A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de ampla distribuição mundial afetando homens e diversas espécies animais. Levantamentos sorológicos indicam elevados índices de infecção, porém relatos de doença severa é rara. A infecção pelo T. gondii induz uma intensa resposta imune mediada pelo interferon-γ (IFN-γ) que rapidamente controla a multiplicação parasitária. Com o objetivo de explorar a resistência da espécie suína à toxoplasmose como modelo de estudo para a compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa a infecção, foram realizadas infecções orais com 4,5 x 105; oocistos (cepa VEG) e colheitas de amostras de linfonodo hepato-esplênico (LN HS), mesentérico (LN M) e íleo-cólico (LN IC), fígado, sangue, íleo, jejuno, baço e timo aos 2, 4, 7 e 14 dias pós-infecção (DPI). Analisou-se a expressão de 69 genes ligados a resposta de defesa às infecções pela Real-Time RT-PCR*. LN M, LN HS e fígado foram as amostras que apresentaram a maior quantidade de genes e maior intensidade de ativação enquanto que células mononucleares de sangue periférico (CMSP) e timo apresentaram reduzida resposta à infecção. A expressão e a produção de IFNG foram mais altas nas amostras de LN M e LN HS comparadas às amostras de LN traqueo-bronquial e CMSP, indicando diferentes níveis de resposta local. Intensa indução de resposta inata e inflamatória foi observada em vários tecidos, envolvendo os genes IL1B, IL6, IFNA1, TNF, ORM1, MYD88, TLR2, TLR4; estimulação de resposta Th1, mediada por IFNG incluiu os genes IRF1, IL23A, IL18, STAT1, SOCS1, SOCS3, ICSBP1, TBX21; balanceada pela expressão de citocinas regulatórias IL10, TGFB1 e TGFB3. Uma proeminente indução de ARG1, INDO and SLC11A1 indica ativação de mecanismos de proteção do hospedeiro envolvendo metabolismo de aminoácidos (arginina, triptofano) e ferro. A presença de parasitas foi detectada no LN M aos 2DPI pela Real-Time PCR e pela imunohistoquímica. Aumento do número de parasitas no 4DPI foi seguida de intensa resposta inflamatória, edema e necrose tecidual no 7DPI principalmente no fígado e no LN M. Elevados níveis de AST sérico no 7DPI confirmam a lesão de hepatócitos. A diminuição da inflamação e da quantidade de parasitas no 14DPI sugerem controle da proliferação parasitária. Elevados níveis de haptoglobina e óxido nítrico séricos detectados aos 4DPI (α=0,05) indicam respectivamente a ativação de proteínas de fase aguda e de macrófagos. A análise de citometria de fluxo mostra elevação da porcentagem de células CD2/CD16 DP sugerindo envolvimento de células NK e não foram observadas alterações na porcentagem de células CD4+/CD8+, CD3+/CD25+. A estimulação na expressão gênica, a produção de IFN-γ, as determinações séricas e lesões histológicas apresentam padrão similar, com início de resposta no 2DPI, elevação no 4DPI e 7DPI e diminuição no 14DPI. A análise da expressão de mRNA nos tecidos revelou alguns dos mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro ativados durante a infecção pelo T. gondii. Observou-se uma equilibrada ativação de citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias envolvendo uma intrincada rede de mecanismos co-estimulatórios e regulatórios coordenando a resposta do tipo Th1. *Siglas dos genes segundo o Human Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) / Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonosis affecting humans and large range of animal species worldwide. Serological surveillance indicates high infection rates, but rarely is associated to severe disease. T. gondii (Tg) infection induces a strong IFN-γ dominated immune response that rapidly controls parasite replication. Pig resistance to toxoplasmosis was explored as an experimental model to evaluate host defense mechanisms. Pigs were fed 4.5 x 105 oocysts (VEG strain) and hepato-splenic (HS LN), mesenteric (MLN) and ileal lymph nodes (I LN), liver, blood, ileum, jejunum, spleen and thymus samples were collected at 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after infection (DAI). Gene expression analysis for a panel of 69 immune related genes were performed by Real-Time RT-PCR*. Most intense response were detected in MLN, HS LN and liver samples, whereas low changes were observed in periferic blood monocytes (PBMC) and thymus. IFNG mRNA expression and protein production were higher in MLN and HSLN cells than in tracheo-bronchial LN and PBMC, suggesting different levels of local response. Intense innate and inflammatory induction were observed in most of the tissues involving IL1B, IL6, IFNA1, TNF, ORM1, MYD88, TLR2, TLR4; stimulation of IFNG dominated Th1 response included IRF1, IL23A, IL18, STAT1, SOCS1, SOCS3, ICSBP1, TBX21; balanced by expression of regulatory cytokines IL10, TGFB1 and TGFB3. Prominent ARG1, INDO and SLC11A1 upregulation indicate activation of host amino acid (arginine and tryptophan) and iron protective mechanisms. Tg parasites were detected by Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry in MLN as early as 2DAI. Increase of parasite burden at 4DPI was followed by an intense inflammatory response, edema and tissue necrosis in liver and LNM at 7DPI. Increased serum AST levels at 7DPI confirmed liver damage. Reduced parasite numbers and inflammatory response suggest control of parasite replication at 14 DPI. High serum haptoglobin and nitric oxide at 4DAI (α=0.05) indicate acute phase protein and macrophage activation, respectively. Flow citometry analysis showed increased percentage of CD2/CD16 DP suggesting involvement of NK cells, whereas no changes were observed at CD4+/CD8+, CD3+/CD25+ cells. Gene expression stimulation, IFN-γ production, serum determinations and histological lesions showed similar pattern, of induction at 2DPI, increasing at 4DPI and 7DPI and decreasing at 14DPI. Tissue mRNA expression analysis revealed some of the host defense mechanisms activated during T. gondii infection. A balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine activation, involving an intricated co-stimulatory and regulatory mechanisms that coordinates Th1 response was observed.*Gene names according to Human Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

In order to cope with the turbulent environments in digital age, an enterprise should response to the changes quickly. Therefore, an enterprise must improve her ability of real-time decision-making. One way to increase the competence of real-time decision-making is to use Real-Time Decision Support Systems (RTDSS). A key feature for a Decision Support Systems (DSS) to successfully support real-time decision-making is to help decision-makers selecting the best models within deadline. This study focuses on developing methods to support the mechanism of model selection in DSS. There are five results in this study. Firstly, we have developed a time-based framework to evaluate models. This framework can help decision-makers to evaluate the quality and cost of model solutions. Secondly, based on the framework of models evaluation, we also developed three models selection strategies. These strategies can help decision-makers to select the best model within deadline. Thirdly, according the definitions of parameter value precision and model solution precision in this study, we conduct a simulation analysis to understand the impacts of the precision of parameter values to the precision of a model solution. Fourthly, in order to understand the interaction among the model selection variables, we also simulate the application of model selection strategies. The results of simulation indicate our study can support models selection well. Finally, we developed a structure-based model retrieval method to help decision-makers find alternative models from model base efficiently and effectively. In conclusion, the results of this research have drawn a basic skeleton for the development of models selection. This research also reveals much insight into the development of real-time decision support systems.

In this thesis, we study temperature-constrained multiprocessor real-time systems, where real-time guarantees must be met without exceeding safe temperature levels within the processors. We focus on Pfair scheduling algorithms, especially ERfair scheduling scheme (a work-conserving extension to Pfair scheduling) as our main multiprocessor real-time scheduling methodology. Then, we study the benefits of simple reactive speed scaling as described in the real-time multiprocessor systems. In this thesis, in support of the temperature-awareness, we extend the applicability of the reactive speed scaling to global scheduling schemes for multiprocessors. We propose temperature-aware scheduling and processor selection schemes motivated by existing (thermally non-optimal) ERfair scheduling in order to reduce thermal stress and therefore increase the processor utilization. Then, we show that the proposed algorithm and reactive scheme can enhance the processor utilization compared with any constant speed scheme on real-time multiprocessor systems. Additionally, we show how the maximum schedulable utilization (MSU) for partitioning heuristics can be determined on the temperature-constrained multiprocessor real-time systems.

Performance analysis is an objective method of gathering the data of performance, and generally transforms these observations into numerical data. Performance indicators, as well as a selection or elements of sucessful outcome, have often been used in order to feedback augmented information in performance analysis systems, but they have rarely been considered within the classification of performance analysis systems based on timing of analysis and feedback. The main aim of this study is to investigate performance indicators used within real-time and lapsed time systems so that the definitions of the performance indicators, the effectiveness of the performance indicators, their reliability and validity within real time analysis systems can be analyzed.

No description available.

In den letzten Jahren erreichten viele neue (emerging) Viren Europa, die zum Teil (z.T.) zoonotisch auf den Menschen übertragbar sind. So musste man sich mit Geflügel- und Schweinegrippe, Blauzungenkrankheit, Infektiöser Anämie der Einhufer oder auch SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) auseinandersetzen. Bedingt durch verschiedene Faktoren, wie Klimawandel oder zunehmende Globalisierung und damit einhergehendem Verkehr zwischen den Kontinenten verbesserten sich auch die Bedingungen für die Virusverbreitung, so dass viele für Deutschland untypische Krankheitserreger auch hier auftraten. Das West-Nil-Virus (WNV) ist in Europa bereits endemisch verbreitet und könnte somit eine besondere Gefahr für Deutschland darstellen. Es ist ein bekannter Zoonose-Erreger, und sein Eintrag und die rasche Verbreitung des Virus in Amerika 1999 zeigten wie gefährlich neue Viren in naiven Populationen sein können. Über die Verbreitung des Virus in Deutschland gibt es nur wenige Studien z.B. des Robert-Koch-Instituts (LINKE et al. 2007a) und des Friedrich-Loeffler-Instituts (SEIDOWSKI et al. 2010), wobei in keiner Studie tote Vögel als Untersuchungsmaterial genutzt wurden. Da das WNV in Amerika mit einem auffälligen Vogelsterben einherging, ist es naheliegend, den Virusnachweis zuerst bei toten Vögeln zu erbringen.

Many products are built from more or less independently developed subsystems. For instance, a car consists of subsystems for transmission, braking, suspension, etc. These subsystems are frequently controlled by an embedded computer system. In the automotive industry, as well as in other application domains, there is currently a trend from an approach where subsystems have dedicated computer hardware and other resources (a federated approach) to an approach where subsystems share hardware and other resources (an integrated approach). This is motivated by a strong pressure to reduce product cost, at the same time as an increasing number of subsystems are being introduced. When integrating subsystems, it is desirable that guarantees valid before integration are also valid after integration, since this would eliminate the need for costly reverifications. The computer network is a resource that is typically shared among all subsystems. Hence, a central issue when integrating subsystems is to provide an efficient scheduling of message transmissions on the network. There are essentially three families of schedulers that can be used: priority-driven schedulers that assign priorities to messages, time-driven schedulers that assign specific time-slots for transmission of specific messages, and share-driven schedulers that assign shares of the available network capacity to groups of messages. This thesis presents a framework for share-driven scheduling, to be implemented and used in embedded networks, with the aim to facilitate subsystem integration by reducing the risk of interference between subsystems. The framework is applied in the automotive domain. The initial parts of the thesis give an overview of systems, subsystems and network technologies found and used in the automotive domain. Then, the share-driven scheduling framework is presented, analytically investigated and proven, as well as evaluated in a simulation study. Finally it is shown how the framework is to be configured and used in the context of subsystem integration. The results show that the framework allows for flexible and efficient scheduling of messages with real-time constraints, facilitating integration of subsystems from a network point of view.

No description available.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om RTK – tekniken (Real Time Kinematik) i framtiden kan komma att användas vid lotsning i Sverige, ombord på fartyg med begränsat vattendjup under kölen.  Squateffekten påverkar fartyg vid passage över grunda partier i farleder och i kanaler. För att minska ner på squateffekten så kan man minska ned på farten eller ändra fartygets trim. Studien har utformats utefter en kvalitativ metod, som handlar om att man väljer att bearbeta och analysera sin information genom att verbala analysmetoder används. Detta har genomförts genom att intervjua ett antal utvalda lotsar som både är insatta samt mindre insatta i tekniken. På så sätt belystes olika aspekter på tekniken och ifall det finns andra områden som lotsarna kan ha nytta utav denna utrustning i sitt dagliga arbete. Vid genomförandet av uppsatsen valdes en systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningar genomfördes globalt för att få fram information om var det skett olyckor pga. squateffektens inverkan samt vilka länder som genomfört tester ombord med RTK-tekniken. Resultatet av ett användande av RTK-tekniken är att lotsar och sjöbefäl har möjlighet att få reda på hur fartyget rör sig och när det då utsätts för squateffekten. Detta för RTK-tekniken har möjlighet att ge information om hur fartyget rör sig med en noggrannhet på 3-4 centimeter i alla led samt få en exaktare hastighet även i sidled. Det finns även möjlighet att få fram en tredimensionell bild över fartyget. Resultat visar också att det finns ett behov och intresse för fler tester med RTK-tekniken. Med stöd av RTK-tekniken finns det möjlighet att få fram en bättre positionering och att ha en bättre översikt på hur fartyget rör sig samt i vilken hastighet. Resultatet visade också att tekniken är användbar för lotsarna och på vilket sätt den kan underlätta i deras dagliga arbete. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether RTK - technology (Real Time Kinematic) in the future may be used for piloting in Sweden, on board vessels with limited depth of water under the keel. The squat effect cured vessels when they passing over an area of shallow waters in a fairway or a channel. To reduce the squat effect it can be done to increase the speed or change the trim of the vessel. The study has been designed along a qualitative method, which is about one chooses to process and analyze their information by verbal analysis methods. This has been carried out by interviewing a number of selected pilots that are both familiar and less familiar with the technology. In this way, highlighted various aspects of the technology and whether there are other areas that pilots can use this equipment in their daily work. In the implementation of the essay was elected a systematic literature. It was conducted a global search to obtain information about where the accident occurred of the squat effect and which countries that have been tested this technology onboard. The result of the RTK-technology is that pilots and ship's officers have the opportunity to find out how the vessel is moving and when it is exposed of the squat effect. The RTK-technology are able to provide information how the vessel move with an accuracy of 3-4 centimeters at every stage and get a more exact speed even in sideways. It is also possible to obtain a three-dimensional image of the vessel. The results confirm that there is a need and an interest for further testing with the RTK-technology. The results also showed that the technology is useful for the pilots and how it can useful for them in their daily work.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-13T10:34:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Barros de Azevedo Vieira - 2018.pdf: 2090852 bytes, checksum: cea29f7c5b0e3e434fef63a6866bc625 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-13T11:09:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Barros de Azevedo Vieira - 2018.pdf: 2090852 bytes, checksum: cea29f7c5b0e3e434fef63a6866bc625 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T11:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Barros de Azevedo Vieira - 2018.pdf: 2090852 bytes, checksum: cea29f7c5b0e3e434fef63a6866bc625 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-09 / The technological advances in recent years have allowed the development of new applications for communication. These applications allow multiple types of media to be switched between their users, with lower latency providing a better experience for the user. However, the development of applications for communication using general purpose languages has as a focus the development of the application and not the solution of the problems in a domain. In this way, domain-specific modeling languages, originated in Model-Driven Engineering, raise the level of abstraction and reduce the complexity of software development. Specificaly, modeling languages for the real-time communication domain aim to model applications that allow real-time communication among users, not only reducing the development time but also offering users the possibility of creating their own applications. The objective of this work was to propose a new communication modeling language, RBCML, which enables the definition of communication applications based on the roles that users play in a communication session, as well as their requirements in terms of the types of media and data that they can exchange. An implementation of the language was developed on top of the standards-based WebRTC platform in order to carry out evaluation experiments to demonstrate its usability and performance. / Os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos nos últimos anos, permitiram o desenvolvimento de novas aplicações para comunicação. Essas aplicações permitem que diversos tipos de mídia sejam usadas na comunicação entre os usuários, com menor latência e proporcionando uma melhor experiência para o usuário. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de aplicações para comunicação utilizando linguagens de propósito geral tem como característica o foco no desenvolvimento da aplicação e não na resolução de problemas no domínio. Isso motivou o surgimento de linguagens de modelagem específicas de domínio, originadas na Engenharia Dirigida por Modelos, que elevam o nível de abstração e reduzem a complexidade do desenvolvimento de software. Linguagens de modelagem específicas para o domínio de comunicação em tempo real têm como objetivo modelar aplicações que permitam a comunicação em tempo real, reduzindo o esforço no desenvolvimento deste tipo de aplicação e permitindo que os usuários criem suas próprias aplicações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor uma nova linguagem de comunicação, RBCML, que permite a definição de aplicações de comunicação com base nos papéis que os usuários desempenham nas sessões de comunicação, bem como em seus requisitos com respeito aos tipos de mídia e dados por meio dos quais a comunicação ocorre. Uma implementação da linguagem foi desenvolvida usando o padrão WebRTC para permitir a realização de experimentos para demonstrar sua usabilidade e desempenho.