are being explored to integrate into the system. This reflects the rise of the authority of the advisory function in tax matters. In practice, this leads to the invention of administrative or legal instruments to the tax authorities that facilitate dispute resolution mechanism. Thus, the incorporation of alternative dispute resolution recognizes the growing interest to deal with tax disputes, but some improvements are still to be made, since the mechanism needs a legislative and legal support in Morocco, but also a real willingness to eliminate tax disputes from Moroccan citizens.
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