INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de doença arterial coronária em candidatos a transplante renal é alta, sendo a principal causa de mortes neste grupo de pacientes. Os resultados obtidos com exames não invasivos usados na detecção de doença arterial coronariana destes pacientes têm-se mostrado variados e, de modo geral, insatisfatórios para uma condição clínica considerada grave. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular é utilizada cada vez mais no estudo de doença arterial coronária na população geral, apresentando bons resultados na identificação de isquemia e de fibrose miocárdica. Entretanto, este método, até o momento, não foi avaliado neste grupo de pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade da ressonância magnética cardíaca em detectar doença arterial coronária em candidatos a transplante renal sob dois diferentes aspectos: diagnóstico de lesão coronariana significativa (redução do diâmetro luminal maior ou igual a 70%), avaliada pela alteração da perfusão miocárdica, comparando os resultados com a cintilografia e tendo a angiografia coronária como padrão de referência; e detecção de infarto miocárdico silencioso, comparando com a eletrocardiografia e cintilografia, tendo a ressonância magnética cardiovascular com a técnica de realce tardio como padrão de referência. MÉTODOS: Durante o período de janeiro de 2002 e janeiro de 2004 foram estudados 80 candidatos a transplante renal que apresentavam ao menos um dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: 1. idade igual ou acima de 50 anos; 2. diabete melito; 3. história ou evidência clínica de doença cardiovascular. Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para serem submetidos a exames de eletrocardiografia, cintilografia, ressonância magnética cardiovascular e angiografia coronária no período máximo de até um ano entre os exames. Na pesquisa de alteração da perfusão miocárdica, comparou-se ressonância magnética cardiovascular com cintilografia em 76 pacientes, tendo a angiografia coronária como padrão de referência na identificação de lesão coronária significativa (estenose igual ou maior que 70% da luz vascular). Na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, comparou-se a ressonância magnética cardiovascular com a eletrocardiografia e cintilografia em 69 pacientes. Os exames foram analisados de modo cego em relação aos resultados dos demais exames. Dados numéricos foram expressos como média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança, sendo calculado grau de concordância, testes diagnóstico e de significância entre os métodos. RESULTADOS: Na pesquisa de obstrução coronária significativa, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de 84,1%, 56,3% e 72,4% e a cintilografia miocárdica 65,9%, 68,6% e 67,1%, respectivamente. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular foi significativamente mais sensível que a cintilografia (p=0,039). Na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, o grau de concordância entre a ressonância magnética cardiovascular e o eletrocardiograma foi de 0,28 e entre a ressonância magnética cardiovascular e a cintilografia 0,52. Considerando-se a ressonância magnética cardiovascular como sendo o padrão de referência na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do eletrocardiograma foram de 27,8%, 98% e 79,7% e da cintilografia foram de 66,7%, 87% e 81,2%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: No diagnóstico de lesão coronariana significativa, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular mostrou acurácia similar e maior sensibilidade em relação à cintilografia. Na detecção de infarto miocárdico silencioso, o eletrocardiograma e a cintilografia apresentaram baixa concordância com a ressonância magnética cardiovascular / INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates is frequent and is the most common cause of death. Results of standard noninvasive tests for the detection of coronary artery disease in this specific group are incosistent and, overall, considered inadequate for clinical decision making. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has been used most frequently in the identification of coronary artery disease in the general population with good results in the analysis of myocardial ischemia and fibrosis. However, this method, until now, has not been evaluated for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates. The goal of this study is to assess the capability of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates in two different aspects: the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis (70% or more luminal diameter reduction) assessed by myocardial perfusion abnormalities, comparing the results with scintigraphy and using coronary angiography as the reference method; and the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, comparing with electrocardiography and nuclear medicine, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance late enhancement technique as the reference method. METHODS: Between January 2002 and January 2004 we studied 80 renal transplant candidates with at least one of these inclusion criteria: 1. 50 years of age or more, 2. diabetes mellitus, and 3. clinical history or evidence of coronary artery disease. All patients underwent electrocardiogram, nuclear medicine, cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary angiography examinations within a maximum period of one year. In the assessment of myocardial perfusion defect, we compared cardiovascular magnetic resonance with scintigraphy in 76 patients with coronary angiography as the reference method in the identification of significant coronary lesion (70% stenosis of the vascular lumen or more). In the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, we compared magnetic resonance with electrocardiogram and nuclear medicine in 69 patients. All exams were reviewed by readers blinded to the results of the other exams. Data was presented as mean, standard deviation and confidence interval. Percentual of agreement, diagnostic tests and statistical tests between the exams were calculated. RESULTS: On the assessment of significant coronary stenosis, cardiovascular magnetic resonance showed sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 84.1%, 56.3%, and 72.4% and nuclear medicine 65.9%, 68.6%, and 67.1%, respectively. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was significantly more sensitive than scintigraphy medicine (p=0.039). In the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, agreement between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and electrocardiogram was 0.28 and between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and scintigraphy was 0.52. Considering cardiovascular magnetic resonance as the reference method in the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the electrocardiogram were 27.8%, 98% and 79.7%, and for scintigraphy were 66.7%, 87% and 81.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis, cardiovascular magnetic resonance showed similar accuracy and higher sensitivity compared to scintigraphy. In the detection of unrecognized myocardial infarction, the electrocardiogram and scintigraphy presented low agreement with cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Introdução: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) persiste com alta morbimortalidade. Várias modalidades diagnósticas não-invasivas estão disponíveis para sua avaliação, incluindo escore de cálcio coronariano (EC), angiotomografia coronariana (AngioTC) e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com rubídio (PET-CT82Rb), com ótimas sensibilidade e especificidade. A integração destes métodos em um exame híbrido permite delinear extensão anatômica e funcional da aterosclerose, possibilitando diagnósticos mais corretos. Objetivo: Avaliar anatomia coronariana e perfusão miocárdica de pacientes suspeitos ou portadores de DAC com tecnologia híbrida (PETCT82Rb e AngioTC/EC), testando a hipótese da maior acurácia do método híbrido em relação aos métodos isolados, correlacionando com desfecho de IAM/óbito cardíaco após 24 meses. Métodos: Foram incluídos 54 pacientes dos ambulatórios de cardiologia do Instituto do Coração (InCor-HCFMUSP), que realizaram estudo híbrido no departamento de Medicina Nuclear do InCor entre maio e outubro de 2013. A carga aterosclerótica coronariana foi contabilizada pelo escore de cálcio; a quantidade de lesões coronarianas, o grau de redução luminal e a composição das placas foram avaliados através da AngioTC; isquemia/fibrose pelo PET-CT82Rb foi contabilizada através do SDS (summed difference score) do estresse e repouso e a reserva de fluxo coronariana (RFC) foi considerada reduzida quando menor que 2mL/min/g. Após 24 meses, foi realizado contato telefônico e avaliação do prontuário dos pacientes, sendo pesquisado infarto agudo do miocárdio/óbito cardíaco como desfecho clínico principal. Resultados: Dentre os participantes, houve predomínio de homens (61,3%), com idade média de 55,5 ± 12,3 anos. A maioria apresentava sobrepeso/obesidade (76%), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (70,4%) e/ou dislipidemia (61,1%). O protocolo durou uma média de 52,2 ± 3,5 min e a dose total média de radiação foi 12,29 ± 2,88 mSv. A média do EC total foi 127,3 ± 249,0, sendo que 24% da amostra possuíam EC maior que 100. Houve predomínio de placas de ateroma mistas (51,3%), com 13% dos pacientes apresentando lesões angiograficamente significativas ( >= 50%). Oito pacientes apresentaram resultado alterado na análise perfusional qualitativa/semiquantitativa (14,8%), metade com isquemia e metade com fibrose. A RFC estava reduzida globalmente em 18,5% dos pacientes e de forma segmentar em 5,6%. Após 24 meses, 9,3% dos pacientes apresentaram infarto, 60% destes fatais. Houve concordância no máximo moderada dos métodos avaliados com a RFC (Kappa = 0,514; p= 0,001). Quanto ao desempenho dos métodos para ocorrência de IAM em 24 meses, foi demonstrada elevada acurácia da RFC para tal finalidade, com AUROC de 0,963 (IC95% 0,912 - 1,000; p= 0,001), com melhor ponto de corte de 1,975 mL/min/g. Não foi identificada alteração na sensibilidade ou no valor preditivo negativo quando a RFC foi agregada aos outros métodos, inclusive houve redução do valor preditivo positivo e da especificidade em relação à RFC isoladamente. Conclusão: O método híbrido não apresentou maior acurácia que a RFC pelo PET-CT82Rb isoladamente na predição de IAM em dois anos de acompanhamento, todavia, a tomografia cardíaca agrega informações importantes capazes de influenciar a conduta clínica nos pacientes não isquêmicos e possivelmente modifica desfechos em médio/longo prazo / Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) persists with high morbidity and mortality. Several non-invasive diagnostic imaging modalities are available for its evaluation, including coronary calcium score (CS), coronary CT angiography (AngioCT) and positron emission tomography with rubidium (82Rb PET-CT), with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The integration of these methods into a hybrid examination allows delineating the anatomical and functional impact of atherosclerosis, enabling more accurate diagnoses. Objective: To evaluate coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion of patients with suspected or known CAD with hybrid technology (82Rb PET-CT and AngioCT/CS), testing the hypothesis of the greater accuracy of the hybrid method in relation to the isolated methods, correlating with myocardial infarction/cardiac death outcome after 24 months. Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients referred from the Cardiology outpatient clinics of the Heart Institute (InCor-HCFMUSP) to perform CAD assessment in a hybrid study in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of InCor, between May and October 2013, were enrolled. The coronary atherosclerotic burden was accounted by CS; the amount of coronary lesions, stenosis severity and plaque composition were evaluated through AngioCT; 82Rb PET-CT perfusional analysis was evaluated through the rest and dipyridamole stress summed difference score (SDS) and the coronary flow reserve (CFR) was considered impaired when < 2mL/min/g. After 24 months, the composite outcome of myocardial infarction and cardiac death was evaluated through telephone contact and patient\'s medical records. Results: From the 54 enrolled patients, mean age was 55.5 ± 12.3 years and 61% were male. Most patients presented overwheight/obesity (76%), systemic arterial hypertension (70%) and/or dyslipidemia (61%). The protocol lasted an average of 52.2 ± 3,5 min and mean radiation dose was 12.29 ± 2,88 mSv. The mean total CS was 127.3 ± 249.0, and 24% of the patients were above 100. There was a predominance of patients with mixed atheroma plaques (51.3%) and 13% presented angiographically significant lesions ( >= 50%). Eight patients presented perfusion impairment in the qualitative/semi-quantitative perfusion analysis (14.8%), half with ischemia and half with fibrosis. The CFR was globally reduced in 18.5% of the sample and in a segmental manner in 5.6%. After 24 months of follow-up, 9.3% of the patients had a myocardium infarction, 60% of these were fatal. A maximum of moderate agreement was found between the methods and CFR (Kappa = 0.514, p= 0.001). Regarding the performance of the different methods for predicting infarction in 24 months, CFR reached high accuracy, with AUROC of 0.963 (95% CI 0.912 - 1.0; p= 0.001), with a cutoff point of 1.975 mL/min/g. No variation in neither sensitivity nor negative predictive value was identified when the other methods were added to CFR, instead, there was a reduction in positive predictive value and specificity in relation to unaided CFR. Conclusion: There was no incremental value of the hybrid method when compared to isolated CFR 82Rb PET-CT for the prediction of myocardial infarction in two years follow-up. However, cardiac CT aggregates important information capable of influencing clinical management of nonischemic patients and possibly modifies medium/long-term cardiac outcomes

A ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica em tempo-real (EPTR) é uma técnica desenvolvida recentemente que utiliza baixa energia ultra-sônica e permite a avaliação da perfusão miocárdica e a quantificação do fluxo miocárdico regional. Embora estudos tenham demonstrado a possibilidade da medida da reserva de fluxo miocárdico (RFM) por esta técnica, sua acurácia para detecção de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e sua correlação com a reserva de fluxo coronariano (RFC) obtida pelo estudo das velocidades de fluxo nos vasos epicárdicos, não estão definidas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a exeqüibilidade e acurácia da RFM medidas pela EPTR e da RFC obtida pela ecodopplercardiografia transtorácica (ETT) para a detecção de lesão obstrutiva na artéria coronária descendente anterior (ADA), tendo como padrão de referência a angiografia coronária quantitativa (ACQ), e correlacionar os valores ecodopplercardiográficos das reservas de fluxo miocárdico e coronariano com o grau de estenose coronariana. Foram Avaliados prospectivamente 71 pacientes, dos quais 56 (20 homens, média etária de 59 ± 11 anos) foram considerados para análise da acurácia. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao estudo da perfusão miocárdica pela EPTR em repouso e durante infusão de adenosina 140 mg/kg/min, usando como agente de contraste ecocardiográfico microbolhas encapsuladas por albumina e glicose. A quantificação do platô de intensidade miocárdica (A) que reflete o volume sangüíneo miocárdico, a velocidade de repreenchimento do miocárdio pelas microbolhas (ß) e o fluxo miocárdico (A x ß) foi realizada utilizando-se um programa computacional específico (Q-Lab 3.0, Philips Medical Systems). As velocidades de fluxo na porção distal da ADA foram avaliadas pela ETT, e a RFC definida como a relação entre a velocidade diastólica máxima durante hiperemia e no estado basal. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ACQ dentro de 30 dias do estudo ecocardiográfico. Lesão coronariana significativa foi definida como presença de obstrução >50% do diâmetro luminal. No presente estudo, a medida da RFC pelo Doppler da ADA apresentou exeqüibilidade global de 83% , enquanto que a quantificação da RFM pela EPTR mostrou exeqüibilidade de 99%. Os pacientes com lesão angiograficamente significativa na ADA apresentaram valores de RFC (2,86 ± 0,71 versus 1,57 ± 0,38; p = 0,0001), RFM (2,43 ± 0,80 versus 1,24 ± 0,48; p = 0,0001) e reserva b (2,08 ± 0,82 versus 1,23 ± 0,46; p = 0,001) menores que pacientes sem lesão significativa. O valor de corte utilizado para diferenciar pacientes com e sem lesão na ADA foi 1,84 para a RFC obtida pelo Doppler da ADA, 1,74 para a RFM e 1,68 para a reserva b. A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para detecção de lesão angiograficamente significativa na ADA foram de 96%, 93%, e 95% para a RFC obtida pelo Doppler da ADA, 88%, 90% e 89% para a RFM obtida pela xxii EPTR, e 88%, 84%, e 86% para a reserva b. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que o estudo com Doppler da ADA foi o parâmetro que melhor diferenciou os pacientes com e sem lesão na ADA (Razão de chances de 1,78, intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,28 a 2,47). Houve uma boa correlação entre a medida da reserva b (r = 0,89; p <0,05), RFM (r = 0,79; p <0,05), e RFC (r = 0,88; p < 0,05) e o grau de estenose obtido pela ACQ. Conclui-se que a avaliação da RFC pelo Doppler da ADA e da RFM pela EPTR quantitativa apresentaram alta exeqüibilidade e foram capazes de diferenciar de modo preciso os indivíduos com e sem lesão angiográfica significativa na ADA. No entanto, a acurácia diagnóstica pelo Doppler da ADA foi discretamente superior aos outros parâmetros analisados e apresentou menor exeqüibilidade. Ambas as reservas de fluxo miocárdico e coronariano correlacionaram-se de modo inverso com o grau de estenose coronariana / Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCE) is a recently developed technique that utilizes low-mechanical index imaging and allows for noninvasive evaluation of myocardial perfusion as well as for quantification of regional myocardial blood flow. Although previous studies have demonstrated that RTMCE permits determining myocardial blood flow reserve (MBFR), its diagnostic accuracy and correlation with the measurement of coronary flow reserve (CFR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) has not been fully demonstrated. The aims of this study were to compare the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of MBFR obtained by RTMCE and CFR obtained by TTE for detecting angiographically significant obstruction in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and to determine the correlation between MBFR and CFR and the severity of stenosis determined by quantitative coronary angiography. We prospectively studied 71 patients, among them 56 patients (20 men, 59 ± 11 years) were considered for the determination of diagnostic accuracy. All patients underwent RTMCE at rest and during 140mcg/kg/min of adenosine infusion. Plateau acoustic intensity (A), myocardial replenishment velocity slope (B) and myocardial blood flow (A x B) were quantified using Q-Lab 3.0 (Philips Medical Systems). Coronary flow velocities were evaluated in the distal LAD using TTE and CFR was defined as the ratio between maximal diastolic velocity during hiperemia and baseline. LAD stenosis (obstruction >50% of luminal diameter) was determined by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) performed within one month of RTMCE. The feasibility of CFR measurement by TTE was 83%, while the feasibility of MBFR measurement by RTMCE was 99%. CFR was significantly lower in patients with than in patients without angiographically significant LAD stenosis (2.86 ± 0.71 versus 1.57 ± 0.38; p = 0.0001), as was the MBFR (2.43 ± 0.80 versus 1.24 ± 0.48; p = 0.0001) and b reserve (2.08 ± 0.82 versus 1.23 ± 0.46; p = 0.001). Cutoff values for differentiating patients with and without LAD stenosis were 1.84 for CFR, 1.74 for MBFR, and 1.68 for b reserve. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting LAD stenosis were 96%, 93%, and 95% for CFR obtained by TTE, 88%, 90%, and 89% for MBFR, and 88%, 84%, and 86% for b reserve. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that CFR as measured by TTE was the best predictor of LAD (Odds ratio = 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.28 to 2.47). There was a good correlation between b reserve (r = 0.89; p <0.05), MBFR (r = 0.79; p <0.05), and CFR (r = 0.88; p < 0.05) and the severity of coronary obstruction determined by QCA. In conclusion, CFR obtained by TTE and MBFR obtained by RTMCE were highly feasible and accurate for differentiating patients with and without angiographically significant LAD obstruction. CFR had a slightly higher diagnostic accuracy than other xxv evaluated parameters, despite lower feasibility. Both the CFR and MBFR were inversely correlated with the degree of luminal coronary obstruction determined by QCA

No description available.

Die koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK) gehört zu den häufigsten Todesursachen in den westlichen Industrienationen. Die Diagnostik der Erkrankung hat somit großen Stellenwert in der Medizin. Akzeptierter Goldstandard zur Diagnostik einer KHK ist die Herzkatheteruntersuchung (HKU). Als nicht-invasive Alternative zur HKU hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Mehrzeilen-Computertomographie als zuverlässiges Verfahren für den KHK-Ausschluss bei mittlerer Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit etabliert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die diagnostischen Eigenschaften der prospektiv getriggerten mit der retrospektiv getriggerten CT-Koronarangiographie (CTCA) an einem 64-Zeilen Gerät in einem heterogenen Patientenkollektiv mit unterschiedlichen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen (Verdacht auf Koronare Herzkrankheit, Aortenaneurysma, präoperativ zum Aortenklappenersatz oder zur Pulmonalvenenablation, zum Ausschluss eines Tumors oder Perikarditiden) in Genauigkeit, Bildqualität und ihrer Anwendbarkeit gegenüberzustellen und sie mit dem Referenzstandard, der HKU, zu vergleichen. In diese Studie wurden retrospektiv 77 Patienten eingeschlossen, die ein EKG-getriggertes kardiales CT erhielten. Wenn es möglich war, d.h. die Herzfrequenz <75/min, BMI <35 und ein Sinusrhythmus vorlag, wurde die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA durchgeführt, alternativ kam die retrospektive EKG-getriggerte Technik zur Anwendung. Alle Segmente der Koronararterien, deren Lumendiameter ≥1.5mm betrug, wurden hinsichtlich Stenosen und Bildqualität analysiert und beurteilt. Die retrospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA wurde bei 39 Patienten und die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA bei 38 Patienten durchgeführt. Die mittlere Herzfrequenz (HF) betrug jeweils 69.5±9.1/min und 62.8±5.9/min. Bei der Detektion von Stenosen ≥50% zeigt die segment-(patienten-) basierte Betrachtung bei der retrospektiven EKG-getriggerten CTCA eine Sensitivität, Spezifität, positiven (PPV) und negativen prädiktiven Wert (NPV) von 97%, 98%, 71%, 100% (91%, 82%, 67%, 96%) und die prospektiv EKG-getriggerte CTCA 94%, 97%, 75%, 99% (93%, 96%, 93%, 96%). In der prospektiv EKG-getriggerten CTCA-Gruppe steigt die Sensitivität und der NPV bei Patienten mit einer HF ≤65/min. Gefäßspezifische Untersuchungen weisen bei der prospektiven Technik eine geringere diagnostische Aussagekraft bezüglich der rechten Koronararterie (RCA) auf, welche jedoch bei einer HF ≤65/min ansteigt. Die Bildqualität unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant in beiden Gruppen. Die Arbeit hat gezeigt, dass die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA in einer heterogenen Patientenpopulation eine hohe diagnostische Genauigkeit und Bildqualität bei HF ≤65/min aufweist. Eine niedrige HF ist für die Beurteilung der RCA von besonderer Bedeutung.

Fúze obrazu je dnes jednou z nejběžnějších avšak stále velmi diskutovanou oblastí v lékařském zobrazování a hraje důležitou roli ve všech oblastech lékařské péče jako je diagnóza, léčba a chirurgie. V této dizertační práci jsou představeny tři projekty, které jsou velmi úzce spojeny s oblastí fúze medicínských dat. První projekt pojednává o 3D CT subtrakční angiografii dolních končetin. V práci je využito kombinace kontrastních a nekontrastních dat pro získání kompletního cévního stromu. Druhý projekt se zabývá fúzí DTI a T1 váhovaných MRI dat mozku. Cílem tohoto projektu je zkombinovat stukturální a funkční informace, které umožňují zlepšit znalosti konektivity v mozkové tkáni. Třetí projekt se zabývá metastázemi v CT časových datech páteře. Tento projekt je zaměřen na studium vývoje metastáz uvnitř obratlů ve fúzované časové řadě snímků. Tato dizertační práce představuje novou metodologii pro klasifikaci těchto metastáz. Všechny projekty zmíněné v této dizertační práci byly řešeny v rámci pracovní skupiny zabývající se analýzou lékařských dat, kterou vedl pan Prof. Jiří Jan. Tato dizertační práce obsahuje registrační část prvního a klasifikační část třetího projektu. Druhý projekt je představen kompletně. Další část prvního a třetího projektu, obsahující specifické předzpracování dat, jsou obsaženy v disertační práci mého kolegy Ing. Romana Petera.

Introduktion: Ett av röntgensjuksköterskans ansvarsområden är att förebygga spridning av vårdrelaterade infektioner, och inom interventionell radiologi innebär detta att arbeta med aseptisk teknik. Munskydd har varit standard inom kirurgi i ett århundrade men inom interventionell radiologi saknas nationella riktlinjer för dess användande, trots att den sterila tekniken i övrigt är densamma. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att klargöra huruvida kirurgiska munskydd kan förebygga infektion hos patienten vid interventionell radiologi. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg (2017) för att sammanställa kunskapsläget inom området. Tolv kvantitativa artiklar hittades genom systematisk litteratursökning i PubMed. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades, analyserades och resultatet presenterades i två huvudkategorier. Resultat: Munskydd har ingen påvisad effekt att förebygga postoperativa sårinfektioner vid kirurgi eller coronarangiografi men förhindrar till viss del spridning av bakterier. Slutsats: Forskningen på munskydd är begränsad vilket gör det svårt att dra några slutsatser. Fler studier som fokuserar på munskydds effektivitet inom interventionell radiologi behövs. Författarna anser att munskydd inom interventionell radiologi inte bör vara obligatoriskt utan upp till varje avdelning att från fall till fall bestämma huruvida det ska användas eller inte. / Introduction: One of the radiographer's responsibilities is to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infections. In interventional radiology, this means working with aseptic technique. Surgical face mask protection has been the standard of surgery for a century, but in interventional radiology there are no national guidelines for its use, even though the sterile technique is the same. Aim: The aim of this study was to clarify whether surgical face masks prevent infection in patient in interventional radiology. Methodology: A literature review (Friberg, 2017) has been done to identify the current knowledge in the field. The study includes twelve quantitative articles collected through a systematic literature search in PubMed. After quality review the articles were analyzed and presented into two main categories. Result: Concerning postoperative wound infections, there is no strong evidence to prove that using surgical face masks prevents infections during surgery or coronary angiography. However, using such mask prevents the spread of bacteria to some extent. Conclusion: Research on oral protection is limited, making it difficult to draw any conclusions. A set of new tests are needed to identify the effect of using mask in today’s interventional radiology. Based on the results of the studies, it can be concluded that: generally, mouth protection within interventional radiology should not be mandatory. However, each radiology department need to consider the operating condition and status of the patient and decide if the personal should follow mouth protection process.

Cette thèse est une contribution au problème de détection de fines structures tubulaires dans une image2-D ou 3-D. Nous avons plus précisément en vue le cas des images angiographiques. Celles-ci étant bruitées, les vaisseaux ne se détachent pas nettement du reste de l’image, la question est donc de segmenter avec précision le réseau sanguin. Le cadre théorique de ce travail est le calcul des variations eten particulier l'énergie de Mumford-Shah. Cependant, ce modèle n'est adapté qu'à la détection de structures volumiques étendues dans toutes les directions de l’image. Le but de ce travail est donc deconstruire une énergie qui favorise les ensembles qui ne sont étendus que dans une seule direction, cequi est le cas de fins tubes. Pour cela, une nouvelle inconnue est introduite, une métrique Riemannienne,qui a pour but la détection de la structure géométrique de l’image. Une nouvelle formulation de l’énergie de Mumford-Shah est donnée avec cette nouvelle métrique. La preuve de l'existence d'une solution au problème de la minimisation de l’énergie est apportée. De plus, une approximation par gamma-convergence est démontrée, ce qui permet ensuite de proposer et de mettre en oeuvre une implémentation numérique. / This thesis is a contribution to the fine tubular structures detection problem in a 2-D or 3-D image. We arespecifically interested in the case of angiographic images. The vessels are surrounded by noise and thenthe question is to segment precisely the blood network. The theoretical framework of our work is thecalculus of variations and we focus on the Mumford-Shah energy. Initially, this model is adapted to thedetection of volumetric structures extended in all directions of the image. The aim of this study is to buildan energy that favors sets which are extended in one direction, which is the case of fine tubes. Then, weintroduce a new unknown, a Riemannian metric, which captures the geometric structure at each point ofthe image and we give a new formulation of the Mumford-Shah energy adapted to this metric. Thecomplete analysis of this model is done: we prove that the associated problem of minimization is wellposed and we introduce an approximation by gamma-convergence more suitable for numerics. Eventually,we propose numerical experimentations adapted to this approximation.

Introduction: La stratégie diagnostique de l’EP au cours de la grossesse est incertaine du fait du manque d’études solides d’un point de vue méthodologique, et du risque lié à l’irradiation des examens diagnostiques (angioscanner thoracique et scintigraphie pulmonaire). L’enjeu est donc de valider des stratégies performantes d’une part, et d’identifier des marqueurs cliniques permettant de réduire le recours aux examens irradiants d’autre part. Notre premier objectif a été d’identifier les pièges au cours de la stratégie diagnostique de l’EP (baisse de la performance du dosage des D‐dimères, des scores de probabilité clinique et de l’imagerie) au cours de la grossesse. Le deuxième objectif a été de comparer les performances diagnostiques et les risques des deux examens d’imagerie de référence que constituent la scintigraphie pulmonaire et l’angioscanner thoracique. Le troisième objectif a été de valider une stratégie diagnostique permettant une réduction du recours aux examens irradiants (ajustement du taux de D-dimères sur la probabilité clinique). Le dernier objectif a été de mettre en place un programme de recherche centré sur le poids des antécédents familiaux de MVTE, paramètre lui aussi susceptible de réduire le recours aux examens paracliniques. Conclusion : Au terme de ces analyses, nous avons développé un programme de validation d’une stratégie diagnostique de l’EP chez la femme enceinte ; en outre, l’identification d’un ajustement du taux de D‐dimères sur la probabilité clinique ainsi que, en termes de perspective, sur les antécédents familiaux de MVTE a le potentiel de conduire à des stratégies diagnostiques moins irradiantes et plus performantes chez les femmes enceintes ayant une suspicion d’EP. / Introduction : The diagnostic strategy for PE during pregnancy is uncertain due to the lack of high quality studies and the risk of radiation exposure with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and ventilationperfusion (V-Q) lung scan. The challenge is to validate diagnostic strategies, and to identify predictive factors to reduce the number of additional imaging tests with radiation exposure.First, we aim to identify pitfalls during the diagnostic strategy of PE (the D-dimer assay threshold, clinical probability scores, imaging) during pregnancy. Second, our objective was to compare the diagnostic efficiency of CTPA and (V-Q) lung scan during pregnancy.Third, our objective was to validate a diagnostic strategy wich reduces the number of imaging tests (adjustment of the D-dimer level on the clinical probability). Finally, the last objective was to set up a research program focused on the weight of the family history of MVTE, that may also reduce the need of additional tests. Conclusion : We identified an ongoing validation protocol with a new diagnostic algorithm in pregnant patients withPE suspicion ; Furthermore, identifying a D-dimer level adjustement as well as a family history of VTE can lead tomore effective diagnostic stragegies with less radiation exposure for pregnant women with suspected PE.

Introdução: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) persiste com alta morbimortalidade. Várias modalidades diagnósticas não-invasivas estão disponíveis para sua avaliação, incluindo escore de cálcio coronariano (EC), angiotomografia coronariana (AngioTC) e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com rubídio (PET-CT82Rb), com ótimas sensibilidade e especificidade. A integração destes métodos em um exame híbrido permite delinear extensão anatômica e funcional da aterosclerose, possibilitando diagnósticos mais corretos. Objetivo: Avaliar anatomia coronariana e perfusão miocárdica de pacientes suspeitos ou portadores de DAC com tecnologia híbrida (PETCT82Rb e AngioTC/EC), testando a hipótese da maior acurácia do método híbrido em relação aos métodos isolados, correlacionando com desfecho de IAM/óbito cardíaco após 24 meses. Métodos: Foram incluídos 54 pacientes dos ambulatórios de cardiologia do Instituto do Coração (InCor-HCFMUSP), que realizaram estudo híbrido no departamento de Medicina Nuclear do InCor entre maio e outubro de 2013. A carga aterosclerótica coronariana foi contabilizada pelo escore de cálcio; a quantidade de lesões coronarianas, o grau de redução luminal e a composição das placas foram avaliados através da AngioTC; isquemia/fibrose pelo PET-CT82Rb foi contabilizada através do SDS (summed difference score) do estresse e repouso e a reserva de fluxo coronariana (RFC) foi considerada reduzida quando menor que 2mL/min/g. Após 24 meses, foi realizado contato telefônico e avaliação do prontuário dos pacientes, sendo pesquisado infarto agudo do miocárdio/óbito cardíaco como desfecho clínico principal. Resultados: Dentre os participantes, houve predomínio de homens (61,3%), com idade média de 55,5 ± 12,3 anos. A maioria apresentava sobrepeso/obesidade (76%), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (70,4%) e/ou dislipidemia (61,1%). O protocolo durou uma média de 52,2 ± 3,5 min e a dose total média de radiação foi 12,29 ± 2,88 mSv. A média do EC total foi 127,3 ± 249,0, sendo que 24% da amostra possuíam EC maior que 100. Houve predomínio de placas de ateroma mistas (51,3%), com 13% dos pacientes apresentando lesões angiograficamente significativas ( >= 50%). Oito pacientes apresentaram resultado alterado na análise perfusional qualitativa/semiquantitativa (14,8%), metade com isquemia e metade com fibrose. A RFC estava reduzida globalmente em 18,5% dos pacientes e de forma segmentar em 5,6%. Após 24 meses, 9,3% dos pacientes apresentaram infarto, 60% destes fatais. Houve concordância no máximo moderada dos métodos avaliados com a RFC (Kappa = 0,514; p= 0,001). Quanto ao desempenho dos métodos para ocorrência de IAM em 24 meses, foi demonstrada elevada acurácia da RFC para tal finalidade, com AUROC de 0,963 (IC95% 0,912 - 1,000; p= 0,001), com melhor ponto de corte de 1,975 mL/min/g. Não foi identificada alteração na sensibilidade ou no valor preditivo negativo quando a RFC foi agregada aos outros métodos, inclusive houve redução do valor preditivo positivo e da especificidade em relação à RFC isoladamente. Conclusão: O método híbrido não apresentou maior acurácia que a RFC pelo PET-CT82Rb isoladamente na predição de IAM em dois anos de acompanhamento, todavia, a tomografia cardíaca agrega informações importantes capazes de influenciar a conduta clínica nos pacientes não isquêmicos e possivelmente modifica desfechos em médio/longo prazo / Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) persists with high morbidity and mortality. Several non-invasive diagnostic imaging modalities are available for its evaluation, including coronary calcium score (CS), coronary CT angiography (AngioCT) and positron emission tomography with rubidium (82Rb PET-CT), with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The integration of these methods into a hybrid examination allows delineating the anatomical and functional impact of atherosclerosis, enabling more accurate diagnoses. Objective: To evaluate coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion of patients with suspected or known CAD with hybrid technology (82Rb PET-CT and AngioCT/CS), testing the hypothesis of the greater accuracy of the hybrid method in relation to the isolated methods, correlating with myocardial infarction/cardiac death outcome after 24 months. Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients referred from the Cardiology outpatient clinics of the Heart Institute (InCor-HCFMUSP) to perform CAD assessment in a hybrid study in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of InCor, between May and October 2013, were enrolled. The coronary atherosclerotic burden was accounted by CS; the amount of coronary lesions, stenosis severity and plaque composition were evaluated through AngioCT; 82Rb PET-CT perfusional analysis was evaluated through the rest and dipyridamole stress summed difference score (SDS) and the coronary flow reserve (CFR) was considered impaired when < 2mL/min/g. After 24 months, the composite outcome of myocardial infarction and cardiac death was evaluated through telephone contact and patient\'s medical records. Results: From the 54 enrolled patients, mean age was 55.5 ± 12.3 years and 61% were male. Most patients presented overwheight/obesity (76%), systemic arterial hypertension (70%) and/or dyslipidemia (61%). The protocol lasted an average of 52.2 ± 3,5 min and mean radiation dose was 12.29 ± 2,88 mSv. The mean total CS was 127.3 ± 249.0, and 24% of the patients were above 100. There was a predominance of patients with mixed atheroma plaques (51.3%) and 13% presented angiographically significant lesions ( >= 50%). Eight patients presented perfusion impairment in the qualitative/semi-quantitative perfusion analysis (14.8%), half with ischemia and half with fibrosis. The CFR was globally reduced in 18.5% of the sample and in a segmental manner in 5.6%. After 24 months of follow-up, 9.3% of the patients had a myocardium infarction, 60% of these were fatal. A maximum of moderate agreement was found between the methods and CFR (Kappa = 0.514, p= 0.001). Regarding the performance of the different methods for predicting infarction in 24 months, CFR reached high accuracy, with AUROC of 0.963 (95% CI 0.912 - 1.0; p= 0.001), with a cutoff point of 1.975 mL/min/g. No variation in neither sensitivity nor negative predictive value was identified when the other methods were added to CFR, instead, there was a reduction in positive predictive value and specificity in relation to unaided CFR. Conclusion: There was no incremental value of the hybrid method when compared to isolated CFR 82Rb PET-CT for the prediction of myocardial infarction in two years follow-up. However, cardiac CT aggregates important information capable of influencing clinical management of nonischemic patients and possibly modifies medium/long-term cardiac outcomes