Two experiments were conducted in NEAVI ( Center for Studies in Poultry ) located in the Central Animal Laboratory of the Federal University of Sergipe , in order to develop a practical and inexpensive technology for the production of shrimp waste meal, as well as evaluating the content of digestible amino acids and their energy values . This study aimed to determine drying times in different proportions of shrimp waste . 35 and 50 kg of shrimp waste , in duplicate , totaling 40.70 and 100 kg , respectively, the amounts of 20 were allocated into six platforms . The time taken to dryness the residue was 35 , 45 and 55 hours, respectively. Chemical composition of shrimp head meal ( FRC ) was also evaluated and the following results were obtained : 90.7 % dry matter , crude protein 39.3 % , ether extract 5.8% , calcium 11.3 % , phosphorus 2.23 % calcium and 1 , 47 % and shrimp waste flour showed values of 89.0 % for dry matter , 32.6 % crude protein , 3.9% for fat , 9 , 87 % for calcium, phosphorus and 2.22 % to 1.53 % for sódio.No first experiment we determined the digestibility of amino acids using the method of ileal collection with 180 broiler chicks , 28 days old , distributed in a completely randomized experimental design , divided into 3 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit . The experimental diets were composed of free protein diet with 0 , 5, 10 and 15% inclusion of FRC . The best coefficients were obtained with the 10% level of inclusion for methionine ( 81.2 % ) , cystine ( 58.6 % ) , methionine + cystine ( 73.1 % ) , lysine ( 82.4 % ) and threonine ( 53.3 %). The second experiment determined the coefficients of metabolization of DM, CP , N , Gord , Ca and P and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME ) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance ( AMEn ) of test diets and food . The method of total excreta collection with 180 broiler chicks of cobb trademark , aged 16-26 days old was used . The completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates 6 birds per experimental unit was used . The FRC was included in a reference diet at levels of 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 % . The chicks were housed in metal cage with trays to collect excreta . A significant influence of the inclusion levels of CRP (P <0.05 ) in the level of 10% was higher in the following factors : dry matter was obtained 73.27% and 76.37 % crude protein . The coefficient of metabolizable ether extract was higher in the inclusions of iv 15 % with coefficients of 95.48 % and 20 % which was 96.59 % . Nitrogen retention was higher in higher levels of inclusion of FRC 10 , 15 and 20 % , which did not differ , obtaining values of 74.3 , 77.0 and 76.9 % , respectively . No statistical difference was observed in the coefficients metabolization of calcium and phosphorus . The AME and AMEn were significantly affected by the inclusion of FRC , as was increased to include these variables suffered diminishing effect on their values . The best level was 10% which presented values of AME 2325.1 Kcal / Kg and AMEn 1827.5 Kcal / Kg for flour of shrimp waste . / Dois experimentos foram realizados no NEAVI ( Núcleo de Estudos em Avicultura) localizado no Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, a fim de desenvolver uma tecnologia prática e barata para a produção da farinha de resíduo de camarão, bem como avaliar o conteúdo de aminoácidos digestíveis e seus valores energéticos. Objetivou-se a determinação dos tempos de secagem em diferentes proporções de resíduo de camarão. Foram alocadas em seis plataformas as quantidades de 20; 35 e 50 kg de resíduo de camarão, em duplicata, totalizando 40,70 e 100 kg, respectivamente. O tempo levado para secagem do resíduo foi de 35, 45 e 55 horas, respectivamente. Também foi avaliada composição química da farinha de cabeça de camarão (FRC) e foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: matéria seca de 90,7%; proteína bruta de 39,3%, extrato etéreo de 5,8%, cálcio de 11,3%, fósforo de 2,23% e cálcio de 1, 47% e a farinha de resíduo de camarão apresentou valores de 89,0% para matéria seca, 32,6% para proteína bruta, 3,9% para extrato etéreo, 9,87% para cálcio, 2,22% para fósforo e 1,53% para sódio.No primeiro experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos utilizando-se o método de coleta ileal com 180 pintos de corte, com 28 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em 3 tratamentos, com 10 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram compostas por dieta isenta de proteína com 0, 5, 10 e 15% de inclusão de FRC. Os melhores coeficientes foram obtidos com o nível de 10% de inclusão para metionina (81,2%), cistina (58,6%), metionina+cistina (73,1%), lisina (82,4%) e treonina (53,3%). No segundo experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de MS, PB, N, Gord, Ca e P e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) das dietas teste e do alimento. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos de corte de marca comercial cobb, com idade de 16 a 26 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em 5 tratamentos com 6 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. A FRC foi incluída em uma dieta referência nos níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%. Os pintos foram alojados em baterias metálicas com ii bandejas para a coleta de excretas. Houve influência significativa dos níveis de inclusão da FRC (P<0,05), em que o nível de 10% mostrou-se superior nos seguintes coeficientes: de matéria seca obteve-se 73,27% e proteína bruta com 76,37%. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo foi maior nas inclusões de 15% com coeficientes de 95,48% e 20% que foi de 96,59%. A retenção de nitrogênio foi superior nos maiores níveis de inclusão de FRC 10, 15 e 20%, que não diferiram entre si, obtendo valores de 74,3; 77,0 e 76,9%; respectivamente. Não foi observada diferença estatística nos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de cálcio e fósforo. A EMA e EMAn foram afetadas significativamente pela inclusão de FRC, conforme aumentou-se a inclusão, essas variáveis sofreram efeito decrescente em seus valores. O melhor nível de inclusão foi o de 10% que apresentou valores de EMA de 2325,1 Kcal/Kg e de EMAn 1827,5 Kcal/Kg para a farinha de resíduo de camarão.

This study was conducted to compare the availability of Zn from two Zn sources, an amino acid chelate and ZnSO₄. In three experiments, 78 Zn depleted and 24 Zn adequate pigs were used. Pigs were depleted of Zn by feeding an isolated soy protein, semi purified diet containing 17 ppm Zn. Of the 78 depleted pigs, 60 pigs were Zn repleted. During Zn repletion in Exp. 1, depleted pigs were fed the low Zn diet supplemented with 5, 15, or 45 ppm Zn either as ZnSO₄ or as Zn amino acid chelate (ZnAAC). In Exp. 2 and 3, low Zn diets were only supplemented with 45 ppm Zn. Zinc adequate pigs, used in Exp. 1 and 2, were fed the 45 ppm supplemental Zn diets. To evaluate differences in site and rate of apparent Zn absorption, chromic oxide was added to the diets of depleted pigs in Exp. 1 and 3. In all experiments, a 24-d period was sufficient to severely deplete the porcine body Zn stores, and to cause parakeratosis and growth retardation. Serum Zn concentrations and serum ALP-activities of depleted pigs dramatically decreased (P < .01) during the first 14 d of Zn depletion. At the end of Zn depletion, Zn contents in liver, kidney, pancreas, brain, and small intestine tissues of pigs fed the low Zn diet were reduced (P < .01) by 10 to 40 % compared with the adequate pigs fed the ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC diets. In Exp. 2, the growth retardation was associated with a low (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity and pituitary RNA content of depleted pigs compared with pair-fed adequate pigs. Moreover, the growth hormone mRNA fraction tended to be reduced (P < .10) for the Zn depleted pigs. In Exp. 1, the apparent absorption of Zn was higher (P < .01) for pigs fed ZnAAC compared with the ZnSO₄ group; however, this was not confirmed in Exp. 3 unless coefficients were corrected for Cr recovery. Furthermore, absorption of Zn occurred primarily within jejunal and distal segments of the small intestine. In the balance of Exp. 3, disappearance rates of Zn, Cu, Fe and DM were higher (P < .01) in depleted pigs fed ZnAAC compared with ZnSO₄. The recovery of Cr also was different (P < .01) between pigs fed the ZnSO₄ (87 %) and ZnAAC (70 %) diets. Moreover, the moisture content of the fecal matter was 11 % higher (P < .01) for the ZnAAC group compared with pigs fed ZnSO₄. In Exp. 1, depleted pigs fed the 15 ppm ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC diets regained their ability to grow, however, replenishment of body fluid and tissue Zn pools did not occur within the 24-d Zn repletion period. Both the 5 ppm ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC groups did not respond to Zn repletion within a 12-d period. In all experiments, the rate and degree of repletion of body fluid and tissue Zn stores was not different between pigs fed the 45 ppm ZnSOq and ZnAAC diets, although a higher (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity was observed for the adequate pigs fed ZnAAC compared with ZnSO4. In conclusion, an amino acid chelate did not improve growth, or rate and degree of replenishment of body fluid and tissue levels of Zn compared with pigs fed ZnSO₄. However, ZnAAC may have influenced intestinal luminal conditions since a higher rate of disappearance of Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr, and DM was measured. / Ph. D.

Two experiments were conducted for this thesis, to determine whether an animal should be fed to its genetic potential in spite of this not being achievable due to an on-farm constraint. The first experiment was designed to compare the response of pigs housed either individually or in groups to a range of feeds limiting in lysine between 40 and 85 kg live weight. Two hundred and eighty-eight entire male Large White x Landrace pigs were used. The experiment was divided into two growth periods, i.e. from 40 to 60 kg and from 60 to 85 kg. In each period, pigs were subjected to feed containing one of four dietary lysine concentrations. In Period 1, the lysine concentrations were 11.03 (L1); 9.54 (L2); 8.00 (L3) and 6.51 (L4) g/kg, while in Period 2 these were 7.82 (T1); 6.71 (T2); 5.55 (T3) and 4.40 (T4) g/kg. Pigs fed an L1, L2, L3 or L4 diet in Period 1 were fed a T1, T2, T3 and T4 diet in Period 2, respectively. Three buildings provided the following group sizes and floor-space allowances: House 1 contained eight pigs per pen at 1.94 m2/pig; House 2 contained four or eight pigs per pen at 1.72 or 0.86 m2/pig; and House 3 contained one pig per pen at 1.72 m2/pig. The individually-housed pigs were divided into three feeding levels, i.e. ad libitum, or pair-fed so that feed intakes would match those of ad libitum-fed pigs housed in groups of either 4 (restricted-4) or 8 (restricted-8) pigs per pen in House 2. For all group sizes, feed intake increased linearly as the dietary lysine content increased. However, this increase was significantly lower for 8, when compared with 1 and 4 pigs per pen. The linear increase in feed conversion efficiency with dietary lysine content was similar for all group sizes. However, at any dietary lysine concentration, pigs housed in groups of 8 had significantly higher efficiencies than the pigs housed individually or in groups of 4. Average daily gain increased linearly as lysine intake increased, this increase being the same for all group sizes. However, pigs in smaller groups grew significantly faster than those in larger group sizes for any lysine intake. Protein and lysine retention were unaffected by group size, increasing linearly as lysine intake increased. The efficiency of lysine utilisation (0.45) was not impaired by group size. The pair-fed pigs housed individually (restricted-4 and -8) consumed significantly less feed than the individually-housed pigs fed ad libitum, and this was reflected in their average daily gains, which increased linearly as lysine intake increased, but with the restricted-8 growing significantly slower than the ad libitum or restricted-4 pigs. In all three treatments feed conversion efficiency increased linearly with dietary lysine content, although the restricted-4 and -8 had significantly higher efficiencies than the ad libitum-fed pigs at any dietary lysine content. Protein and lysine retentions were unaffected by feeding level and increased significantly with lysine intake. However, at any lysine intake the restricted-8 pigs had a significantly lower efficiency of lysine utilisation than the ad libitum or restricted-4 pigs. The pigs with floor-space allowances of 0.86 and 1.94 m2/pig consumed significantly less and grew slower than the pigs with floor-space allowances of 1.72 m2/pig at any dietary lysine content. Feed conversion efficiency was unaffected by floor-space allowance and increased significantly with dietary lysine content. Similarly, protein and lysine retentions were unaffected by floor-space allowance and increased linearly as lysine intake increased. The efficiency of lysine utilisation (0.45) remained unaffected by floorspace allowance. It was concluded that when animals are socially stressed, feeding according to the requirement for maximum protein growth produces the best biological performance and carcass composition, with the corollary that, if profitability and biological efficiency is to be maximised, pigs housed in stressful conditions, or those whose future performance is predicted to be below potential because of external stressors, should not be given feed of an inferior quality. The second experiment was designed to determine the extent to which grouping or floorspace allowance would alter the nutrient content of feed chosen by pigs given a choice of two feeds differing in protein: energy ratio between 40 to 85 kg live weight. Three hundred and eighteen entire male Large White x Landrace pigs were used. Two buildings provided the following group sizes and floor-space allowances: House 1 contained nine and eighteen pigs per pen at 1.72 or 0.86 m2/pig; House 2 contained four, nine and fourteen pigs per pen at 1.72; 0.86 or 0.49 m2/pig. Animals were given simultaneous ad libitum access to a high (236 g protein/kg as fed) and a low crude protein feed (115 g protein/kg as fed) in two hardened plastic self-feeder bins placed side-by-side. A training period of six days was used prior to the start of the trial, during which the two feeds were alternated daily. The reduction in the proportion of high protein feed chosen over time was significantly higher for the groups of four and eight, in comparison to the groups of nine and eighteen, contrasting with the steady increase for the groups of fourteen pigs. Similarly, the significant increase for pigs with floor-space allowances of 0.49 m2/pig differed from the significant decrease for pigs with floor-space allowances of 0.86 and 1.72m2/pig. Pigs housed in larger group sizes and smaller floor-space allowances consumed significantly less and grew slower than pigs housed in smaller group sizes and larger floorspace allowances. However, the feed conversion efficiency remained unaffected by group size and floor-space allowance. The non-significant effect on protein retention with increasing group size contrasted with the significant increase associated with increasing floor-space allowance. The results of the two studies were compared to determine whether pigs chose differently depending on the degree of stress and the implication of this choice. Average daily gain was significantly reduced as the group size increased for pigs fed a fixed lysine content and choice-fed. However, this reduction was less severe with choice-feeding than when feeding a fixed lysine content. Increasing the group size significantly reduced the feed intake in pigs fed a fixed lysine content only. The efficiency of protein utilisation remained unaffected as the group size increased for the pigs fed a fixed lysine content. However, at any group size pigs fed lower lysine contents had higher efficiencies than pigs fed higher lysine contents. On the contrary, increasing the group size significantly increased the efficiency of protein utilisation in choice-fed pigs. The average daily gain and feed intake was significantly improved as the floor-space allowance increased but was similar for pigs fed a fixed lysine content and choice-fed. Although the efficiency of protein utilisation remained unaffected by increasing the floor-space allowance for the pigs fed a fixed lysine content and pair-fed, at any floor-space allowance pigs fed higher lysine contents had higher efficiencies than pigs fed lower lysine contents. The results indicate that providing socially stressed pigs a choice between an appropriate pair of feeds differing in protein: energy ratio, does not overcome the reduction in potential growth, but does result in performance similar to that of pigs fed a fixed lysine content. It was concluded that the social stress of grouping or floor-space allowance has no influence on the ability of the animal to select an appropriate dietary combination allowing the expression of potential growth within the constraint(s) of the production system. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

The goal of the present work was to analyze the Gompertz functions in order to describe the growth of hillbilly broilers Color Plume (CPK) subjected to different levels of digestible lysine. On the experiment were used 432 chickens from one day old, was divided into three stages: initial, growth and finale respectively corresponding to the ages from 1 to 21, from 22 to 77 days of age and from 78 to 84 days of age. During the initial phase, the birds were reared on shavings beds with access to water, food and a heating source until after 21 days of age, the birds had access to paddocks. After 21 days of age, the birds which were in terms of the medium weight were distributed randomly in four treatments of 27 birds, with four replicates each one and 10 birds per replication (5 males and 5 females) were chipped with microchip brand Animall TAG and dimensions 12x2 mm. Treatments were represented by different lysine levels (0.850, 0.970, 1.090; 1.210%) on the experimental diet. The diets used were based on corn and bran soybean, and were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements at each stage of creation, as suggested by Rostagno et al. (2011), except lysine. Diets and birds were weighed weekly to determine the performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion). Gompertz curves adjusted showed good correlation coefficients above 90%, and good values of Durbin Watson test accurately, estimating the average weight gain, and the consumption ration of mixed batch of free range broiler chickens. After the tests comparison between Gompertz parameters of the model for each level of lysine was determined that: the only parameter that varied was A, since B = 0.0329 and C = 45.819 parameters presented not significant differences. At the level of digestible lysine 0.850%, A = 4870.3, 0.970% A = 4894.9, 4784.3 A = 1.09%, 1.21% A = 4740. Among them, the parameter A in 0.970% level, differed from the others, ie, showing a higher body weight at maturity. Based the performance results, it is recommended for free range broiler CPK chickens of both sexes, to use a level of digestible lysine up to 0.970% on the period 22-77 days of age. After comparison tests between the Gompertz parameters of the model for each lysine level was determined for female that: the only parameter that varied was A, since B = 0.0356 and C = 45.54 parameters presented not significant differences. In males it has been concluded that only a single equation may represent the growth in four levels of lysine. The lysine levels did not influence (P> 0.05) carcass variables, except the yield of abdominal fat, than for females improved quadratically up to the level of 1.064%, for males there was a quadratic effect. / O presente trabalho objetivou-se utilizar o modelo não linear de Gompertz para descrever o crescimento de frangos caipira da linhagem Colorcpk Plumé (CPK), de ambos os sexos e entre os sexos, submetidos a diferentes níveis de lisina digestível. Foram utilizados 432 frangos com um dia de idade, o experimento foi dividido em três fases: inicial, crescimento e final correspondendo respectivamente às idades de 1 a 21, 22 a 77 e 78 a 84 dias de idade. Na fase inicial as aves foram criadas sobre cama de maravalha com acesso a água, ração e fonte de aquecimento e uma única dieta. Aos 21 dias de idade, as aves em função do peso médio foram distribuídas num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições de 27 aves por unidade experimental, e dentre elas, 10 aves de cada repetição (5 machos e 5 fêmeas) foram chipadas com microchips da marca Animall TAG e dimensões de 12x2 mm. Os tratamentos foram representados pelos diferentes níveis de lisina digestível (0,850; 0,970; 1,090; 1,210%) na dieta experimental na fase de crescimento. As dietas foram à base de milho e farelo de soja e formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais em cada fase de criação, conforme sugerido de Rostagno et al. (2011), exceto lisina digestível. As rações e as aves foram pesadas semanalmente para determinação do desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), as aves chipadas também eram pesadas individualmente a cada 7 dias. Aos 84 dias de idade as aves chipadas foram abatidas, totalizando 160 aves. As características de carcaça avaliadas foram calculadas em relação ao peso corporal após jejum. As curvas de Gompertz ajustadas apresentaram bons coeficientes de determinação, acima de 90%, e bons valores do teste de Durbin Watson, estimando com boa acurácia o peso médio, ganho de peso e consumo de ração dos frangos caipira. Após os testes de comparação entre os parâmetros do modelo de Gompertz para cada nível de lisina para o lote misto, determinou-se que somente o parâmetro A deveria variar, pois os parâmetros B=0,0329 e C=45,819 não apresentaram diferenças significativas. No nível de lisina digestível 0,850% A=4870,3; 0,970% A=4894,9; 1,09% A=4784,3; 1,21% A=4740; dentre eles o parâmetro A no nível 0,970% diferiu dos demais, ou seja, maior peso corporal a maturidade. Com base nos resultados de desempenho, recomenda-se, para aves caipiras da linhagem CPK de ambos os sexos o nível de lisina digestível na ração de 0,970% no período de 22 a 77 dias de idade. Após os testes de comparação entre os parâmetros do modelo de Gompertz para cada nível de lisina, determinou-se para fêmeas que somente o parâmetro A deveria variar, pois os parâmetros B=0,0356 e C=42,54 não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Para os machos concluiu-se que apenas uma única equação pode representar o crescimento nos quatro níveis de lisina digestível. Os níveis de lisina digestível não influenciaram (P>0,05) as variáveis de carcaça, exceto o rendimento de gordura abdominal, que para as fêmeas melhorou de forma quadrática até o nível estimado de 1,064%.