Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:35:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 438376.pdf: 401653 bytes, checksum: 71b508ee48ad226494584a2a12902901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / Objective: Analyze the lipid profile of patients with SCASSST/Unstable Angina and IAM with no ST-segment elevation (IAMSSST), including the determination of non- HDL-C. Methods: Observational Transversal. Study analyzed data of 1080 admitted patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (IA/IAMSSST at the cardiovascular Intensive care unit at PUCRS-S?o Lucas Hospital between the period of September/1999 and October/2010. Analysis of the lipid profile were realized in the first 24h of the admission. Results: Among the 1080 patients, 51,9% male, 32,9% diabetics, 84,1% presented systemic arterial hypertension,26,1 smokers. In the analyzed sample it was observed that 53,4% of the patients had been using hypolipidemic treatment. At the lipid profile it was observed that 44,8% of patients presented abnormal levels of Triglycerides, 66,6% (men) and 73,3 (women) HDL-C out of goals; 30,2% of patients presented total cholesterol >200mg/dL, and 24,4% had LDL-C >130mg/dl and 51,7% LDL-C >100mg/dL. Among the 1080 patients 182 had triglycerides >200mg/dL associated to LDL-C > 130mg/dL of which, 58 patients (31,9%) presented non-HDL-C >160mg/dL. Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrate that the majority of patients with SCA (AI/IAMSSST) had low HDL-C and about half of them presented LDL-C <100mg/dL. The non-HDL-C had been elevated in one third of the patients, associated to elevated triglycerides levels / Introdu??o: A dislipidemia ? um dos principais fatores de risco para a doen?a arterial coronariana, por?m cerca de um ter?o dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc?rdio est?o com n?veis de colesterol total e LDL-C normais. H? poucos dados do perfil lip?dico e do n?o-HDL-colesterol (n?o-HDL-C), em pacientes com s?ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST (SCASSST). Objetivo: Analisar o perfil lip?dico de pacientes com SCASSST/Angina Inst?vel e IAM sem supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMSSST), incluindo-se a determina??o do n?o-HDL-C. M?todos: Estudo observacional transversal analisou 1080 pacientes internados com S?ndrome Coronariana Aguda (AI/IAMSSST) na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular do Hospital S?o Lucas-PUCRS, entre setembro/1999 a outubro/2010. Foram realizadas an?lises do perfil lip?dico nas primeiras 24h da admiss?o. Resultados: Entre os 1080 pacientes, 51,9% do sexo masculino, 32,9% diab?ticos, 84,1% apresentavam hipertens?o arterial sist?mica e 26,1% tabagistas. Na amostra analisada, observou-se que 53,4% dos pacientes faziam o uso de tratamento hipolipemiante. Na an?lise do perfil lip?dico observou-se: 44,8% apresentaram n?veis de triglicer?deos anormais; 66,6% (homens) e 73,3% (mulheres) HDL-C fora das metas; 30,2% dos pacientes apresentavam colesterol total >200mg/dL, sendo que 24,4% tinham LDL-C >130mg/dL e 51,7% LDL-C >100mg/dL. Entre os 1080 pacientes, 182 tinham triglicer?deos >200mg/dL associado a LDL-C > 130mg/dL; destes, 58 pacientes (31,9%) apresentavam n?o-HDL-C >160mg/dL. Conclus?o: Os resultados do nosso estudo demonstram que a maioria dos pacientes com SCA (AI/IAMSSST) tinham HDL-C baixo e cerca de metade apresentavam LDL-C <100mg/dL. O n?o-HDL-C esteve elevado em um ter?o dos pacientes associado a n?veis elevados de triglicer?deos.

<p>In unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) it still is a matter of debate which patients should undergo early revascularisation. In the FRISC II study (n=2457) an early invasive strategy was, compared to a primarily non-invasive strategy, associated with reduced mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) rates. However, in this heterogeneous group of patients, tools for an appropriate selection to revascularisation are needed.</p><p>From the FRISC II study we evaluated the prognosis, the angiographic extent of CAD and the effects of an early invasive strategy in relation to risk variables on admission.</p><p>The occurrence of ST depression and/or elevated levels of Troponin T were associated with a higher risk for death and MI, more severe CAD and also with a reduction of death or MI by the early invasive strategy.</p><p>Elevated levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (Il-6) were associated with a higher mortality but an unchanged MI rate. Elevated levels of Il-6, but not CRP, identified patients with a large reduction of mortality by the invasive strategy.</p><p>Age ≥ 70 years, male gender, diabetes, previous MI, ST depression and elevated levels of troponin and markers of inflammation were independently associated with an adverse outcome. The FRISC-score was constructed using these 7 variables. At FRISC-score ≥ 5 an early invasive strategy markedly reduced mortality and MI, at FRISC–score 3-4 death/MI was reduced, whereas in patients with a FRISC-score 0-2 neither mortality nor death/MI was influenced.</p><p>In unstable CAD, a non-invasive strategy seems justified only for patients at low risk, i.e. FRISC score < 2. In patients with intermediate and high risk, i.e. FRISC-score ≥ 3, an early invasive strategy is recommended.</p>

<p>This study evaluated the use of multi-lead ST-monitoring in the early assessment of patients with suspected or confirmed unstable coronary artery disease (UCAD).</p><p>At continuous 12-lead ECG (c12ECG), the definition of an ischemic episode as a transient ST-deviation ¡Ý0 for at least 1 minute resulted in a good observer agreement (kappa=0.72) and an acceptable incidence of postural ST-changes.</p><p>When c12ECG was performed from admission and for 12 hours in 630 patients with suspected UCAD, 16% had ischemic episodes. At 30 days, patients with episodes had a higher risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (MI) (10% vs. 1.5%). In a multivariate analysis, troponin T¡Ý0.10¦Ìg/l and presence of ischemic episodes were independent predictors of cardiac death or MI. When ST-monitoring and troponin T status were combined, patients could be divided into a low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group with 1%, 4% and 12% risk for cardiac death or MI at 30 days of follow up.</p><p>As a part of a multicenter trial, including patients with UCAD, 1016 patients underwent ST-monitoring with c12ECG or continuous vectorcardiography (cVCG). Ischemia was detected in 32% and 35%, respectively. When the groups with ischemia were compared, the groups were similar with respect to several clinical variables. Thus, these methods identify the same high-risk population.</p><p>Of the 629 patients treated non-invasively with extended treatment of low-molecular- weight heparin (LMWH) or placebo, 34% had ischemic episodes. In this group at 3 months, patients administered LMWH had a significantly lower risk of death, MI, or revascularization than patients treated with placebo (35.2% vs. 53.4%). In patients without transient ischemic episodes, the outcome in the LMWH and placebo group was similar.</p><p>Thus, multi-lead monitoring provides important prognostic information early after admission in this population, and seems to identify patients who benefit most from extended antithrombotic treatment.</p>

This study evaluated the use of multi-lead ST-monitoring in the early assessment of patients with suspected or confirmed unstable coronary artery disease (UCAD). At continuous 12-lead ECG (c12ECG), the definition of an ischemic episode as a transient ST-deviation ¡Ý0 for at least 1 minute resulted in a good observer agreement (kappa=0.72) and an acceptable incidence of postural ST-changes. When c12ECG was performed from admission and for 12 hours in 630 patients with suspected UCAD, 16% had ischemic episodes. At 30 days, patients with episodes had a higher risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (MI) (10% vs. 1.5%). In a multivariate analysis, troponin T¡Ý0.10¦Ìg/l and presence of ischemic episodes were independent predictors of cardiac death or MI. When ST-monitoring and troponin T status were combined, patients could be divided into a low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group with 1%, 4% and 12% risk for cardiac death or MI at 30 days of follow up. As a part of a multicenter trial, including patients with UCAD, 1016 patients underwent ST-monitoring with c12ECG or continuous vectorcardiography (cVCG). Ischemia was detected in 32% and 35%, respectively. When the groups with ischemia were compared, the groups were similar with respect to several clinical variables. Thus, these methods identify the same high-risk population. Of the 629 patients treated non-invasively with extended treatment of low-molecular- weight heparin (LMWH) or placebo, 34% had ischemic episodes. In this group at 3 months, patients administered LMWH had a significantly lower risk of death, MI, or revascularization than patients treated with placebo (35.2% vs. 53.4%). In patients without transient ischemic episodes, the outcome in the LMWH and placebo group was similar. Thus, multi-lead monitoring provides important prognostic information early after admission in this population, and seems to identify patients who benefit most from extended antithrombotic treatment.

In unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) it still is a matter of debate which patients should undergo early revascularisation. In the FRISC II study (n=2457) an early invasive strategy was, compared to a primarily non-invasive strategy, associated with reduced mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) rates. However, in this heterogeneous group of patients, tools for an appropriate selection to revascularisation are needed. From the FRISC II study we evaluated the prognosis, the angiographic extent of CAD and the effects of an early invasive strategy in relation to risk variables on admission. The occurrence of ST depression and/or elevated levels of Troponin T were associated with a higher risk for death and MI, more severe CAD and also with a reduction of death or MI by the early invasive strategy. Elevated levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (Il-6) were associated with a higher mortality but an unchanged MI rate. Elevated levels of Il-6, but not CRP, identified patients with a large reduction of mortality by the invasive strategy. Age ≥ 70 years, male gender, diabetes, previous MI, ST depression and elevated levels of troponin and markers of inflammation were independently associated with an adverse outcome. The FRISC-score was constructed using these 7 variables. At FRISC-score ≥ 5 an early invasive strategy markedly reduced mortality and MI, at FRISC–score 3-4 death/MI was reduced, whereas in patients with a FRISC-score 0-2 neither mortality nor death/MI was influenced. In unstable CAD, a non-invasive strategy seems justified only for patients at low risk, i.e. FRISC score &lt; 2. In patients with intermediate and high risk, i.e. FRISC-score ≥ 3, an early invasive strategy is recommended.

Background Non-adherence to evidence based secondary prevention medicines (SPM) by coronary heart disease (CHD) patients limits their expected benefits and may result in a lack of improvement or significant deterioration in health. This study explored self-reported non-adherence to SPM, barriers to adherence, and the perception that patients in West Yorkshire have about their medicines in order to inform practice and improve adherence. Methods In this cross-sectional study a specially designed postal survey (The Heart Medicines Survey) assessed medicines-taking behaviour using the Morisky Medicines Adherence 8 items Scale (MMAS-8), a modified version of the Single Question Scale (SQ), the Adherence Estimator (AE), Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire(BMQ) and additional questions to explore practical barriers to adherence. Patients were also asked to make any additional comments about their medicines-taking experience. A purposive sample of 696 patients with long established CHD and who were on SPM for at least 3 months was surveyed. Ethical approval was granted by the local ethics committee. Results 503 (72%) patients participated in the survey. 52%, 34% and 11% of patients were prescribed at least four, three and two SPMs respectively. The level of non-adherence to collective SPM was 44%. The AE predicted that 39% of those had an element of intentional non-adherence. The contribution of aspirin, statins, clopidogrel, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to overall non-adherence as identified by the SQ scale was 62%, 67%, 7%, 30%, 22% and 5%, respectively. A logistic regression model for overall non-adherence revealed that older age and female gender were associated with less non-adherence (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98; OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.93; respectively). Specific concern about SPM, having issues with repeat prescriptions and aspirin were associated with more non-adherence (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.18; OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.90, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.17). Other variables were associated with intentional and non-intentional non-adherence. 221 (44%) patients elaborated on their medicines-taking behaviour by providing additional comments about the need for patient tailored information and better structured medicines reviews. Conclusions The Medicines Heart Survey was successful in revealing the prevalence of self-reported non-adherence and barriers to adherence in our population. Healthcare professionals should examine specific modifiable barriers to adherence in their population before developing interventions to improve adherence. Conducting frequent structured medicines-reviews, which explore and address patients' concerns about their medicines and healthcare services, and enable them to make suggestions, will better inform practice and may improve adherence.

Objetivos: validar versões em português do Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) e do Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) para avaliação de qualidade de vida em pacientes brasileiros com cardiopatia isquêmica. Métodos: estudo transversal com instrumentos traduzidos e aplicados em dois grupos: em 200 pacientes ambulatoriais com cardiopatia isquêmica estável em dois momentos, com intervalo de 14 dias; e em 50 pacientes antes e 30 dias após a angioplastia. Classe funcional foi avaliada pelo Specific Activity Scale. Testes de correlação intraclasse, Cronbach α e Wilcoxon foram utilizados. Resultados: os participantes dos dois grupos apresentaram características clínicodemográficas semelhantes, sendo a taxa de resposta de 78% e 76% no reteste. Reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos (coeficiente α de Cronbach) variou de 0,70 a 0,90 e 0,62 a 0,79 para os domínios do SF-36 e do SAQ, respectivamente. Estabilidade dos instrumentos em 14 dias (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse) foi >0,68 e >0,49 para os domínios do SF-36 e SAQ. No quesito responsividade, o SF-36 demonstrou melhora nos domínios capacidade funcional (10,5), dor (16,5), vitalidade (13,5), aspecto social (10,1) e saúde mental (9,8); e no SAQ, nos domínios estabilidade (41,1) e freqüência (27,3) da angina e percepção da doença (12,0). Os domínios do SF-36 e do SAQ, exceto um, foram consistentemente relacionados à classe funcional. Conclusão: as versões traduzidas dos instrumentos mostraram desempenho adequado sem diferenças entre si, sugerindo serem reprodutíveis, responsivas e válidas para a avaliação da qualidade de vida em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica no Brasil. / Objectives: To validate Portuguese-language versions of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), for the evaluation of quality of life in Brazilian patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study using instruments translated and applied to two groups: 200 outpatients with stable ischemic cardiomyopathy at two points in time- 14-day interval; and 50 patients pre and 30 days post angioplasty. Functional class was evaluated by the Specific Activity Scale. Intra-class correlation, Cronbach’s alpha and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results: The participants in both groups presented similar clinical-demographic characteristics, and the rate of response in the retest was 78% and 76%. Reproducibility of the instruments (Cronbach alpha coefficient) varied from 0.70 to 0.90 and 0.62 to 0.79 for the SF-36 and SAQ domains, respectively. Stability of instruments in 14 days (intraclass correlation coefficient) was ≥0.68 and ≥0.49 for the SF-36 and SAQ domains. For the responsiveness item, SF-36 showed improvement in the domains physical functioning (10.5), bodily pain (16.5), vitality (13.5), social functioning (10.1) and mental health (9.8); and in SAQ in those concerning stability (41.1) and frequency (27.3) of angina and disease perception (12.0). The SF-36 and SAQ domains except one were consistently related to functional class. Conclusion: The translated versions of the instruments showed an adequate performance without differences amongst them, suggesting that they are reproducible, responsive and valid to evaluate quality of life in ischemic heart disease patients in Brazil.

O diabetes melito (DM) é um fator de risco independente para doença arterial coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, doença vascular periférica e insuficiência cardíaca, que são as principais causas de morte nesses pacientes. Além disso, pacientes com DM e doença cardiovascular têm pior prognóstico, por apresentarem menor sobrevida, maior risco de recorrência da doença e pior resposta aos tratamentos propostos. Os avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos das últimas décadas já mostram uma redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes, mas o risco absoluto dos mesmos é ainda duas vezes maior em relação ao dos pacientes não diabéticos. Portanto, é prioritária a adoção de um manejo intensivo, com controle rígido dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Esta revisão trata das principais características clínicas e apresenta uma abordagem prática do rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento da doença macrovascular nos pacientes com DM. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure, which are the main causes of death in these patients. Moreover, patients with DM and cardiovascular disease have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics, present lower short-term survival, higher risk of recurrence of the disease and a worse response to the treatments proposed. In the last decades, diagnostic and therapeutic progress had already shown benefits concerning cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients, but their absolute mortality risk is still twice that of non-diabetic patients. Because of this, the adoption of intensive treatment, with strict cardiovascular risk factor control, is a priority. The present study presents the main clinical characteristics and also the practical approach for screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetic macrovascular disease.

Introdução: Estudos sobre implicações clínicas da nova definição de infarto do miocárdio (IAM), incorporando novos marcadores de lesão miocárdica, são escassos na literatura. A prevalência de IAM e das suas complicações são diretamente dependentes do critério diagnóstico utilizado. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto diagnóstico, prognóstico e econômico da nova definição de IAM proposta pela AHA/ ESC usando troponina T (TnT) como marcador de lesão cardíaca. Métodos: Um total de 740 pacientes com dor torácica admitidos na Emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no período de julho/ 1999 a janeiro/ 2002 foram incluídos no estudo. Creatina quinase total (CK), CK-MB atividade e TnT foram dosados em uma amostra de 363 pacientes, representativa de toda a coorte. Para redefinição de IAM foram utilizados como ponto de corte valores pico de TnT > 0,2 mg/dl. Os desfechos avaliados foram classificados como eventos cardíacos maiores (angina recorrente, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, choque cardiogênico e óbito) e como procedimentos de revascularização. Também foram avaliados o manejo prescrito, os custos e o faturamento hospitalar. Resultados: Nos 363 pacientes com marcadores dosados, foram diagnosticados 59 casos de IAM (16%) pelos critérios clássicos; enquanto 40 pacientes (11%) tiveram o diagnóstico de IAM pelo critério redefinido, o que corresponde a um incremento de 71% na incidência. Pacientes com IAM redefinido eram significativamente mais idosos e do sexo masculino, apresentaram mais dor atípica e diabetes mellitus. Na análise multivariada, pacientes com infarto redefinido tiveram um risco 5,1 [IC 95% 1,0-28] vezes maior para óbito hospitalar e 3,4 [IC 95% 1,1-10] vezes maior para eventos combinados em relação aqueles sem IAM. O manejo dos casos de IAM redefinido foi semelhante ao manejo daqueles com IAM tradicional, exceto pelos procedimentos de revascularização que foram menos freqüentes (25% vs. 51%, P < 0,001). O grupo com IAM redefinido permaneceu mais tempo internado e foi submetido a procedimentos mais tardiamente. Do ponto de vista institucional, o uso dos novos critérios para IAM poderia resultar em um aumento de 9% (mais R$ 2.756,00 por grupo de 100 pacientes avaliados) no faturamento baseado em diagnóstico segundo a tabela do SUS. Conclusões: O novo diagnóstico de IAM acrescenta um número expressivo de indivíduos com infarto aos serviços de emergência. A incorporação deste critério é importante na medida que estes pacientes têm um prognóstico semelhante aos demais casos tradicionalmente diagnosticados. Como a identificação destes casos poderia resultar em um manejo mais qualificado e eficiente destes pacientes, esforços deveriam ser adotados para reforçar a adoção da redefinição de IAM. / Background: Studies on the clinical implications of the new criteria for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), incorporating cardiac markers of myocardial injury, are scarce in the literature. The prevalence of AMI and its complications are directly dependent on the diagnostic criteria used. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic, prognostic and economic impact of the new diagnostic criteria for AMI proposed by the AHA/ ESC, using cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as cardiac marker. Methods: A total of 740 patients consecutively admitted in the emergency department with chest pain and suspect acute coronary syndrome from July, 1999 to January, 2002 were enrolled in this study. Clinical characteristic, hospital management and outcomes were prospectively recorded. Total CK, CK-MB activity and cTnT were measured in a sample of 363 patients, representative of all cohort. Patients without AMI by traditional criteria and cTnT > 0.2 mg/dl were coded as redefined AMI. Major cardiac events evaluated were: recurrent angina, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock and death, and revascularization procedures. In-hospital management and reimbursement rates were also analyzed. Results: Among 363 patients, 59 (16%) patients had AMI by conventional criteria, whereas 40 (11%) had redefined AMI, an increase of 71% in the incidence. Patients with redefined AMI were significantly older, more male, presented with atypical chest pain and had more diabetes mellitus. In the multivariate analysis, redefined AMI was associated with 5.1 fold higher risk for in-hospital death [95%CI 1.0-28] and a 3.4 fold more cardiac events [95% CI 1.1-10] compared to those without AMI. In-hospital management was similar between patients defined by new and old criteria, except for revascularization procedures, which were less frequent in the redefined group (25% versus 51%, P<0.01). This group had longer length of hospital stay and were submitted latter to invasive procedures. From hospital perspective, based on DRGs (Diagnosis Related Group) payment system, adoption of AMI redefinition would increase 9% in the reimbursement rate or R$ 2756 per 100 patients evaluated. Conclusions: The new criteria result in a substantial increase in the diagnosis of AMI. In addition, it will allow identification of high risk patients with prognosis similar to those diagnosed by classic criteria. Efforts should be made to reinforce the adoption of AMI redefinition, which could result in a more qualified and efficient management of acute coronary syndrome patients.

O diabetes melito (DM) é um fator de risco independente para doença arterial coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, doença vascular periférica e insuficiência cardíaca, que são as principais causas de morte nesses pacientes. Além disso, pacientes com DM e doença cardiovascular têm pior prognóstico, por apresentarem menor sobrevida, maior risco de recorrência da doença e pior resposta aos tratamentos propostos. Os avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos das últimas décadas já mostram uma redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes, mas o risco absoluto dos mesmos é ainda duas vezes maior em relação ao dos pacientes não diabéticos. Portanto, é prioritária a adoção de um manejo intensivo, com controle rígido dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Esta revisão trata das principais características clínicas e apresenta uma abordagem prática do rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento da doença macrovascular nos pacientes com DM. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure, which are the main causes of death in these patients. Moreover, patients with DM and cardiovascular disease have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics, present lower short-term survival, higher risk of recurrence of the disease and a worse response to the treatments proposed. In the last decades, diagnostic and therapeutic progress had already shown benefits concerning cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients, but their absolute mortality risk is still twice that of non-diabetic patients. Because of this, the adoption of intensive treatment, with strict cardiovascular risk factor control, is a priority. The present study presents the main clinical characteristics and also the practical approach for screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetic macrovascular disease.