El presente trabajo explora los diversos arquetipos de la mujer andina identificados en las películas peruanas “La vida es una sola” (1992) dirigida por Marianne Eyde, “Madeinusa” (2005) dirigida por Claudia Llosa y “Wiñaypacha” (2018) dirigida por Óscar Catacora. Dentro de este marco, para el desarrollo de este análisis se planteó la pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo son los cambios de los arcos de transformación de los arquetipos de la mujer andina en el cine peruano representados a través de las películas “La vida es una sola”, “Madeinusa” y “Wiñaypacha”? Este trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar cómo la construcción de estas representaciones, fidedignas o erróneas, pueden afectar en las implicancias de raza, clase y género dentro de la industria cinematográfica nacional, generando desigualdad, normalizando el racismo o la misoginia y afectando a la cultura peruana en general. En última instancia, se utiliza una investigación cualitativa para analizar y comparar los diversos arcos de transformación de arquetipos utilizando la herramienta de investigación: análisis de contenidos. / This research explores the various archetypes of Andean women identified in the Peruvian films "La vida es una sola" (1992) directed by Marianne Eyde, "Madeinusa" (2005) directed by Claudia Llosa and "Wiñaypacha" (2018) directed by Oscar Catacora. Within this framework, for the development of this analysis the research question was posed: How are the changes in the arches of transformation of the archetypes of Andean women in Peruvian cinema represented through the films “La vida es una sola”, “Madeinusa” and “Wiñaypacha”? The purpose of this work is to analyze how the construction of these representations, trustworthy or erroneous, can affect the implications of race, class and gender within the national film industry, generating inequality, normalizing racism or misogyny and affecting Peruvian culture in general. Ultimately, qualitative research is used to analyze and compare the various archetype transformation arcs using the research tool: content analysis. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente estudio analiza los exponentes que se rebelan en contra de la hegemonía cultural de la plataforma de YouTube, a través del uso del humor. El objetivo principal es identificar cuáles son los elementos de este recurso para hacer una crítica social hacia a la imagen hegemónica de la mujer en YouTube, en el caso de la youtuber Nancy Risol. La metodología empleada es cualitativa y los datos obtenidos provienen de un análisis de contenido de sus videos más populares. Además, de entrevistas a estudiantes que consumen el tipo de videos que produce Nancy. De esta manera, el estudio pone en manifiesto qué es lo que hace exitosa a esta youtuber, qué impacto genera en la audiencia y cuál es la intervención de las marcas en el proceso. / The present study analyzes the exponents that reveal themselves against the cultural hegemony on YouTube platform, through the use of humor. The main objective is to identify the elements of this resource to make a social criticism of the hegemonic woman’s image on YouTube, in the case of the youtuber Nancy Risol. The methodology used is qualitative and the data obtained comes from a content analysis of her most popular videos. Also, from interviews with students who consume the kind of videos Nancy produces. In this way, the study reveals what makes this youtuber successful, what impact it generates on the audience and what is the intervention of brands in the process. / Trabajo de investigación

Esta investigación analiza el uso de las representaciones ficcionales en la narrativa visual de los mates burilados en la actualidad. Se parte de la hipótesis de que existen en las artesanías elementos identitarios que se encuentran en sus narrativas por la influencia de la cultura andina, y que estas pueden llegar a la creación de códigos visuales que son utilizados para la construcción de representaciones ficcionales de temas actuales. La investigación se centró en el estudio cualitativo de cinco mates burilados escogidos por conveniencia para ser analizados mediante los métodos narrativos que presentan, al igual que diez mates con temas locales y translocales para ser comparados por sus elementos gráficos. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos se complementan con la perspectiva de los mismos artesanos, que se abordó a partir de entrevistas. Además, se entrevistó a una experta en historia del arte peruano. Entre los principales resultados se encontró el uso de patrones de flora y fauna local para rellenar los espacios vacíos del mate considerándose parte de la narrativa, porque los artesanos piensan que es muy simple solo colocar a los personajes de la narrativa en el mate. Por otro lado, la lectura narrativa se basa en girar panorámicamente por completo la artesanía para entender la historia, donde se visualizan los diseños unificados y simétricos que dan la sensación que están en movimiento las escenas. Se concluyó que la cosmovisión andina es un fenómeno influyente en mates contemporáneos para representar ficciones dentro de narrativas visuales, prevaleciendo elementos gráficos como las formas orgánicas y geométricas consecutivas, que acompañan a las temáticas narrativas, dependiendo de la intención comunicativa del artesano. / This research analyzes the use of fictional representations in the visual narrative of today’s gourds carved. It is based on the hypothesis that there are identity elements in handicrafts that are found in their narratives due to the influence of the Andean culture, and that these can lead to the creation of visual codes that are used for the construction of fictional representations of current themes. The research focused on the qualitative study of five gourds carved chosen for convenience to be analyzed using the narrative methods they present, as well as ten gourds carved with local and translocal themes to be compared for their graphic elements. In the same way, the results obtained are complemented by the perspective of the handicraftsman themselves, which was addressed through interviews. In addition, an expert in Peruvian art history was interviewed. Among the main results was the use of local flora and fauna patterns to fill in the empty spaces of the gourds, being considered part of the narrative, because the handicraftsman think that it is very simple to just place the characters of the narrative in the gourds. On the other hand, narrative reading is based on completely rotating the crafts to understand the story, where unified and symmetrical designs are visualized that give the sensation that the scenes are in motion. It was concluded that the Andean worldview is an influential phenomenon in contemporary gourds to represent fictions within visual narratives, prevailing graphic elements such as consecutive organic and geometric shapes, which accompany narrative themes, depending on the communicative intention of the handicraftsman. / Trabajo de investigación

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Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph

L’internationalisation du droit communautaire de l’UE a engendré le développement de nouveaux centres de production juridique en dehors de l’espace juridique européen comme la CAN. Ce processus a stimulé un phénomène de pluralisme juridique mondial à double dimension : on note d’une part la création , à l’échelle régionale, de modèles alternatifs d’intégration ; d’autre part, au niveau national, l’émergence d’une discussion sur l’identité constitutionnelle et administrative des Etats au regard des systèmes juridiques supranationaux. La comparaison jurisprudentielle entre la CJUE et le TJCA montre une expansion du pluralisme juridique en Amérique latine et dans l’Union européenne, tant à l’échelle nationale que régionale ; constitutionnelle qu’administrative. Un tel pluralisme appelle la construction d’une jurisprudence de coordination-harmonisation régionale plutôt qu’une standardisation juridique mondiale telle qu’elle est envisagée par le droit économique de l’OMC, la doctrine du Global Administrative Law ou celle proposant des standards constitutionnels mondiaux. La jurisprudence comparée explique comment le dialogue –«spontané et débridé»- de juges nationaux et régionaux révèle les rapports conflictuels entre le droit économique du marché mondial (OMC) et la protection de l’ordre public à l’échelle régionale. La thèse aborde cette problématique du pluralisme juridique au prisme de la jurisprudence comparée de la CJUE et du TJCA. D’un point de vue constitutionnel tout d’abord, la notion de « savoir-pouvoir du juge » (se substituant à la notion d’activisme des juges) propose de comprendre le juge communautaire en tant que garant du pluralisme juridique national afin d’aborder une nouvelle configuration complexe du pouvoir juridique à l’échelle supranationale. D’un point de vue administratif ensuite, la notion de gouvernabilité régionale (se substituant à la notion de gouvernance mondiale) appelle à un espace d’étatisation juridique des pouvoirs économiques régionaux pour les placer sous le contrôle du droit. Il s’agit d’imaginer un droit public régional capable d’étatiser les pouvoirs régionaux en tant que contre-pouvoirs de régulation du marché face à l’indéfinition juridique de la gouvernance mondiale. / The internationalization of Community Law in the EU has led to the development of new centers of legal production outside the European legal space such as CAN. This process has stimulated a two -dimensional global phenomenon of legal pluralism: on the one hand there is the creation of alternative regional integration models and on the other hand, the emergence of a discussion on national level about the constitutional and administrative identity of States under supranational legal systems. The comparison between different jurisprudences shows an expansion of legal pluralism in Latin America and in the EU, as much as in a national or regional scale than in a constitutional or administrative scale. Such pluralism demands the construction of a regional coordination-harmonization rather than a standardization of the legal world as envisaged by the WTO's economic Law, the doctrine of Global Administrative Law or the constitutional providing of global standards. Comparative jurisprudence explains how the national and regional judges’ “spontaneous and unrestrained” dialogue reveals the conflicting relationship between the beneficial owner of the world market (WTO) and the protection of public order at a regional level. The thesis addresses the problem of pluralism through the comparative analysis of both the ECJ's and the ACJ's jurisprudences. First, from a constitutional point of view, the notion of “power-knowledge of the judge” (replacing the concept of judicial activism) suggests the understanding of the community judge as the protector of the national legal pluralism to address a new complex configuration of legal authority at a supranational level. Secondly, from an administrative point of view, the notion of regional governability (replacing the concept of global governance) demands the judicial nationalization of regional economic powers to place it under the control of law. The aim is to imagine the regional public law capable of nationalizing the regional authorities as counter-powers regulating the market to face the lack of legal definition of the global governance.

Thesis written in co-mentorship with Richard Chase Smith Ph.D, of El Instituto del Bien Comun (IBC) in Peru. The attached file is a pdf created in Word. The pdf file serves to preserve the accuracy of the many linguistic symbols found in the text. / La langue Yanesha’ est parlée sur la frontière de deux mondes, les Andes et l’Amazonie, au Pérou central. Un travail de terrain ethnolinguistique parmi le peuple Yanesha’ a été effectué en mai-août 2008 pour étudier cette langue et les facteurs menant possiblement à sa disparition. Ce mémoire porte sur les traits caractéristiques de la langue Yanesha’ et sa place à l’intérieur de la famille linguistique Arawak. L’auteure discute aussi à propos de ponapnora, un rituel de puberté qui joue un rôle important dans la préservation d’héritage musical et linguistique auprès des femmes Yanesha’. / The Yanesha’ language is spoken on the edges of two worlds, the Andes and the Amazon, in southcentral Peru. Ethnolinguistic fieldwork was carried out among the Yanesha’ people in May-August 2008 to learn about their language and the possible factors leading to its endangerment. This thesis examines the unique linguistic features of Yanesha and its place within the Arawak language family. It also discusses a puberty ritual that plays an important role in preserving musical and linguistic heritage among Yanesha’ women: the ponapnora female initiation ritual.

Comprendre les présupposés qui fondent les rapports au monde des individus selon leur appartenance civilisationnelle nécessite des outils et une méthode permettant de répondre à trois questions principales. D’abord, comment aborder le rapport que des individus et leurs collectivités entretiennent avec le monde et avec l’Autre selon leur propre système d’interprétations et d’explications de ces réalités? Ensuite, comment penser la diversité des collectivités humaines qui établissent de tels rapports? Finalement, comment aborder les dimensions collectives à travers les discours limités d’individus? Deux outils m’ont permis de prendre du recul face à ma subjectivité et d’accéder à un certain niveau de réalité et de validité quant aux faits rapportés et aux résultats atteints. Dans un premier temps, le réseau notionnel articulant les conceptions du monde (Ikenga-Metuh, 1987) comme phénomènes de civilisations (Mauss, 1929) accessibles par l’analyse des représentations sociales (Jodelet, 1997) permet de définir et d’étudier l’interface entre l’individuel et le collectif. Dans un deuxième temps, l’opérationnalisation de la recherche permet de cerner le XVIe siècle comme moment de rencontre propice à l’étude des civilisations andines et occidentales à travers les représentations du Soi espagnol et de l’Autre inca du chroniqueur Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Finalement, la méthode d’analyse de discours (Sabourin, 2009) lève le voile sur une grammaire sociale polarisante entre le Soi et l’Autre, laquelle traverse les trois univers de sens (religieux, intellectuel et politique) observés dans le discours de Sarmiento. La mise à jour des positions théologiques, intellectuelles et politiques de l’auteur ouvre à son tour sur les récits et discours collectifs propres aux civilisations occidentales et andines de son époque, et permet un questionnement nouveau : cette polarisation est-elle unique à la localisation sociale de Sarmiento ou constitue-t-elle un phénomène civilisationnel proprement occidental ? / Understanding the assumptions underlying the relationships between individuals and the world according to their civilizational affiliation requires tools and a method to address three main questions. First, how to approach the relationship individuals and their collectivities maintain with the world and with the Other according to their own set of interpretations and meanings of these realities? Second, how to envision the diversity of human collectivities which establish such relations? Finally, how to approach the collective dimensions through limited individual discourse? Two tools enabled me to distance myself from my own subjectiveness and to attain a certain degree of reality and validity as to the stated facts and the achieved results. First, the notional network linking worldviews (Ikenga-Metuh, 1987) as a civilizational phenomenon (Mauss, 1929) accessible through the analysis of social representations (Jodelet, 1997), enables the identification of an interface which can be studied between the individual and the collective. Secondly, research operationalization makes it possible to identify the sixteenth century as a significant crossroad for the study of Western and Andean civilizations through Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa’s representations of the Spanish Self and the Inca Other. Finally, discourse analysis (Sabourin, 2009) unveils a polarizing social grammar between the Self and the Other which involves the three realms of meaning (religious, intellectual and political) observed in Sarmiento’s discourse. The author’s theological, intellectual and political positions thus revealed lead, in turn, to the collective stories and discourses which prevailed in Western and Andean civilizations at the time, and invites a further question: Is this polarization unique to Sarmiento’s social location or does it constitute a truly Western civilizational phenomenon?

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.