This thesis, in the very broad sense, evaluates the perception of an architectural structure through its history. It examines the &lsquo / theatre&rsquo / as the building and selects &lsquo / ancient Greece and Rome&rsquo / (mainly fourth century B.C. to second century A.D. which can be depicted as the golden age of the ancient theatre) as the period. It posits that the study of theatre requires more than formal data, hence, it employs a multidisciplinary approach, and combines the author&rsquo / s personal experience on the theatre. The study believes that the subject-focused nature of available works is insufficient for the study of theatre, as they employ only a certain aspect of this structure. This thesis tries to examine the complete experience of the theatre for the people who were exposed to it / and present it, in a more relatable way, for the future researchers, theatre professionals and educated enthusiasts as an intermediate level source, where the need arises to increase the perception of theatre as a whole concept, so that its interpretation can be more complete.

Commentators of Plato's Symposium rarely recognize the importance of traditional Greek conceptions of Eros, paideia and arete in understanding Plato's critique of the various educational models presented in the dialogue. I will show how Plato contests these models by proposing that education should consist of philosophy. On this interpretation, ancient Greek pedagogy culminates in a philosophical education. For this new form of education, the dialogical model supplants the traditional practices of kleos and poetic mimsis, inextricably bound to archaia paideia and traditional forms of education. Plato's Socrates is searching for knowledge and immortality through an application of the philosophical method, one that relies on a conception of Eros and propagation. For Plato's Socrates, it is through Eros that ancient Greek paideia educates in matters of arete, but eros is not a passion for kleos or for a beautiful young man.

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This thesis focuses on change and persistence of the structure of the international system. It attempts to address the question why hierarchic structures prevailed during the Ancient and Classical eras (3000 B. C. ? 1500 A. D. ). The thesis compares and contrasts the Roman Empire (the Pax Romana period 1st century B. C. -3rd century A. D. ) and the Chinese Empire (the T?ang Dynasty 618-907 A. D. ) as hierarchic structures and the multi-state system of ancient Greece (8th-4th century B. C. ) and the multi-state system of ancient China (The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period 722-221 B. C. ) as anarchic structures. The thesis suggests that the moral purpose of the state, the competitive security environment, the desire for benefits and geopolitical and strategic advantages played the major role in the immediate transformation from anarchy to hierarchy. The thesis asserts that the generation of common goods, the decline in transaction costs and the success in securing the commitment of the members and the legitimacy of the system enabled and encouraged the persistence of hierarchic structures. It also re-emphasizes that whereas the persistence of hierarchic systems depends on the existence of several factors, only one factor can promote the persistence of anarchic structures e. g. the moral purpose of the state.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar alguns elementos retóricos e estilísticos de certos hinos gregos de várias épocas. Partindo deles, são estudos também alguns hinos da tradição indiana mais antiga, contidos no Rig Veda, a fim de sugerir traços comuns a essas duas tradições hínicas indo-européias e as suas respectivas especificidades. A tese procura apontar, com base na leitura de hinos paradigmáticos, as estratégias formais dos poetas para louvar a divindade. A preocupação básica é com as estruturas dos hinos, com os expedientes de que se vale o poeta para expressar seu louvor. São descritos os meios com que, no hino grego, a divindade é atraída para perto e como, em certos poemas, essa convenção é quebrada para alcançar efeitos literários. Estudam-se pares contrastantes que estruturam a composição de determinados hinos e também como esse mesmo contraste, em outros casos, é deliberadamente borrado em benefício do louvor. Quanto aos hinos rigvédicos, sugere-se uma forma peculiar a partir do qual se estruturam, a saber, a partir do seu centro. Conclui-se que, em ambas as tradições - a grega e a indiana - o hino é uma oferenda que instaura entre deus e devoto uma relação de reciprocidade na qual ele próprio, hino, atua como objeto de troca - um objeto de troca digno da estima divina, que chama atenção sobre si mesmo à força da sua elaboração estilística e retórica. / This work aims at analyzing some rhetorical and stylistic features of some Greek hymns from various periods. Taking them as a starting point, some hymns from the Rig Veda will be studied as well, in order to assess certain common characteristics of both hymnic traditions and their peculiarities. Based on the close reading of the hymns, the author tries to show the poet\'s formal strategy to praise the deity. The structure of each hymn is a main concern, as are the devices used by the poet to give voice to his praise. As for the Greek hymns, it will be described how the poet persuades the deity to come near and how he builds his work based on contrasting pairs. As for the Rigvedic hymns, it is suggested that some of them are organized around its middle section. The conclusion to be drawn is that in both traditions - in the Greek and the Indian one - the hymn is an offering that creates a bond of reciprocity between deity and his worshipper. The hymn itself is valued in the exchange by means of its stylistic and rhetorical quality.

Diodoro de Sicília historiador que viveu no século I antes da época comum escreveu uma obra intitulada Biblioteca Histórica constituída de quarenta volumes dos quais restaram integrais apenas dos livros I ao V (fragmentos dos livros VI ao X), e dos livros XI ao XX (fragmentos dos livros XXI ao XL). O autor escreveu em sua monumental obra a história universal desde os primórdios (incluindo história egípcia, história dos povos bárbaros, história grega e romana) até à sua própria época (última data citada por Diodoro diz respeito à colonização de Tauromênion, empreendida no reinado de Otávio [XVI, VII, 1]). Entretanto, Diodoro nunca foi considerado, nem em sua própria época, nem em épocas posteriores, um historiador original: sua obra foi considerada uma cópia incessante de outros autores. O centro da controvérsia nos tempos modernos (a partir do século XIX) foi a Quellerforschung (pesquisa das fontes) que intentou buscar no texto diodoriano autores perdidos (que ele cita explicitamente em sua Biblioteca) da época helenística como se o mesmo apenas os tivesse copiado. Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo resgatar a originalidade da Biblioteca Histórica buscando conferir a seu autor a autoria de seus escritos. Longe de ser um mero copista, Diodoro é um historiador-educador que busca instruir seus leitores dando um caráter de utilidade no aprendizado de uma vida correta e justa. Pode-se dividir a Biblioteca em duas partes: a primeira (livros I ao V), de cunho etnográfico-geográfico, narra como os homens foram capazes de caminhar rumo à vida civilizada (ou não, no caso dos bárbaros). A recorrência dos termos parádoxa e thaumázein significando espanto, admiração e maravilhamento mostram como a humanidade foi capaz de superar as dificuldades de uma existência difícil e hostil tornando-se capaz de viver em sociedade. A segunda parte (livros XI ao XX) da Biblioteca, Diodoro dedica-se a narrar a história do mundo (especialmente a da Grécia) mostrando o exemplo dos grandes homens, sobretudo nos campos de batalha. Parádoxa deixa de significar maravilha ou espanto e, aliada à Fortuna (tých), ganha o sentido de contrário a toda expectativa. Assim, Diodoro mostra que a Divina Providência (theia pronoía) interfere nos assuntos humanos e cabe ao historiador mostrar como os grandes homens se comportaram diante dos sucessos / Diodorus Siculus a historian that lived in the first century before the Common Era wrote a work entitled Library of History constituted of forty volumes from which remained intact only the books I through V (fragments of the books VI through X), and from the books XI through XX (fragments of the books XXI through XL). The author wrote in this monumental work of universal history since the primordial times (including egyptian history, barbaric peoples history, greek and roman history) through his own (last date mentioned by Diodorus concerns the Tauromenion colonization that took place during the reign of Octavian [XVI, VII, 1]). However, Diodorus has never been considered, not even on his own time, nor in the eras after that, an original historian: His writings were considered an inexorable copy of others authors. The focus of this controversy in modern times (starting in the XIX century) was the Quelleforschung (sources research) that intended to search on the diodorian texts for lost authors (that he explicitly quotes in his Library) from the Hellenistic era as if they were solely copied. This research had for objective to reclaim the originality of the Library of History seeking to confer to its author the authorship of his writings. Far from being a mere copyist, Diodorus is a historian-educator that seeks to instruct his readers giving a utility character in the learning of a correct and just life. The Library can be divided in two parts: the first one (books I to V), of ethnographicgeographical connotation, narrates how humankind was able to walk towards civilization (or not, in the case of the barbarians). The recurrent terms parádoxa and thaumázein meaning amazement, admiration and marvelous-ment, show how humanity was capable of overcoming the difficulties of a hostile existence and becoming apt to live in society. The second part (books XI to XX) of the Library, Diodorus dedicates into narrating the history of the world (specially Greece), by setting the example of great men, especially in the battle field. Parádoxa does not signify marvelous or amazed and, allied to Fortune (tých), it gains the meaning of contrary to all expectations. Hence, Diodorus shows that the Divine Providence (theia pronoía) interfere in human business and its up to the historian demonstrate how the great men behaved facing the success and failures of existence. The moralizing character from the Library attributes to history an extremely important role, for it is up to it demonstrate who deserves to figurate in glory or abasement through the perennially that only history can confer. Diodorus behaves as a judge that points out those who, in their acts, have succeeded and made mistakes, not only narrating the facts, but incentivizing his reader to a virtuous behavior and to a moral aret.

A partir de sua fundação em 689/8 a.C. Gela, pólis siciliana, iniciou a ocupação do território (a khóra) ao redor da área urbana (a ásty). No século VI a.C. essa ocupação atingiu seu ápice, extendendo-se pelos vales dos rios Salso, Gelas-Maroglio e Dirillo e pela região montanhosa a norte da planície de Gela, quando entraram em contato tanto com os nativos quanto com outros gregos estabelecidos nas regiões de fronteiras. Nota-se a relação entre a definição desse território que os gelenses procuraram ocupar - com intenções de uso agrário - e a fundação de santuários, fato que se percebe em diversas pólis gregas tanto balcânicas quanto coloniais, mas que se mostra com muito mais clareza nas apoikias, e com especial ênfase em Gela. Assim como é notável a relação entre esses santuários e a vida política gelense. É sobre esse processo de definição política do território através do domínio religioso representado pelos espaços sagrados, assim como sobre os modos de contato e transformação das sociedades que se procurará trabalhar. / From this founding in 689/8 B.C. Gela, a sicilian polis, began the occupation of their territory - the khóra - around the urban center - the ásty. In the sixth century B.C. this occupation reached its maximum, extending through the valleys of the rivers Salso, Gelas-Maroglio and Dirillo, and through the montainous region north the Geloan Plain; when in contacted whith natives populations and with other Greeks established in the frontiers. It is remarkable the relationship between the definition of this territory that the geloans sought to occupy - with intentions of agrarian use - and the founding of sanctuaries. What we see in various balkan and colonial poleis, but that much more visible in the apoikias, Gela especially. As is noteworthy the relationship between these sanctuaries and the geloan political life. Is about this process of political definition of the territory through the religious domain represented by the sacred spaces, as well as on the modes of contact and transformation of societies that seek to discuss.

The main aim of this thesis is to present a lucid summary and a critical evaluation of the (often ambiguous) ancient testimonies concerning the Greek culinary art from the classical up to the imperial era. The sources are divided in two groups. The first one is made up from prosaic works, i. e. cookbooks themselves, specialised treatises and some medical tractates concerned with dietetics and proprieties of foodstuffs. The second group consists of poems on gastronomic themes. A serious problem is constituted by considerable fragmentariness of the extant sources, which in some cases prevents us from making any definite judgments on the sources' content. Attention is paid also to food as such and the diet composition at the time, the whole theme being set in wider social framework. The thesis also incorporates a translation of and commentary on several selected extant receipts.

Astrology is a science which has had an uncertain status throughout its history, from its beginnings in Greco-Roman Antiquity to the medieval Islamic world and Christian Europe which led to frequent debates about its validity and what kind of a place it should have, if any, in various cultures. Written in the second century A.D., Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos is not the earliest surviving text on astrology. However, the complex defense given in the Tetrabiblos will be treated as an important starting point because it changed the way astrology would be justified in Christian and Muslim works and the influence Ptolemy’s presentation had on later works represents a continuation of the method introduced in the Tetrabiblos. Abū Ma‘shar’s Kitāb al-Madkhal al-kabīr ilā ‘ilm akām al-nujūm, written in the ninth century, was the most thorough surviving defense from the Islamic world. Roger Bacon’s Opus maius, although not focused solely on advocating astrology, nevertheless, does contain a significant defense which has definite links to the works of both Abū Ma‘shar and Ptolemy. As such, he demonstrates another stage in the development of astrology. These three works together reveal the threads of a trend of a rationalized astrology separated from its mythical origins which began with Ptolemy and survived through both medieval Islam and medieval Europe. In the two examples of defending astrology I have used, Abū Ma‘shar and Roger Bacon, Ptolemy’s influence can be seen to have persisted from the second century through to the thirteenth, and the nature of the differences in their defenses illustrates the continuation and evolution of the tradition of defending astrology.