A partir de sua fundação em 689/8 a.C. Gela, pólis siciliana, iniciou a ocupação do território (a khóra) ao redor da área urbana (a ásty). No século VI a.C. essa ocupação atingiu seu ápice, extendendo-se pelos vales dos rios Salso, Gelas-Maroglio e Dirillo e pela região montanhosa a norte da planície de Gela, quando entraram em contato tanto com os nativos quanto com outros gregos estabelecidos nas regiões de fronteiras. Nota-se a relação entre a definição desse território que os gelenses procuraram ocupar - com intenções de uso agrário - e a fundação de santuários, fato que se percebe em diversas pólis gregas tanto balcânicas quanto coloniais, mas que se mostra com muito mais clareza nas apoikias, e com especial ênfase em Gela. Assim como é notável a relação entre esses santuários e a vida política gelense. É sobre esse processo de definição política do território através do domínio religioso representado pelos espaços sagrados, assim como sobre os modos de contato e transformação das sociedades que se procurará trabalhar. / From this founding in 689/8 B.C. Gela, a sicilian polis, began the occupation of their territory - the khóra - around the urban center - the ásty. In the sixth century B.C. this occupation reached its maximum, extending through the valleys of the rivers Salso, Gelas-Maroglio and Dirillo, and through the montainous region north the Geloan Plain; when in contacted whith natives populations and with other Greeks established in the frontiers. It is remarkable the relationship between the definition of this territory that the geloans sought to occupy - with intentions of agrarian use - and the founding of sanctuaries. What we see in various balkan and colonial poleis, but that much more visible in the apoikias, Gela especially. As is noteworthy the relationship between these sanctuaries and the geloan political life. Is about this process of political definition of the territory through the religious domain represented by the sacred spaces, as well as on the modes of contact and transformation of societies that seek to discuss.

Diodoro de Sicília historiador que viveu no século I antes da época comum escreveu uma obra intitulada Biblioteca Histórica constituída de quarenta volumes dos quais restaram integrais apenas dos livros I ao V (fragmentos dos livros VI ao X), e dos livros XI ao XX (fragmentos dos livros XXI ao XL). O autor escreveu em sua monumental obra a história universal desde os primórdios (incluindo história egípcia, história dos povos bárbaros, história grega e romana) até à sua própria época (última data citada por Diodoro diz respeito à colonização de Tauromênion, empreendida no reinado de Otávio [XVI, VII, 1]). Entretanto, Diodoro nunca foi considerado, nem em sua própria época, nem em épocas posteriores, um historiador original: sua obra foi considerada uma cópia incessante de outros autores. O centro da controvérsia nos tempos modernos (a partir do século XIX) foi a Quellerforschung (pesquisa das fontes) que intentou buscar no texto diodoriano autores perdidos (que ele cita explicitamente em sua Biblioteca) da época helenística como se o mesmo apenas os tivesse copiado. Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo resgatar a originalidade da Biblioteca Histórica buscando conferir a seu autor a autoria de seus escritos. Longe de ser um mero copista, Diodoro é um historiador-educador que busca instruir seus leitores dando um caráter de utilidade no aprendizado de uma vida correta e justa. Pode-se dividir a Biblioteca em duas partes: a primeira (livros I ao V), de cunho etnográfico-geográfico, narra como os homens foram capazes de caminhar rumo à vida civilizada (ou não, no caso dos bárbaros). A recorrência dos termos parádoxa e thaumázein significando espanto, admiração e maravilhamento mostram como a humanidade foi capaz de superar as dificuldades de uma existência difícil e hostil tornando-se capaz de viver em sociedade. A segunda parte (livros XI ao XX) da Biblioteca, Diodoro dedica-se a narrar a história do mundo (especialmente a da Grécia) mostrando o exemplo dos grandes homens, sobretudo nos campos de batalha. Parádoxa deixa de significar maravilha ou espanto e, aliada à Fortuna (tých), ganha o sentido de contrário a toda expectativa. Assim, Diodoro mostra que a Divina Providência (theia pronoía) interfere nos assuntos humanos e cabe ao historiador mostrar como os grandes homens se comportaram diante dos sucessos / Diodorus Siculus a historian that lived in the first century before the Common Era wrote a work entitled Library of History constituted of forty volumes from which remained intact only the books I through V (fragments of the books VI through X), and from the books XI through XX (fragments of the books XXI through XL). The author wrote in this monumental work of universal history since the primordial times (including egyptian history, barbaric peoples history, greek and roman history) through his own (last date mentioned by Diodorus concerns the Tauromenion colonization that took place during the reign of Octavian [XVI, VII, 1]). However, Diodorus has never been considered, not even on his own time, nor in the eras after that, an original historian: His writings were considered an inexorable copy of others authors. The focus of this controversy in modern times (starting in the XIX century) was the Quelleforschung (sources research) that intended to search on the diodorian texts for lost authors (that he explicitly quotes in his Library) from the Hellenistic era as if they were solely copied. This research had for objective to reclaim the originality of the Library of History seeking to confer to its author the authorship of his writings. Far from being a mere copyist, Diodorus is a historian-educator that seeks to instruct his readers giving a utility character in the learning of a correct and just life. The Library can be divided in two parts: the first one (books I to V), of ethnographicgeographical connotation, narrates how humankind was able to walk towards civilization (or not, in the case of the barbarians). The recurrent terms parádoxa and thaumázein meaning amazement, admiration and marvelous-ment, show how humanity was capable of overcoming the difficulties of a hostile existence and becoming apt to live in society. The second part (books XI to XX) of the Library, Diodorus dedicates into narrating the history of the world (specially Greece), by setting the example of great men, especially in the battle field. Parádoxa does not signify marvelous or amazed and, allied to Fortune (tých), it gains the meaning of contrary to all expectations. Hence, Diodorus shows that the Divine Providence (theia pronoía) interfere in human business and its up to the historian demonstrate how the great men behaved facing the success and failures of existence. The moralizing character from the Library attributes to history an extremely important role, for it is up to it demonstrate who deserves to figurate in glory or abasement through the perennially that only history can confer. Diodorus behaves as a judge that points out those who, in their acts, have succeeded and made mistakes, not only narrating the facts, but incentivizing his reader to a virtuous behavior and to a moral aret.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-06T17:06:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Virgolino, Mariana-Dissert-2013.pdf: 5401253 bytes, checksum: 1d0b3c78b84b908ddd011b61962e6f3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-06T17:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virgolino, Mariana-Dissert-2013.pdf: 5401253 bytes, checksum: 1d0b3c78b84b908ddd011b61962e6f3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O objetivo desta dissertação é perceber como o santuário de Deméter e Koré localizado na ásty da pólis de Corinto se configurava durante os Períodos Arcaico (séculos VIII-VI a.C) e Clássico (séculos V e IV a.C) como um lugar antropológico, ou seja, um espaço identitário, histórico e relacional. Acreditamos que ali as mulheres coríntias podiam tanto construir e reforçar sua posição de cidadãs através das práticas religiosas. A tirania Cypsélida buscou beneficiar cultos populares como o de Deméter e Koré, ao mesmo tempo que bucava modos de inibir a influência aristocrática.Vemos, todavia, que a harmonia entre os grupos femininos da cidade não era completa, uma vez que oblações votivas de alto custo marcavam o contraste social entre as mais abastadas e as pertencentes às camadas mais humildes. Os banquetes que ocorriam no santuário refletem o pertencimento das mulheres coríntias ao corpo social e cívico através da promoção de uma “cidadania religiosa”. Entendemos ainda que as transformações arquitetônicas a que o sítio foi exposto são materializações da história e dos acontecimentos políticos da Grécia como um todo e de Corinto em particular. Naquele espaço religioso as mulheres publicizavam a esfera doméstica e suas atividades, rompendo as fronteiras entre os espaços público e privado de uma maneira que invertia, renovava e reforçava os valores vigentes na pólis. / The aim of this dissertation is to understand how the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore situated at the ásty of the polis of Corinth was set in the Archaic (8th – 6th BC.) and Classical (5th – 4th BC.). Periods as an anthropological place, namely, an identitarian, historic and relational space. We believe that in that site the Corinthian women could build and reinforce their position as citizens through religious practices. The Cypselid tirany pursued to beneficiate popular cults like the one of Demeter and Kore at the same time it searched for ways to inhibit the aristocratic influence. However, we see that the harmony between the feminine groups of the city was not complete since the high cost votive offers marked the social contrast among the well-off ones and the ones that belonged to the humble stratum. The banquets that occurred at the sanctuary reflect the belongingness of the corinthian women to the social and civic body through a “religious citizenship”. We understand yet that architectonic transformations that the site was exposed to are materializations of the history and politic events of Greece as a whole and of Corinth in particular. In that religious space the women made public the domestic sphere and its activities, rupturing the frontiers between public and private spaces in a way that reserved, renewed and reinforced the values that prevailed at the polis.

This work is focused on death and dying in ancienit Greece and Rome nad at times today. The purpose of this work was comparinf differences between theese two different times of our history and pointing to differences in burial rites and perception of the death. Comparing two different eras of our history I found out, that death was percieved differently eventhoug there were few common elements. Burial rites of antic people are in thein modified version accomplished nowadays too.

This thesis will trace the origin and development of the term "Sacred War" in the corpus of extant Greek literature. This term has been commonly applied by modern scholars to four wars which took place in ancient Greece between the sixth and fourth centuries B. C. The modern use of "the attribute "Sacred War" to refer to these four wars in particular raises two questions. First, did the ancient historians give all four of these wars the title "Sacred War?" And second, what justified the use of this title only for certain conflicts? In order to resolve the first of these questions, it is necessary to examine in what terms the ancient historians referred to these wars. As a result of this examination, it is clear that only two of the modern series of "Sacred Wars" (the so-called Second and Third Sacred Wars) were actually given this title in antiquity. The other two wars (the so-called Second and Third Sacred Wars), although they were evidently associated by the ancients with the "Sacred Wars," were not given this attribution. Consequently, the habit of grouping all four wars together as "Sacred Wars" is modern. Nevertheless, the fact that the ancients did see some connection between these wars does justify this modern classification to some degree. Once this conclusion had been reached, it became possible to proceed to the second of the problems presented in this thesis, namely the justification for the application of the title "Sacred War" to two specific conflicts. In order to achieve this aim, those conflicts labelled "Sacred Wars" by the ancient historians were compared to two categories of test cases: the other two conflicts classified as "Sacred Wars" by modern scholars and conflicts which share elements in common with "Sacred Wars" but which are not given this attribution by ancient or modern authorities. In the course of this comparison, I discovered that little differentiated the so-called "Sacred Wars" from the non-"Sacred Wars" and that all of these latter conflicts appear equally worthy of the title as those which were in fact given this attribution. The deciding factor in the classification of a certain conflict as a "Sacred War," as a result, lies not in the specific elements making up its constitution but rather in the political circumstances surrounding it. The two conflicts labelled by the ancients as "Sacred Wars" were given this title by contemporary powers in order to justify military interference in the political affairs of other states which might otherwise have been considered unnecessary. Thus, the term "Sacred War" arose originally as the result of an effective propaganda campaign. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Il ne subsiste aucun vestige direct des charpentes grecques et, bien souvent, l’état de conservation des blocs constitutifs des parties hautes des édifices est lacunaire. Ce constat conduit souvent à la reproduction du cadre interprétatif des charpentes antiques établi à la fin du XIXe siècle, opposant charpente grecque à empilement d’une part, et charpente romaine à ferme d’autre part. L’enjeu de cette thèse consiste à reconsidérer cette opposition binaire entre deux types de charpente. Afin de pallier le manque de vestiges archéologiques, d’autres pistes sont explorées. Les techniques utilisées dans la réalisation des charpentes ne sont pas toutes spécifiques à cet artisanat. Aussi, élargir le champ d’investigation à des activités connexes relevant de l’artisanat du bois comme, par exemple, la construction navale, permet de définir les contours d’un environnement technique dans lequel s’inscrit la charpente. Plusieurs traits caractéristiques de cet environnement technique ont été dégagés, parmi lesquels la maîtrise d’assemblages permettant la reprise d’efforts de traction, le recours à la triangulation des structures et un grand savoir-faire dans la taille des pièces de bois. À la suite de ce réexamen des connaissances pratiques et techniques des charpentiers grecs, une série d’études de cas est proposée, incluant l’arsenal du Pirée, les temples doriques de Sicile, le Parthénon, ainsi que le temple en calcaire et le temple d’Apollon du IVe siècle à Delphes. Les comptes de construction de ce dernier édifice, très riche concernant le matériau bois, font par ailleurs l’objet d’une analyse systématique. Enfin, sur le plan méthodologique, cette thèse aborde la question de la restitution des parties hautes. Le recours à la modélisation 3d et au calcul de structure permet de formuler des hypothèses neuves et d’en évaluer la pertinence dans un mouvement de va-et-vient entre les vestiges, les techniques et le comportement mécanique des charpentes. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse concernent la caractérisation de l’environnement technique dans lequel évoluent les charpentiers grecs des VIe et Ve siècle et conduisent à considérer comme pertinente l’hypothèse de l’existence de charpentes triangulées. / There are no direct remains of Greek roof structures and, in many cases, the state of conservation of the constituent blocks of the upper parts is incomplete. This observation often leads to the reproduction of the interpretative framework of antique roof frameworks established at the end of the 19th century, opposing Greek prop-and-lintel on the one hand, and Roman truss on the other. The challenge of this thesis is to reconsider this binary opposition between two types of framework. In order to compensate for the lack of archaeological remains, other avenues are being explored. The techniques used in the construction of the roof structures are not all specific to this craft. Also, extending the scope of investigation to related activities in the field of woodworking such as, for example, shipbuilding, makes it possible to define the contours of a technical environment in which the framework is embedded. Several characteristics of this technical environment were identified, including the use of assemblages that allow the recovery of tensile forces, the use of triangulation of structures and a great deal of know-how in the preparation of wooden beams. Following this review of the practical and technical knowledge of Greek carpenters, a series of case studies are proposed, including the Piraeus Arsenal, the Doric temples of Sicily, the Parthenon, as well as the so-called “limestone temple” and the fourth century BC Apollo templein Delphi. The construction accounts of this last building, which is very rich in wood materials, are also systematically analysed. Finally, from a methodological point of view, this thesis addresses the question of the restitution of the upper parts. The use of 3d modelling and structural calculation makes it possible to formulate new hypotheses and evaluate their relevance in a back and forth movement between the remains, techniques and the mechanical behaviour of the structures. The main results of this PhD dissertation concern the characterization of the technical environment in which Greek carpenters of the sixth and fifth centuries BC evolve and lead to consider as relevant the hypothesis of the existence of triangulated roof structures.

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