The Tropical Andes continue to suffer the most radical climatic changes in South America. These changes generate alterations in its ecosystems, and therefore affect local populations, whose livelihoods are dependent on its diversity and functioning. This is particularly true for rural populations who rely on agriculture as their primary source of food and income. Although the biophysical pathways through which climate change can affect these populations have received extensive scientific attention, it is urgent to study the socioeconomic pathways, at scales that allow the development of vulnerability reduction strategies at the local level. The present study is part of the INCA project (International Network on Climate Change), which is a research network that analyses the local strategies of farmers under a changing climate in the Tropical Andes (Lindner et al. 2017). To contribute to this goal this study investigates climate-related vulnerability and climate change adaptation at local scales. First, the current vulnerability of farm household systems (FHSs) to climate-related hazards is assessed. This is done by looking at determinants that are internal (adaptive capital) and external (climate-related hazards) to the FHSs. Based on the recurrence of internal factors, FHSs are categorized into different groups. These groups are validated by observing the effects of climatic events that are specific to each group. The result of the analysis are different typologies or archetypes of climate-related vulnerability. The analysis adopts an archetype approach and develops methods based on multivariate analysis techniques. Second, the study analyzes the impacts of climate change, expressed as an increase in temperature conditions, at local levels. For this purpose, a multi-agent systems model of land-use/cover change is used, specifically the software package MPMAS. The model is the first attempt at a detailed representation of agents-environment interactions in the framework of climate change in the Tropical Andes. The simulation outcomes report on the adaptation of different farm household groups and the effects of climate change on the agricultural landscape. The research was conducted in selected communities in the Central Andes of Peru. The active integration of empirical data with secondary literature in the application of the research methods provided a suitable way to analyze the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of FHSs in the Tropical Andes in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, the use of participatory assessment techniques to obtain empirical data provided an additional perspective for the analysis and improved the understanding of the problem, contributing to deriving analytical generalizations that could hardly be obtained using only quantitative methods. The research results for the study area identify five archetypes of farm household’s vulnerability to climate-related hazards. For each archetype, distinct vulnerability-creating mechanisms are observed. For example, most vulnerable farm households have a very limited amount of adaptive capital: low levels of off-farm employment, few farm animals, small agricultural area, mostly rainfed, and low use of agro-ecological zones. In addition, they occupy predominantly the higher, and therefore less-productive, agro-ecological zones of the watershed. The analysis also makes it possible to derive spatial and thematic priorities for vulnerability reduction that are specific to each archetype. The modeling approach applied proved to be suitable for simulating the impacts of climate change at the local level. In particular, regarding the explicit simulation of FHSs, the productive landscape, and the way in which they interrelate and change in response to an increase in temperature conditions. The incorporation of heterogeneity and dynamics in the modeled population, the use of optimization techniques to simulate decision making, and the multi-periodicity of the model produce non-linearity, uncertainty and trajectory dependence. In addition, the use of vulnerability archetypes is a novel and robust way of creating a heterogeneous population for the initialization of the model. Simulation results show dynamic changes in the agricultural landscape as temperature increases. The area allocated to corn and olluco expands, while potato and oat areas diminish. Investment in tree plantations is largely unaffected. The effects of rising temperatures on farm households’ welfare show a general persistence of poverty in the study area. However, the effect on FHSs income is predominantly positive, allowing some to improve their food poverty position. The FHSs that manage to benefit from an increase in temperature have, on average, larger agricultural and forest areas, a greater amount of savings in the form of animals, hire more salaried labor and practice more mechanized agriculture than the FHSs whose situation did not improve. The results show that, in addition to the effects of climate change on crop productivity, there are other factors influencing land use decisions that deserve more attention in the analysis of vulnerability and climate change impacts. A better understanding of heterogeneity in climate vulnerability and climate impacts is an important step in meeting this demand.

La presente investigación se ha realizado con la finalidad de diseñar una colección de moda a partir del estudio teórico y visual de los textiles en la cultura Chancay. Para ello, se identificaron los tipos de textiles, las formas y figuras que componen la iconografía de los textiles, el contexto religioso en el cual se desarrollaron y el significado de la representación de cosmovisión. Luego se realizó una colección de indumentaria genderless a partir del análisis visual de los textiles basado en los diseños geométricos irregulares, estructuras del tejido, colores implementados y texturas táctiles. Esta investigación proporcionará un punto de partida para una mayor aproximación hacia los textiles arqueológicos de la cultura Chancay. / This research has been carried out in order to design a fashion collection based on the theoretical and visual study of textiles in the Chancay culture. For this, the types of textiles, the forms and figures were identified as a part of the textiles iconography, the religious context in which they were developed and the meaning of the representation of world view. Afterwards a genderless clothing collection was made from the visual analysis of textiles based on irregular geometric designs, fabric structures, implemented colors and tactile textures. This research will provide a starting point for a greater approach towards the archaeological textiles of the Chancay culture. / Trabajo de investigación

Esta investigación analiza el rol de los elementos identitarios de Cusco en la construcción gráfica de empaques para las marcas cerveceras regionales. Por ello, se planteó como hipótesis que estos elementos identitarios son utilizados principalmente para transmitir los conceptos y valores pertenecientes a la cultura cusqueña. Asimismo, estos ayudan a consolidar la marca en el mercado, fidelizando a los consumidores y diferenciándose de sus competidores. Esta investigación se centró en el análisis cualitativo por medio de fichas específicas a cinco marcas de cervezas nacidas en Cusco, delimitándolas bajo un criterio de conveniencia, donde se buscó que cada una resalte por el uso de los elementos identitarios cusqueños en diferentes estilos gráficos. Asimismo, se complementa los resultados de la ficha con diferentes entrevistas a expertos claves.  Como primer resultado se encontró la tendencia por utilizar los elementos identitarios cusqueños para contar una historia. Además, se resaltó que el uso de la ilustración es un estilo predominante y estandarizado en este rubro. Esto podría no generar la diferenciación necesaria para despertar el interés del usuario en la cerveza. De la misma manera se destacó, que la transformación de estructura o de la etiqueta es un factor resaltante para diferenciarse de otras cervezas. Finalmente, se concluyó que el rol de estos elementos principalmente radica en conceptualizar una parte de la historia de la cerveza. Además, busca contextualizar de forma visual al usuario en un lugar específico, por lo que, al utilizar códigos visuales de una localidad se crea una estrategia de diferenciación. / This research analyzes the role of the identity elements of Cusco in the graphic construction of packaging for regional beer brands. Therefore, it was hypothesized that these identity elements are used mainly to transmit the concepts and values ​​belonging to the Cusco culture. They also help to consolidate the brand in the market, building customer loyalty and differentiating itself from its competitors. This research focused on the qualitative analysis by means of specific files to five brands of beers born in Cusco, delimiting them under a criterion of convenience, where it was sought that each one stands out due to the use of Cusco identity elements in different graphic styles. Likewise, the results of the file are complemented with different interviews with key experts. As a first result, there was a tendency to use Cusco identity elements to tell a story. In addition, it was highlighted that the use of illustration is a predominant and standardized style in this area. This may not generate the necessary differentiation to spark user interest in beer. In the same way, it was highlighted that the transformation of the structure or the label is a highlighting factor to differentiate itself from other beers. Finally, it was concluded that the role of these elements mainly lies in conceptualizing a part of the history of beer. In addition, it seeks to visually contextualize the user in a specific place, therefore, by using visual codes from a locality, a differentiation strategy is created. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Chenopodium pallidicaule, known commonly as cañahua, is a semi-domesticated crop grown in high-altitude regions of the Andes. It is an A-genome diploid (2n = 2x = 18) relative of the allotetraploid (AABB) Chenopodium quinoa and shares many of its nutritional benefits. Both species contain a complete protein, a low glycemic index, and offer a wide variety of nutritionally important vitamins and minerals. Due to its minor crop status, few genomic resources for its improvement have been developed. Here we present a fully annotated, reference-quality assembly of cañahua. The reference assembly was developed using a combination of established techniques, including multiple rounds of Hi-C based proximity-guided assembly. The final assembly consists of 4,633 scaffolds with 96.6% of the assembly contained in nine scaffolds representing the nine haploid chromosomes of the species. Repetitive element analysis classified 52.3% of the assembly as repetitive, with the most common (27.3% of assembly) identified as LTR retrotransposons. MAKER annotation of the assembly yielded 22,832 putative genes with an average length of 4.6 Kb. When compared with quinoa, strong patterns of synteny support the hypothesis that cañahua is a close A-genome diploid relative, and thus potentially a model diploid species for genetic analysis and improvement of quinoa. Resequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a diversity panel of 30 cañahua accessions collected from across the Altiplano suggests that coordinated efforts are needed to enhance genetic diversity conservation within ex situ germplasm collections.

No description available.

This dissertation, "Andean Spanish in Peru: Acquisition, Variation and Change in the Speech of Huancayo," focuses on the maintenance of Andean Spanish, a linguistic variety spoken on the Peruvian Andes, which is the result of centuries of interaction between Spanish and Quechua societies. The importance of my research lies in the awareness that global processes are changing and restructuring the ways in which Andean people, a historical marginalized social group in Peru, develop and construct a range of new global identities, while still preserving their local ones. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, the analysis explores the effects of social factors upon language use and the maintenance or loss of Quechua features in the language and culture of the Andean city of Huancayo. / Spanish

The present study is an investigation of acoustic correlates corresponding to the category [voice] in two dialects of Venezuelan Spanish. The Andean mountain dialect Mérida (MER) and Caribbean coastal dialect Margarita (MAR) are thought to differ systematically in the phonetic implementation of the Spanish phonological stop series along the lines of lowland and highland divides commonly reported for Latin American Spanish. Specifically, MER has been characterized by a greater percentage of occlusive pronunciations, MAR by more fricative and/or approximant realizations of phonological stops. To test what repercussions these differences in consonant articulation have on the acoustic correlates that encode [voice], a production experiment was run. Informants were 25 adult monolingual speakers of Venezuelan Spanish from the areas of El Tirano (Margarita Island) and San Rafael de Mucuchíes (Mérida state). The materials were 44 CV syllable prompts. Target syllables were analyzed with respect to the following: consonant closure duration, VOT, %VF, RMS, preceding vowel duration, CV ratio, F1 onset frequency, F0 contour, and burst. Statistical analysis using a linear mixed model ANOVA tested for fixed effects of voicing category, dialect and condition (speeded/unspeeded) and interactions of voicing category * dialect and dialect * condition. Results showed that the dialects MER and MAR vary significantly in RMS. In addition, the following correlates were significant for the interaction of voicing category * dialect: consonant duration, VOT, %VF, RMS, CV ratio and burst. Generally, the nature of the differences indicates a greater separation between [± voice] values in MER than in MAR (notably divergent are VOT and RMS). These results imply that while the same acoustic correlates of [voice] are operative in both fortis and lenis dialects of Spanish, [± voice] categories relate differently. Furthermore, with regard to prosody and rate of speech, most significant differences in condition occurred in initial position while most significant differences in the interaction of voicing category * dialect were linked to medial position. The results of this study are relevant to current research on the specifics of dialectal variation in consonant systems. They also have wider implications for the general mapping of phonetics to phonology in speech. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com sujeitos pertencentes a populações oriundas de comunidades rurais de regiões da cordilheira dos Andes que foram atingidas pela violência durante as décadas do conflito armado interno no Peru, de 1984 a 2000. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as narrativas de vida desses sujeitos, considerando-se a memória como processo de reconstrução, essencial para ressignificar a vida na cidade após esse processo migratório traumático. Nessa análise, tecemos uma discussão acerca dos Direitos Humanos em situações de conflito armado e a condição de deslocados internos em relação aos refugiados. Nossos sujeitos deslocaram-se forçadamente, expulsos do campo rumo à reconstituição da vida em uma região urbana, no terceiro Estado mais pobre do Peru. Esse contexto apresentou problemas em relação ao modo de vida dessas pessoas que viviam imersas em sua cultura andina, em que a adoração à Mãe Terra é o centro das relações comunitárias, até que a experiência de deslocamento forçado os alcançou. Em busca da compreensão da constituição desses sujeitos, esta dissertação se fundamenta principalmente nos conceitos de memória de Halbwachs (2003, 2004) e Bosi (1994, 2003), de experiência de Benjamin (2012) e Larrosa (2002) e de narrativa de vida de Bertaux (2010). Apresentamos uma discussão sobre a memória como resistência e como arma, segundo propõe Schilling (2009). E discorremos sobre a ruralidade, conforme propõe Carneiro (1997), enquanto dimensão que perpassa a identidade de nossos sujeitos. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma abordagem qualitativa e utilizamos, como procedimentos metodológicos, a entrevista de caráter biográfico e a observação de campo. Por ter sido um processo de imersão, pautamo-nos nas entrevistas do tipo etnográfico, conforme considerado por Beaud e Weber (2007), ou seja, entrevistas realizadas no contexto estudado, porque não estão isoladas nem são independentes da situação de pesquisa, já que levam em conta a realidade social a que pertencem esses narradores. Nas análises, buscamos refletir sobre as narrativas de violência, considerando as práticas culturais que caracterizam esse grupo social, e o reconstruir da vida na cidade após o processo migratório, no sentido de entendermos a constituição desses sujeitos na condição de violência e desenraizamento. Escolhemos a violência como núcleo de significação porque são as ações do conflito armado que marcam profundamente esses sujeitos de forma a promover o intenso fluxo de migração forçada da população do campo para a cidade. Procuramos entender de que forma a violência surge nas narrativas de lembranças e marca esses sujeitos, tendo em vista as rupturas com a comunidade de pertencimento e implicações para a vida. E também analisamos as histórias contadas pelos sujeitos, com vistas ao período que antecedeu à migração e ao que se relaciona à reconstrução da vida no contexto urbano, quando eles passam à condição de deslocados internos. Interessou-nos conhecer de que forma a memória colaborou com esse processo de reedificação em relação à cultura como eixo estrutural desses indivíduos. / This work is the result of a research developed with subjects in populations from rural communities in the Andes mountains regions that were affected by violence during the decades of internal armed conflict in Peru, from 1984 to 2000. The aim of this study was to analyse the life narratives of these subjects, by considering memory as a reconstruction process, essential to reframe life in the city after this traumatic and migration process. In this analysis, we have a discussion about human rights in situations of armed conflict and also on the condition of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in relation to refugees. Our subjects were forced to move, expelled from the countryside towards the reconstitution of life in an urban context, the third poorest state of Peru. This context shows problems compared to Andean lifestyle, where the worship of Mother Earth is the center of community relations, until their forced displacement experience reached them. In pursuit of understanding of these subjects structures, this thesis is based mainly on the concepts of memory of Halbwachs (2003, 2004) and Bosi (1994, 2003), experience as conceived by Benjamin (2012) and Larrosa (2002) and life narrative of Bertaux (2010). It also brings a discussion about memory as resistance and as a weapon, as proposed by Schilling (2009) and a discussion about rurality, as proposed by Carneiro (1997), as a dimension that permeates our subjects identities. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach using as methodological procedures biographical interview and field observation. Because it was an immersion process, we rely on ethnographic interviews as considered by Beaud and Weber (2007), i.e. interviews in the research context since they are not isolated nor are independent of the research situation as they consider the social reality to each one of the tellers belongs. In the analyses, we try to reflect about the narratives of violence, considering cultural practices that characterize this social group, and the rebuilding of life in the city after the migration process, in order to understand the constitution of these subjects on conditions of violence and uprooting. We chose violence as a meaning core because these actions of the armed conflict deeply marked these subjects in order to promote the intense flow of forced migration of rural people to the city. We seek to understand how violence emerges in narratives of remembrances and affects these subjects, bearing in mind the disruption with the community of belonging and implications for life. And we analysed the stories told by the subjects, concerning the period previous to the migration and the one related to the reconstruction of life in the urban context, when they their condition became of IDPs. We were interested in knowing how memory collaborated with this process of rebuilding in relation to culture as a structural axis of these individuals