Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_lg_me_botfmvz.pdf: 686515 bytes, checksum: 3ad48498b96d5ac5f9774f231d0a6ff9 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo teve como objetivo verificar possíveis alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas que ocorrem no sangue bovino de animais hígidos e parasitados com Anaplasma marginale, conservado por 21 dias em bolsas plásticas contendo Citrato-Fosfato-Dextrose-Adenina (CPDA-1) e avaliar a ação da Riboflavina associada à radiação ultravioleta (UV) na inativação do hemoparasita. Na primeira etapa foram determinados o número de Hemácias (He) e Leucócitos, Hemoglobina (Hb), Volume Globular (VG), Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM), Proteína Plasmática Total (PPT), Fibrinogênio, Sódio (Na+), Potássio (K+) e Lactato, a cada três dias, durante 21 dias, do grupo I formado por bolsas contendo sangue de bovinos saudáveis e do grupo II, por bolsas com sangue parasitado por A. marginale. Na segunda, foram realizados os exames do Esfregaço Sanguíneo Corado (ESC), Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) antes e após o tratamento com Riboflavina associada à radiação UV, além da inoculação em bezerros para verificar se o parasita mantinha sua infectividade. Estes exames foram repetidos in vivo nos dias sete, 14 e 21 após a inoculação. Na primeira etapa, para ambos os grupos, ocorreu redução dos valores de He, Hb, VG, PPT, Leucócitos e Na+; e aumento no VCM, K+ e Lactato. Na segunda etapa, ocorreu redução da carga parasitária de 30,60% no momento zero (M0) para 15,26% após o tratamento; RIFI de 100% positivo no M0, para 100% negativo após o tratamento. A qPCR demonstrou que o tratamento não promoveu completa eliminação do parasita, mas houve uma inativação parcial, já que os bezerros receptores não adoeceram / The objective of this study was to evaluate hematological and biochemical changes in bovine blood from healthy and Anaplasma marginale infected animals after a 21day storage period in plastic bags with Citrate- Phosphate-Dextrose-Adenine (CPDA-1) and also to evaluate the effect of Riboflavin associated with ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the inactivation of the hemoparasite. In the first experimental phase, the number of Erythrocytes (RBC) and Leukocytes, Hemoglobin (Hb), Globular Volume (GV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Total Plasma Protein (TPP), Fibrinogen, Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Lactate was determined every 3 days for 21 days in blood stored in plastic bags from clinically healthy animals (Group I) and in blood stored in plastic bags containing blood from infected animals by Anaplasma marginale (Group II). In the second experimental phase, stained blood smears, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed before and after the treatment with riboflavin associated with UV radiation. Also, calves were inoculated to evaluate the infectivity of the parasite. These exams were repeated at day 7, 14 and 21 after inoculation. In the first phase a reduction in RBC, Hb, GV, TPP, Leukocytes and Na+ and an increase in MCV, K+ and Lactate were observed in both groups. In the second phase, the parasite load of 30.60% at time zero (T0) was reduced to 15.26% after the treatment; IFA of 100% positive at T0 was reduced to 100% negative after the treatment. qPCR revealed that total elimination of the parasite by the treatment was not observed but there was a partial inactivation was observed since the recipient calves did not get sick

Anaplasmosis, a persistent intraerythrocytic infection of cattle by Anaplasma marginale, causes severe anemia and a higher rate of abortion, resulting in significant loss to both dairy and beef industries. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmatory laboratory tests are required. Currently, all the diagnostic assays have been developed with whole antigens with indirect ELISA based on multiple epitopes. In a pioneer investigation we demonstrated the use of critical motifs of an epitope as biomarkers for immunosensor applications. Mimotopes of the MSP1a protein functional epitope were obtained through Phage Display after three cycles of selection of a 12-mer random peptide library against the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 15D2. Thirty-nine clones were randomly selected, sequenced, translated and aligned with the native sequence. The consensus sequences SxSSQSEASTSSQLGA was obtained, which is located in C-terminal end of the 28-aa repetitive motif of the MSP1a protein, but the alignment and sequences variation among mimotopes allowed us to map the critical motif STSSxL within the consensus sequence. Based on these results, two peptides were chemically synthesized; one based on the critical motif (STSSQL, Am1) and the other based on the consensus sequence aligned with the native epitope (SEASTSSQLGA, Am2). Sera from 24 infected and 52 healthy animals were tested by ELISA for reactivity against Am1 and Am2, which presented sensitivities of 96% and 100%, respectively. The Am1 peptide was incorporated onto a biolectrode (graphite modified with poly-3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and direct serum detection was demonstrated by impedance, differential pulse voltammetry, and atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical sensor system proved to be highly effective in discriminating sera from positive and negative animals. These immunosensors were highly sensitive and selective for positive IgG, contaminants did not affect measurements, and were based on a simple, fast and reproducible electrochemical system. / Anaplasmose, uma infecção intraeritrocitária obrigatória de bovinos, causada pela Anaplasma marginale, causa severa anemia e alta taxa de aborto, resultando em perda significativa para a indústria de laticínios e carne. O diagnóstico clínico é baseado nos sintomas e exames laboratorias confirmatórios são necessários. Atualmente, todos os ensaios de diagnósticos têm sido desenvolvidos com ELISA indireto de antígenos totais baseado em epítopos múltiplos. Em uma investigação pioneira demonstramos o uso de motivos críticos de um epítopo como biomarcador para a aplicação em imunossensores. Mimotopos do epítopo funcional da proteína MSP1a foram obtidos por meio de Phage Display, após três ciclos de seleção, de uma biblioteca randômica de peptídeos 12-mer contra o anticorpo monoclonal 15D2. Trinta e nove clones foram selecionados aleatoriamente, sequenciados, traduzidos e alinhados com a sequência nativa. Foi obtida a sequência consenso SxSSQSEASTSSQLGA, que está localizada na extremidade C-terminal do motivo repetitivo de 28-aa da proteína MSP1a, mas o alinhamento e a variação das sequências entre os mimotopos nos permitiu mapear o motivo crítico STSSxL dentro da sequência consenso. Com base nesses resultados, dois peptídeos foram quimicamente sintetizados; um baseado no motivo crítico (STSSQL, Am1) e o outro baseado na sequência consenso alinhada com o epítopo nativo (SEASTSSQLGA, Am2). Soro de 24 animais infectados e 52 animais saudáveis foram testados por ELISA quanto à reatividade contra Am1 e Am2, que apresentou sensibilidades de 96% e 100%, respectivamente. O peptide Am1 foi incorporado a um bioeletrodo (grafite modificado com ácido poli-3-hidroxyfenilacético) e a detecção direta de soro foi demonstrada por impedância, voltametria de pulso diferencial e microscopia de força atômica. O sistema de sensor eletroquímico provou ser altamente eficaz em soro de animais positivos de negativos. Este imunossensor foi altamente sensível e seletivo para IgG positiva, contaminantes não afetaram as medições, e foram baseados e um sistema simples, rápido e reprodutível. / Doutor em Genética e Bioquímica

O carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus é o vetor da bactéria Anaplasma marginale, agente etiológico da anaplasmose bovina. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização molecular e funcional das vias de sinalização Toll, Imd, Jnk e Jak/Stat do R. microplus. Através de análises in silico, a maioria dos genes que compõe as vias de sinalização de R. microplus foi identificada. Além disso, verificou-se uma modulação negativa da expressão dos genes dessas vias, nas células BME26, pela infecção por A. marginale. Após o silenciamento dos genes codificadores dos fatores de transcrição das vias de sinalização, através da técnica de RNAi, em carrapatos R. microplus, observou-se que o fator de transcrição Relish (Imd) está envolvido no controle da A. marginale, possivelmente através do peptídeo antimicrobiano microplusina. Com este trabalho, ampliamos o conhecimento sobre o sistema imune de carrapatos para compreender melhor a interface vetor-patógeno. / The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is the vector of the bacteria Anaplasma marginale, the etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular and functional role of the signaling pathways Toll, Imd, Jnk, and Jak/Stat in R. microplus. An in silico analysis allowed the identification of several genes of these signaling pathways. In addition, there was a negative modulation of expression of genes of these pathways in the tick cell line BME26 upon infection with A. marginale. The silencing of some transcription factor genes via RNA interference in ticks indicated that the transcription factor Relish (from the Imd pathway) was involved in the control of bacterial infection, possibly via regulation of the expression of the antimicrobial peptide microplusin. This study helped elucidate the role of the immune system of ticks in the vector-pathogen interface.

Ticks and tick borne-diseases (TBD) are major challenges to cattle production among smallholder farmers in the semiarid areas of South Africa. Nguni cattle have been reported to be resistant to ticks and TBD, however, the mechanisms responsible for the trait are not fully understood. The broad objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms of resistance to ticks in Nguni cattle reared in the semiarid areas of South Africa. Tick infestation levels, body condition scores (BCS), packed cell volumes (PCV) and the molecular prevalence of A. marginale were determined in Nguni (n = 70) and local crossbred (n = 79) cattle reared in the semiarid areas of South Africa. Relationships among skin thickness, hair length, coat score and tick counts were assessed in seven to nine month old Nguni (n = 12) and Bonsmara (n = 12) heifers. As a follow up, cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to unfed larval extracts (ULE) of the ticks Rhipicephalus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus microplus were examined in heifers to determine host immunity to the ticks. Tick counts and inflammatory cell infiltrates in skin biopsies from feeding sites of adult R. microplus ticks in nine-month-old Nguni and Bonsmara heifers were also evaluated. The molecular prevalence of A. marginale was similar in the Nguni (47.7 %) and local crossbred (52.3 %) cattle. Nguni cattle suffered less severe losses from and were more vi resilient to A. marginale infection than local crossbreds. Nguni heifers had lower coat scores, hair length and tick counts than the Bonsmara heifers. The relationship between tick counts and coat score was positive and linear in the Nguni (y = 1.90x – 0.40) and quadratic in Bonsmara (y = -7.98x2 + 12.74x - 3.12) heifers. Bonsmara cattle showed a more intense immediate reaction and no delayed hypersensitivity reaction to ULE of Rhipicephalus ticks. Nguni heifers presented a less intense immediate reaction and a delayed hypersensitivity reaction at 72 h post inoculation with ULE of Rhipicephalus ticks. Reactions to R. decoloratus ULE produced a more intense skin response at all time intervals in both breeds than that of R. microplus. Parasitized sites in Nguni heifers had higher (P < 0.05) counts of basophils, mast and mononuclear cells than those in the Bonsmara heifers. Conversely, parasitized sites in Bonsmara heifers had higher (P < 0.05) neutrophil and eosinophil counts than those in the Nguni heifers. Tick count was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with basophil and mast cell counts. There was a positive correlation between eosinophil counts and tick counts in both breeds, and between tick counts and mononuclear cell counts in the Bonsmara breed. It was concluded that smooth and short coats, delayed type hypersensitivity and cutaneous basophil and mast cell infiltrations are responsible for increased tick resistance in the indigenous Nguni cattle breed of South Africa. / Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alvaro_carlos_menezes_arteche.pdf: 1268541 bytes, checksum: 48cb8939395a534c09b30fdb0ec17ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-21 / This study analyzed, by reaction to indirect immunofluorescence and individual weighting, the levels of protection and weight-gain in beef calves from birth to the age of eight month, which received two doses of vaccine against tick fever and were maintained free from ticks, compared to naturally infested calves in extensive management conditions with continuous grazing in a rural property situated in the municipality of Santana do Livramento Espinilho / RS. Two groups were randomly gathered, n=30, from which Group I (test) was kept free from ticks from birth to weaning and received two doses of the attenuated, trivalent, refrigerated vaccine against tick fever. Groupe II (control) followed the property s traditional management, which reflects the one used in the region, allowing the tick infestation by the animals. Weight control was accomplished in the first day (d0) and in the last day of the experiment (d180). The serology revealed that 100% of the vaccinated animals presented titles equal to 1:5120 for the three parasites Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina (p≤0,025), whereas in the control group the highest titles were 1:2560 in four animals for A. marginale, 1:1280 in four animals for B. bovis and 1:1280 in two animals for B. bigemina (p≤ 0,025). Group I got a mean weight-gain of 30,5 kg more than the control group at the end of the experiment (p≤0,025). The results obtained show that keeping animals free from tick, from birth to weaning, and maintaining them vaccinated against tick fever is safer, more efficient and economically and technically more advantageous than the traditional management system carrapateamento (natural tick infestation). / Avaliaram-se, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e de pesagens individuais, os níveis de proteção e ganho de peso de terneiros de corte do nascimento ao desmame com oito meses de idade que receberam duas doses de vacina contra tristeza bovina e foram mantidos livres de carrapatos em comparação a terneiros naturalmente infestados em condições de manejo extensivo com pastoreio contínuo em propriedade rural localizada no município de Santana do Livramento-Espinilho/RS. Formaram-se dois grupos aleatóriamente, n=30, sendo o GRUPO I (teste) mantido livre de carrapatos desde o nascimento até o desmame e com duas doses da vacina atenuada, trivalente e refrigerada contra tristeza bovina. O GRUPO II, controle, seguiu o manejo tradicional da propriedade, que reflete o da região, permitindo que os animais fossem infestados por carrapatos. As pesagens foram realizadas no primeiro dia do experimento (d0) e no último dia do experimento (d180). A sorologia revelou que 100% dos animais vacinados apresentaram títulos maiores ou iguais a 1:5120 para os três parasitos Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina (p≤0,025) enquanto que no grupo controle os títulos máximos foram 1:2560 em quatro animais para A. marginale, 1:1280 em quatro animais para B. bovis e 1:1280 em dois animais para B. bigemina. Houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (p≤0,025). O grupo I obteve 30,5 Kg a mais de ganho médio de peso que o grupo controle no final do experimento (p≤0,025). Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que é mais eficiente, seguro e vantajoso econômica e tecnicamente manter os animais livres de carrapatos, desde o nascimento até o desmame, e vacinados contra tristeza bovina, do que com o manejo tradicional carrapateamento .