L'anévrisme cérébral est une région fragile de la paroi d'un vaisseau sanguin dans le cerveau, qui peut se rompre et provoquer des saignements importants et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La segmentation de l'anévrisme cérébral est une étape primordiale pour l'aide au diagnostic, le traitement et la planification chirurgicale. Malheureusement, la segmentation manuelle prend encore une part importante dans l'angiographie clinique et elle est devenue couteuse en temps de traitement étant donné la gigantesque quantité de données générées par les systèmes d'imagerie médicale. Les méthodes de segmentation automatique d'image constituent un moyen essentiel pour faciliter et accélérer l'examen clinique et pour réduire l'interaction manuelle et la variabilité inter-opérateurs. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de développer des méthodes automatiques pour la segmentation et la mesure des anévrismes. Le présent travail de thèse est constitué de trois parties principales. La première partie concerne la segmentation des anévrismes géants qui contiennent à la fois la lumière et le thrombus. La méthode consiste d'abord à extraire la lumière et le thrombus en utilisant une procédure en deux étapes, puis à affiner la forme du thrombus à l'aide de la méthode des courbes de niveaux. Dans cette partie, la méthode proposée est également comparée à la segmentation manuelle, démontrant sa bonne précision. La deuxième partie concerne une approche LBM pour la segmentation des vaisseaux dans des images 2D+t et de l'anévrisme cérébral dans les images en 3D. La dernière partie étudie un modèle de segmentation 4D en considérant les images 3D+t comme un hypervolume 4D et en utilisant un réseau LBM D4Q81, dans lequel le temps est considéré de la même manière que les trois autres dimensions pour la définition des directions de mouvement des particules dans la LBM, considérant les données 3D+t comme un hypervolume 4D et en utilisant un réseau LBM D4Q81. Des expériences sont réalisées sur des images synthétiques d'hypercube 4D et d'hypersphere 4D. La valeur de Dice sur l'image de l'hypercube avec et sans bruit montre que la méthode proposée est prometteuse pour la segmentation 4D et le débruitage. / Cerebral aneurysm is a fragile area on the wall of a blood vessel in the brain, which can rupture and cause major bleeding and cerebrovascular accident. The segmentation of cerebral aneurysm is a primordial step for diagnosis assistance, treatment and surgery planning. Unfortunately, manual segmentation is still an important part in clinical angiography but has become a burden given the huge amount of data generated by medical imaging systems. Automatic image segmentation techniques provides an essential way to easy and speed up clinical examinations, reduce the amount of manual interaction and lower inter operator variability. The main purpose of this PhD work is to develop automatic methods for cerebral aneurysm segmentation and measurement. The present work consists of three main parts. The first part deals with giant aneurysm segmentation containing lumen and thrombus. The methodology consists of first extracting the lumen and thrombus using a two-step procedure based on the LBM, and then refining the shape of the thrombus using level set technique. In this part the proposed method is also compared with manual segmentation, demonstrating its good segmentation accuracy. The second part concerns a LBM approach to vessel segmentation in 2D+t images and to cerebral aneurysm segmentation in 3D medical images through introducing a LBM D3Q27 model, which allows achieving a good segmentation and high robustness to noise. The last part investigates a true 4D segmentation model by considering the 3D+t data as a 4D hypervolume and using a D4Q81 lattice in LBM where time is considered in the same manner as for other three dimensions for the definition of particle moving directions in the LBM model.

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de doença arterial coronária em candidatos a transplante renal é alta, sendo a principal causa de mortes neste grupo de pacientes. Os resultados obtidos com exames não invasivos usados na detecção de doença arterial coronariana destes pacientes têm-se mostrado variados e, de modo geral, insatisfatórios para uma condição clínica considerada grave. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular é utilizada cada vez mais no estudo de doença arterial coronária na população geral, apresentando bons resultados na identificação de isquemia e de fibrose miocárdica. Entretanto, este método, até o momento, não foi avaliado neste grupo de pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade da ressonância magnética cardíaca em detectar doença arterial coronária em candidatos a transplante renal sob dois diferentes aspectos: diagnóstico de lesão coronariana significativa (redução do diâmetro luminal maior ou igual a 70%), avaliada pela alteração da perfusão miocárdica, comparando os resultados com a cintilografia e tendo a angiografia coronária como padrão de referência; e detecção de infarto miocárdico silencioso, comparando com a eletrocardiografia e cintilografia, tendo a ressonância magnética cardiovascular com a técnica de realce tardio como padrão de referência. MÉTODOS: Durante o período de janeiro de 2002 e janeiro de 2004 foram estudados 80 candidatos a transplante renal que apresentavam ao menos um dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: 1. idade igual ou acima de 50 anos; 2. diabete melito; 3. história ou evidência clínica de doença cardiovascular. Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para serem submetidos a exames de eletrocardiografia, cintilografia, ressonância magnética cardiovascular e angiografia coronária no período máximo de até um ano entre os exames. Na pesquisa de alteração da perfusão miocárdica, comparou-se ressonância magnética cardiovascular com cintilografia em 76 pacientes, tendo a angiografia coronária como padrão de referência na identificação de lesão coronária significativa (estenose igual ou maior que 70% da luz vascular). Na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, comparou-se a ressonância magnética cardiovascular com a eletrocardiografia e cintilografia em 69 pacientes. Os exames foram analisados de modo cego em relação aos resultados dos demais exames. Dados numéricos foram expressos como média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança, sendo calculado grau de concordância, testes diagnóstico e de significância entre os métodos. RESULTADOS: Na pesquisa de obstrução coronária significativa, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de 84,1%, 56,3% e 72,4% e a cintilografia miocárdica 65,9%, 68,6% e 67,1%, respectivamente. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular foi significativamente mais sensível que a cintilografia (p=0,039). Na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, o grau de concordância entre a ressonância magnética cardiovascular e o eletrocardiograma foi de 0,28 e entre a ressonância magnética cardiovascular e a cintilografia 0,52. Considerando-se a ressonância magnética cardiovascular como sendo o padrão de referência na identificação de infarto miocárdico silencioso, a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do eletrocardiograma foram de 27,8%, 98% e 79,7% e da cintilografia foram de 66,7%, 87% e 81,2%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: No diagnóstico de lesão coronariana significativa, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular mostrou acurácia similar e maior sensibilidade em relação à cintilografia. Na detecção de infarto miocárdico silencioso, o eletrocardiograma e a cintilografia apresentaram baixa concordância com a ressonância magnética cardiovascular / INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates is frequent and is the most common cause of death. Results of standard noninvasive tests for the detection of coronary artery disease in this specific group are incosistent and, overall, considered inadequate for clinical decision making. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has been used most frequently in the identification of coronary artery disease in the general population with good results in the analysis of myocardial ischemia and fibrosis. However, this method, until now, has not been evaluated for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates. The goal of this study is to assess the capability of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates in two different aspects: the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis (70% or more luminal diameter reduction) assessed by myocardial perfusion abnormalities, comparing the results with scintigraphy and using coronary angiography as the reference method; and the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, comparing with electrocardiography and nuclear medicine, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance late enhancement technique as the reference method. METHODS: Between January 2002 and January 2004 we studied 80 renal transplant candidates with at least one of these inclusion criteria: 1. 50 years of age or more, 2. diabetes mellitus, and 3. clinical history or evidence of coronary artery disease. All patients underwent electrocardiogram, nuclear medicine, cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary angiography examinations within a maximum period of one year. In the assessment of myocardial perfusion defect, we compared cardiovascular magnetic resonance with scintigraphy in 76 patients with coronary angiography as the reference method in the identification of significant coronary lesion (70% stenosis of the vascular lumen or more). In the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, we compared magnetic resonance with electrocardiogram and nuclear medicine in 69 patients. All exams were reviewed by readers blinded to the results of the other exams. Data was presented as mean, standard deviation and confidence interval. Percentual of agreement, diagnostic tests and statistical tests between the exams were calculated. RESULTS: On the assessment of significant coronary stenosis, cardiovascular magnetic resonance showed sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 84.1%, 56.3%, and 72.4% and nuclear medicine 65.9%, 68.6%, and 67.1%, respectively. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was significantly more sensitive than scintigraphy medicine (p=0.039). In the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, agreement between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and electrocardiogram was 0.28 and between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and scintigraphy was 0.52. Considering cardiovascular magnetic resonance as the reference method in the identification of unrecognized myocardial infarction, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the electrocardiogram were 27.8%, 98% and 79.7%, and for scintigraphy were 66.7%, 87% and 81.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis, cardiovascular magnetic resonance showed similar accuracy and higher sensitivity compared to scintigraphy. In the detection of unrecognized myocardial infarction, the electrocardiogram and scintigraphy presented low agreement with cardiovascular magnetic resonance

<p>Hronična bolest bubrega (HBB) je zdravstveni problem koji se javlja &scaron;irom sveta i povezana je sa visokim kardiovaskularnim komorbiditetom i smrtno&scaron;ću. Veliki porast broja bolesnika koji imaju terminalnu bubrežnu slabo&scaron;ću (TBS) nastaje kao posledica eksponencijalnog porasta broja bolesnika čija je slabost bubrega posledica hipertenzije i dijabetesa, kao i porasta broja starih sa TBS. Zbog toga vi&scaron;e od 50% bolesnika sa HBB umire zbog kardiovaskularnih bolesti i pre započinjanja lečenja metodama za zamenu funkcije bubrega. Utvrditi kliničke karakteristike bolesnika sa i bez kontrastom indukovane nefropatije (pre svega varijable bubrežne funkcije definasane pomoću AKIN i RIFLE kriterijuma) podvrgnutih kardiohirur&scaron;kim operacijama, potom utvrditi postojanje razlike u mortalitetu i postoperativnom morbiditetu između bolesnika sa i bez kontrastom indukovane nefropatije, a koji se podvrgavaju kardiohirur&scaron;koj operaciji i takođe utvrditi prediktore mortaliteta i morbiditeta kod bolesnika sa prethodnom kontrastom indukovanom nefropatijom koji se podvrgavaju kardiohirur&scaron;koj operaciji. Studija je koncipirana kao retroprospektivna opservaciona studija u ukupnom trajanju od pet godina retrospektivnog perioda i pola godine prospektivnog perioda kojim su obuhvaćene dve grupe bolesnika: I grupa - pacijenti sa kontrastom indukovanom nefropatijom (CIN) i II grupa - pacijenti bez CIN; koji su podvrgnuti kardiohirur&scaron;kim operacijama (koronarna, valvularna, kombinovana hirurgija i ostale) na Institutu za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici. Od ukupnog broja operisanih pacijenata u ovom perioda (oko 5000 bolesnika) u ovu studiju je uključeno 1269 bolesnika. U na&scaron;oj studiji ukupno je analizirano 1269 bolesnika koji su svrstani u dve grupe. Prvu grupu je činilo 59 (4,6%) pacijenata koji su koronarografisani (dijagnostička, terapijska) i razvili CIN te su upućeni u istoj hospitalizaciji po indikaciji konzilijuma na koronarnu, valvularnu i kombinovanu hirurgiju. Drugu grupu je činilo 1210 (95,4%) bolesnika kod kojih nakon koronarografije nije razvijena kontrastom indukovana nefropatija, a takođe su tokom iste hospitalizacije operisani. Kriterijumi za uključivanje pacijenata u studiju su svi punoletni bolesnici koji su upućeni na kardiohirur&scaron;ke operacije (koronarna, valvularna, kombinovana i ostale). CIN je definisan kao porast vrednosti kreatinina unutar pet dana nakon koronarografije za 25% u odnosu na vrednost kreatina pre koronarografije. Praćene su preoperativne, operativne i postoperativne karakteristike bolesnika sa CIN i bolesnika bez CIN. U disertaciji su kori&scaron;ćene mere deskriptivne statistike: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, medijana, kvartili, frekvence i procenti. Za poređenje srednjih vrednosti varijabli dve populacije primenjen je test za nezavisne uzorke i Man-Vitnijev test. Povezanost kategorijskih varijabli ispitana je pomoću Hi-kvadrat testa za tabele kontigencije ili pomoću Fi&scaron;erovog testa. Određivanje uticaja promenljivih na ishod lečenja izvr&scaron;en je primenom univarijantne i multivarijantne binarne logističke regresije, koja je poslužila i za pravljenje nove varijable (modela) za procenu ishoda lečenja. Prediktivni kvalitet varijabli na ishod ocenjen je pomoću ROC krivih. Za određivanje dužine preživljavanja primenjena je Kaplan-Meier analiza preživljavanja. Uticaj varijabli na preživljavanje izvr&scaron;en je na osnovu Coxove regresione analize. Za statistički značajnu testa uzeta je vrednost p&lt;0,05. Statistička obrada podataka izvedena je primenom statističkog paketa SPSS 17. Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama u pogledu akutizacije bubrežne insuficijencije (p=0,007). Broj bolesnika sa akutizacijom bubrežne insuficijencije u grupi CIN je bio 3 (5,1%), a u grupi bez CIN je 6 (0,5%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu perikardnog izliva (p=0,046). Statističku značajnost treba uslovno prihvatiti jer je broj bolesnika sa perikardnim izlivom u grupi sa CIN bio samo 1 (1,7%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu mortaliteta (p&lt;0,0005). Broj umrlih u grupi pacijenata sa CIN je 8 (13,6%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN je 23 (1,9%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu AKIN kriterijuma (p&lt;0,0005). Broj bolesnika bez AKIN kriterijuma u grupi sa CIN bio je 29 (49,2%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN je 1210 (100,0%). U Stadijumu 1 AKIN kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 26 (44,1%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN je 0 (0,0%). U Stadijumu 2 AKIN kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 1 (1,7%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN bio je 0 (0,0%). U Stadijumu 3 AKIN kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 3 (5,1%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN bio je 0 (0,0%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu RIFLE kriterijuma (p&lt;0,0005). Broj bolesnika bez RIFLE kriterijuma u grupi sa CIN bio je 0 (0,0%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 1169 (96,6%). U riziku (Risc) RIFLE kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 51 (86,4%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN bio je 41 (3,4%). U o&scaron;tećenju (Injury) RIFLE kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 5 (8,5%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN bio je 0 (0,0%). U stabost (Failure) RIFLE kriterijuma broj bolesnika u grupi sa CIN bio je 3 (5,1%), a u grupi bolesnika bez CIN bio je 0 (0,0%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu broja komplikacija (p&lt;0,0005). Broj bolesnika bez komplijacija u grupi sa CIN bio je 39 (66,1%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 1027 (84,9%). Broj bolesnika sa 1 komplijacijom u grupi sa CIN bio je 12 (20,3%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 146 (12,1%). Broj bolesnika sa 2 komplijacije u grupi sa CIN bio je 6 (10,2%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 20 (1,7%). Broj bolesnika sa 3 komplijacije u grupi sa CIN bio je 1 (1,7%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 11 (0,9%). Broj bolesnika sa 4 komplijacije u grupi sa CIN bio je 1 (1,7%), a u grupi pacijenata bez kontrastom indukovane nefropatije bio je 6 (0,5%). Dokazana je statistička značajnost u ispitivanim grupama na osnovu MACE komplikacija (p&lt;0,0005). Broj bolesnika sa MACE komplikacijama u grupi sa CIN bio je 20 (33,9%), a u grupi pacijenata bez CIN bio je 183 (15,1%). Akutna bubrežna slabost je relativno česta komplikacija kardiohirur&scaron;kih operacija. Posebno su ugroženi bolesnici sa visokim preoperativnim rizikom, u na&scaron;oj studiji pacijenti sa prethodnim CIN-om, kod kojih je akutizacija bubrežne slabosti znatno učestalija. Kardiohirur&scaron;ki bolesnici kod kojih nastane akutna bubrežna slabost imaju, kao i u na&scaron;oj studiji, vi&scaron;e postoperativnih komplikacija, produžen boravak u jednici intenzivne nege, kao i rizik za nastanak hronične bubrežne bolesti.</p> / <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a healthcare problem that occurs worldwide and is associated with high cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality. A large increase in the number of patients with terminal renal failure (TRF) occurs as a result of an exponential increase in the number of patients whose renal failure is due to hypertension and diabetes, as well as an increase in the number of elderly with TRF. As a result, more than 50% of patients with CKD die from cardiovascular disease even before starting treatment with kidney replacement therapy. To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with and without contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) (renal function parameters defined by AKIN and RIFLE criteria) undergoing cardiac surgery, to determine the difference in mortality and postoperative morbidity between patients with and without CIN who are submitted to cardiac surgery and also to determine predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with CIN undergoing cardiac surgery. The study was conceived as a retroprospective observational study with a total duration of five years of retrospective period and half a year of prospective period which included two groups of patients: Group I - patients with contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and Group II - patients without CIN; who underwent cardiac surgery (coronary, valvular, combined surgery and other) at the Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica. Out of the total number of operated patients in this period (about 5000 patients), 1269 patients were included in this study. In our study, a total of 1269 patients were analyzed, which were classified into two groups. The first group consisted of 59 (4.6%) patients who underwent coronary angiography (diagnostic, therapeutic) and developed CIN and were submitted to surgery in the same hospitalization as indicated by heart team. The second group consisted of 1210 (95.4%) patients who did not develop CIN after coronary angiography but were also operated on during the same hospitalization. Criteria for inclusion of patients in the study are: all adult patients who are referred for cardiac surgery (coronary, valvular, combined and other). CIN was defined as a at least 25% increase in creatinine value within five days after coronary angiography compared to creatine value before coronary angiography. Preoperative, operative and postoperative characteristics of patients with CIN and patients without CIN were analyzed. Statistical analyses included measures of descriptive statistics: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, quartiles, frequencies and percentages. To compare the mean values of the variables of the two populations, t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test were applied. The correlation of categorical variables was examined using the Chi-square test for contingency tables or using the Fisher test. The influence of variables on the treatment outcome was determined by applying univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression, which also served to create a new variable (model) for assessing the treatment outcome. The predictive quality of outcome variables was assessed using ROC curves. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine survival length. The influence of variables on survival was performed based on Cox regression analysis. For a statistically significant test, the value of p &lt;0.05 was taken. Statistical data processing was performed using the statistical package SPSS 17. Statistical significance was observed in the examined groups regarding the acutization of renal failure (p = 0.007). The number of patients with acute renal failure in the CIN group was 3 (5.1%), and in the group without CIN it was 6 (0.5%). Statistical significance was observed between the examined groups based on pericardial effusion (p = 0.046). Statistical significance should be conditionally accepted because the number of patients with pericardial effusion in the group with CIN was only 1 (1.7%). Statistical significance was demonstrated in the examined groups based on mortality (p &lt;0.0005). The number of deaths in the group of patients with CIN was 8 (13.6%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 23 (1.9%). Statistical significance was demonstrated in the examined groups based on the AKIN criteria (p &lt;0.0005). The number of patients without AKIN criteria in the group with CIN was 29 (49.2%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 1210 (100.0%). In Stage 1 of the AKIN criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 26 (44.1%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 0 (0.0%). In Stage 2 of the AKIN criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 1 (1.7%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 0 (0.0%). In Stage 3 of the AKIN criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 3 (5.1%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 0 (0.0%). Statistical significance was demonstrated between the examined groups based on the RIFLE criteria (p &lt;0.0005). The number of patients without RIFLE criteria in the group with CIN was 0 (0.0%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 1169 (96.6%). In the Risk of the RIFLE criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 51 (86.4%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 41 (3.4%). In the Injury of the RIFLE criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 5 (8.5%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 0 (0.0%). In the Failure of the RIFLE criterion, the number of patients in the group with CIN was 3 (5.1%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 0 (0.0%). Statistical significance was demonstrated in the examined groups based on the number of complications (p &lt;0.0005). The number of patients without complications in the group with CIN was 39 (66.1%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 1027 (84.9%). The number of patients with 1 complication in the group with CIN was 12 (20.3%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 146 (12.1%). The number of patients with 2 complications in the group with CIN was 6 (10.2%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 20 (1.7%). The number of patients with 3 complications in the group with CIN was 1 (1.7%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 11 (0.9%). The number of patients with 4 complications in the group with CIN was 1 (1.7%), and in the group of patients without contrast-induced nephropathy it was 6 (0.5%). Statistical significance was demonstrated between the examined groups based on MACE complications (p &lt;0.0005). The number of patients with MACE complications in the group with CIN was 20 (33.9%), and in the group of patients without CIN it was 183 (15.1%). Acute renal failure is a relatively common complication of cardiac surgery. Vulnerable patients are particularly at risk, in our study patients with previous CIN, in whom the acutazation of renal failure is significantly more frequent. Cardiac surgery patients who develop acute renal failure have, as demonstrated in our study, more postoperative complications, prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, as well as the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.</p>

No description available.

Enligt Socialstyrelsen år 2019 var hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar den vanligaste dödsanledningen i Sverige och svarade för 31 % av alla dödsfall i landet. Akut kranskärlssjukdom tillhör hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar och är en folksjukdom som drabbar både kvinnor och män i hela västvärlden med högst mortalitet till följd. Kliniska studier har visat att den västerländska kosten med för högt animaliskt proteinintag, för högt intag av raffinerat socker och fett är den primära bakomliggande orsaken till dödsfall i hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Största riskfaktorn för kranskärl-och andra hjärtsjukdomar är arterioskleros (åderförkalkning). En växtbaserad 10 % lågfetthaltig Whole Food Plant Based-diet (WFPB) har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på arteriosklerosprocessen och vidare på hjärt-kärlsjukdomars utveckling. Syftet med detta projekt var att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie undersöka om hjärtsjukdomar, framförallt kranskärlsjukdomar (CAD) kan stagneras och/eller reverseras med hjälp av en lågfetthaltig WFPB-diet. Studien är baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar framtagna ur databaserna CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar samt från referenslistan på två av de redan utvalda artiklarna. Samtliga tio artiklar som inkluderats i litteraturstudien valdes genom datainsamling, relevansbedömning och kvalitetsgranskning. För att säkerställa artiklarnas kvalité kvalitetsgranskades de relevanta artiklarna utifrån frågor skapade från en mall från Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering, SBU. De analyserade mätparametrarna i artiklarna var bl. a. angiografiparametrar, lipidbiomarkörer, anginasymtom, Flödesmedierat vasodilatationstest (FMD) samt Positronemissions tomografi (PET). De flesta granskade studierna visade reversering av CAD, två artiklar visade både reversering och stagnering och en artikel kunde inte bedömas. Stagnering eller reversering av kranskärlsjukdomar kan åstadkommas antingen genom en kombination av dietintervention och andra livstilförändringar som komplement till lipidsänkande medicinsk behandling eller genom endast diet-och andra livstilförändringar. / According to the National Board of Health and Welfare in 2019, cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of death in Sweden and accounted for 31% of all deaths in the country. Acute coronary heart disease belongs to cardiovascular disease and is a common disease that affects both women and men throughout the Western world with the highest mortality as a result. Clinical studies have shown that the Western diet with too high animal protein intake, too high intake of refined sugar and fat is the primary underlying cause of death in cardiovascular disease. The biggest risk factor for coronary heart disease and other heart diseases is arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis). A plant-based 10% low-fat Whole Food Plant Based Diet (WFPB) has been shown to have a positive effect on the arteriosclerosis process and further on the development of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this project was to investigate through a systematic literature study whether heart disease, especially coronary heart disease (CAD) can be stagnated and / or reversed with the help of a low-fat WFPB diet. The study is based on 10 scientific articles produced from the databases CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar and from the reference list of two of the already selected articles. All ten articles included in the literature study were selected through data collection, relevance assessment and quality review. To ensure the quality of the articles, the relevant articles were quality examined on the basis of questions created from a template from the Swedish Agency for Medical and Social Evaluation, SBU. The analyzed measurement parameters in the articles were for example angiography parameters, lipid biomarkers, angina symptoms, Flow-mediated vasodilation test (FMD) and Positron emission tomography (PET). Most of the studies examined showed reversal of CAD, two articles showed both reversal and stagnation and one article could not be assessed. Stagnation or reversal of coronary heart disease can be achieved either through a combination of dietary intervention and other lifestyle changes in addition to lipid-lowering medical treatment or through dietary and other lifestyle changes only.

Die koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK) gehört zu den häufigsten Todesursachen in den westlichen Industrienationen. Die Diagnostik der Erkrankung hat somit großen Stellenwert in der Medizin. Akzeptierter Goldstandard zur Diagnostik einer KHK ist die Herzkatheteruntersuchung (HKU). Als nicht-invasive Alternative zur HKU hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Mehrzeilen-Computertomographie als zuverlässiges Verfahren für den KHK-Ausschluss bei mittlerer Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit etabliert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die diagnostischen Eigenschaften der prospektiv getriggerten mit der retrospektiv getriggerten CT-Koronarangiographie (CTCA) an einem 64-Zeilen Gerät in einem heterogenen Patientenkollektiv mit unterschiedlichen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen (Verdacht auf Koronare Herzkrankheit, Aortenaneurysma, präoperativ zum Aortenklappenersatz oder zur Pulmonalvenenablation, zum Ausschluss eines Tumors oder Perikarditiden) in Genauigkeit, Bildqualität und ihrer Anwendbarkeit gegenüberzustellen und sie mit dem Referenzstandard, der HKU, zu vergleichen. In diese Studie wurden retrospektiv 77 Patienten eingeschlossen, die ein EKG-getriggertes kardiales CT erhielten. Wenn es möglich war, d.h. die Herzfrequenz <75/min, BMI <35 und ein Sinusrhythmus vorlag, wurde die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA durchgeführt, alternativ kam die retrospektive EKG-getriggerte Technik zur Anwendung. Alle Segmente der Koronararterien, deren Lumendiameter ≥1.5mm betrug, wurden hinsichtlich Stenosen und Bildqualität analysiert und beurteilt. Die retrospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA wurde bei 39 Patienten und die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA bei 38 Patienten durchgeführt. Die mittlere Herzfrequenz (HF) betrug jeweils 69.5±9.1/min und 62.8±5.9/min. Bei der Detektion von Stenosen ≥50% zeigt die segment-(patienten-) basierte Betrachtung bei der retrospektiven EKG-getriggerten CTCA eine Sensitivität, Spezifität, positiven (PPV) und negativen prädiktiven Wert (NPV) von 97%, 98%, 71%, 100% (91%, 82%, 67%, 96%) und die prospektiv EKG-getriggerte CTCA 94%, 97%, 75%, 99% (93%, 96%, 93%, 96%). In der prospektiv EKG-getriggerten CTCA-Gruppe steigt die Sensitivität und der NPV bei Patienten mit einer HF ≤65/min. Gefäßspezifische Untersuchungen weisen bei der prospektiven Technik eine geringere diagnostische Aussagekraft bezüglich der rechten Koronararterie (RCA) auf, welche jedoch bei einer HF ≤65/min ansteigt. Die Bildqualität unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant in beiden Gruppen. Die Arbeit hat gezeigt, dass die prospektive EKG-getriggerte CTCA in einer heterogenen Patientenpopulation eine hohe diagnostische Genauigkeit und Bildqualität bei HF ≤65/min aufweist. Eine niedrige HF ist für die Beurteilung der RCA von besonderer Bedeutung.:1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 2 Einleitung 2.1 Die koronare Herzerkrankung (KHK) 2.1.1 Definition und Epidemiologie 2.1.2 Ätiologie 2.1.3 Anatomie und Pathophysiologie 2.1.4 Symptomatik 2.2 Diagnostik der KHK 2.2.1 Basisdiagnostik 2.2.2 Bildgebende Diagnostik zur direkten Beurteilung der Koronargefäße 2.3 CT-Verfahren 2.3.1 Retrospektives EKG-Gating 2.3.2 Prospektives EKG-Gating 2.3.3 Diagnostische Genauigkeit der CT-Koronarangiographie (CTCA) 2.4 Aspekte zur Strahlendosis 2.5 Indikationen zur HKU und kardialen CT 2.6 Zielsetzung der Studie 3 Publikation 4 Zusammenfassung 5 Literaturverzeichnis 6 Anlagen 6.1 Selbständigkeitserklärung 6.2 Lebenslauf 6.2.1 Persönliche Daten 6.2.2 Beruflicher Werdegang 6.3 Danksagung

Einleitung: Die schnelle Detektion und genaue Beurteilbarkeit (Charakterisierung) von rupturierten, zerebralen Aneurysmen ist entscheidend für die Wahl der adäquaten endovaskulären oder neurochirurgischen Intervention (Therapie), um Patienten mit akuter Subarachnoidalblutung (SAB) eine möglichst gute Prognose zu verschaffen. Es war das Ziel der Studie zu untersuchen, ob und wie weit die Knochensubtraktions-CT-Angiografie (CT-DSA), bereits mit einem relativ alten 16-Kanal-MSCT in der Lage ist die invasive Digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA; Goldstandard) hinsichtlich der Detektion, morphologischer Charakterisierung und letztendlich Therapieentscheidung zu ersetzen und damit den klinischen Pfad dieser Patienten zu beeinflussen. Methodik: Zu diesem Zweck untersuchten wir 116 Patienten mit akuter SAB vor der intrakraniellen Aneurysmatherapie. Die SAB Patienten wurden jeweils erst mit 16-Kanal-MSCT Angiografie und verbesserter, automatisierter Knochensubtraktion untersucht. Der verbesserte CT-DSA Algorithmus beinhaltet eine block- oder scheibenweise Patienten Bewegungskorrektur und eine lokal adaptierbare 3D dilatierte Knochenmaske. Die lokale Adaption der Maske wurde für eine präzisere Knochensubtraktion an der Grenze von Gefäß zu Knochen entwickelt. Danach wurde die konventionelle DSA angewandt. Zwei erfahrene Neuroradiologen beurteilten die CT-DSA und die DSA Daten unabhängig voneinander. Es wurde die Genauigkeit der verbesserten CT-DSA Methode für die Detektion, morphologische Charakterisierung sowie die Vermessung der Aneurysmadimensionen bestimmt. Im Fall von Uneinigkeit wurde ein Ergebnis im Konsens ermittelt. Zudem wurde die Röntgendosis beider Methoden für die Diagnostik von Aneurysmen verglichen. Ergebnisse: Mit der DSA wurden in 71 Patienten 74 Aneurysmen entdeckt. Achtundsechzig Patienten hatten 1 und 3 Patienten zwei Aneurysmen. Mit den CT-DSA Daten konnten 73 der 74 in der DSA delektierten Aneurysmen gefunden werden. Hier hatten 66 Patienten 1 und 4 Patienten 2 Aneurysmen. Mit der CT-DSA wurde noch ein weiteres kleines Aneurysma detektiert. Die Auswertung per Aneurysma, für die Sensitivität, Spezifität, den negativen und positiven Vorhersagewert, zeigte für die CT-DSA jeweils 99% und 100%, sowie 100% und 98%. Für kleine Aneurysmen, ≤3,0 mm betrug die Sensitivität 94%, mit einem 95%-Konfidenzintervall zwischen 73%–99%. Längenmessungen mit der CT-DSA waren ebenso genau wie bei der DSA und stimmten bei kleineren Messungen sogar noch besser überein als bei größeren. Die CT-DSA Fundus/Hals-Verhältnisse lagen mit 0,03 (ca. 2%) unter denen der DSA. Das Dosis-Längen-Produkt für die CT-DSA lag bei 565 mGy × cm ±201 [SD] und für die DSA bei 1.609 mGy × cm ±1.300 [SD]. Diskussion: Die CT-Angiografie mit 16-Kanal-MSCT und modernen Knochen-subraktionsalgorithmen ist für die Detektion von zerebralen Aneurysmen bei Patienten mit akuter SAB ebenso genau wie die DSA. Sie erzielt ähnliche Ergebnisse für die Aneurysmamorphologie und -abmessungen. Diese gilt selbst für schädelbasisnahe und kleine Aneurysmen oder bei Patientenbewegung. In Fällen, in denen die erste CT-DSA die Ursache der SAB nicht zeigt, ist es nicht mehr zwingend notwendig eine DSA durchzuführen. Eine zweite CT-DSA ist ausreichend. Weiterhin benötigt die CT-DSA bis zu 65% weniger Röntgendosis für die Diagnose als die DSA. Zudem ist die Diagnose mit der CT-DSA in kürzerer Zeit und für den Patienten risikoärmer, weil nichtinvasiv. Schlussfolgerung: Die CT-DSA mit einem verbesserten Algorithmus, der Bewegungsartefakte und artifizielle Stenosen an der Grenze von Gefäß zu Knochen minimierte, zeigt in Verbindung mit einem 16-Kanal-MSCT eine diagnostische Äquivalenz zur DSA. Diese Tatsache und die zusätzlich deutlich geringere Röntgenstrahlenbelastung sprechen dafür, die DSA Diagnostik bei Patienten mit spontaner SAB durch die schnellere und schonendere CT-DSA zu ersetzten. Damit kann die CT-DSA Therapieentscheidungen schneller, schonender, kostengünstiger und zielgerichteter herbeiführen. Bei der Einführung dieses Verfahrens ist weniger auf die eingesetzte CT-Technologie (16-, 64-, 320-Zeilen oder Zwei-Röhren MSCT) als auf den Einsatz der aktuellsten Knochensubtraktions-Technologie sowie ein angemessenes Training (Erfahrung) des Befunders zu achten.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Ätiologie der Subarachnoidalblutung (SAB) 1 1.2 SAB Pathogenese 2 1.3 SAB Epidemiologie 4 1.4 SAB Risikofaktoren 4 1.5 SAB Grading 5 1.6 SAB Letalität 5 1.7 SAB Diagnostik 6 1.7.1 Invasive Digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA) 6 1.7.2 Nichtinvasive Mehrschicht-Computertomografie (CT) 10 1.8 Aneurysma Therapie 15 1.9 Zielsetzung 17 2 Patienten und Methoden 20 2.1 Patienten 20 2.2 Ein – und Ausschlusskriterien 20 2.3 Nativ-CT und CT-DSA 22 2.3.1 Nativ-CT Technik 22 2.3.2 CT-DSA Technik 22 2.3.3 Prototypische, automatisierte CT-DSA Auswertung 24 2.4 Digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA) 27 2.5 Vermessung der Aneurysmen 27 2.6 Vergleich der Messmethoden 29 2.7 Befundungsqualität der Untersucher 29 2.8 Beurteilung der Ergebnisse 29 2.9 Beurteilung der Strahlenbelastung 30 2.10 Statistische Methoden 31 2.10.1 Fallzahlplanung 32 2.10.2 Diagnostische Genauigkeit 33 2.10.3 Methodenvergleich 34 2.10.4 Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität 35 3 Ergebnisse 36 3.1 Patienten 36 3.2 Nativ-CT 36 3.3 CT-DSA 36 3.4 DSA - Referenz für die Aneurysmadetektion 42 3.5 Vergleich CT-DSA mit DSA 45 3.5.1 CT-DSA Genauigkeit 45 3.5.1.1 Basierend auf prospektiver DSA 45 3.5.1.2 Basierend auf retrospektiver DSA 47 3.5.2 Aneurysma-Messergebnisse 49 3.5.3 Untersucher und Aneurysma-Konfiguration 59 3.5.4 Röntgendosis 59 3.5.5 Bildinterpretationszeiten 60 4 Diskussion 61 4.1 CT-DSA Genauigkeit für den Aneurysmanachweis 61 4.1.1 Besonderheiten der CT-DSA Anwendung 63 4.1.2 Besonderheit der CT-DSA Prototypen Software 63 4.2. CT-DSA Informationen als alleinige Planungsbasis für neurochirurgische oder endovaskuläre Eingriffe 64 4.3 Robustheit und Reproduzierbarkeit 67 / Background and purpose: Detection and evaluation of ruptured aneurysms is critical for choosing an appropriate endovascular or neurosurgical intervention (therapy) in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our aim was to assess whether 16-detector row multislice CT (MSCT) bone-subtraction CTA is capable of guiding treatment for cerebral aneurysms in patients with acute SAH and could replace DSA – the current reference standard. Materials and methods: In a prospective study, 116 consecutive patients with SAH were examined with 16–detector row MSCT with an advanced bone-subtraction CTA prototype and DSA before intracranial aneurysm treatment. The advancements of the prototype CT-DSA algorithm were a slab-based patient motion correction and a locally optimized 3D dilated bonemask. The local adaption of the bone mask was designed for more precise bone subtraction at bone-to-vessel interfaces. Two independent neuroradiologists reviewed the bone-subtraction CTA blinded to DSA. The accuracy of the advanced bone-subtraction CTA for aneurysm detection, morphological characterization and the measurement of aneurysm dimensions were determined. In case of disagreement the result was attained in consensus. Additionally the radiation doses of the 2 diagnostic imaging modalities compared. Results: Seventy-one patients (61%) had 74 aneurysms on DSA. Sixty-eight patients had 1 and 3 patients 2 aneurysms. Bone-subtraction CTA detected 73 of these aneurysms. With CT-DSA 66 patients had 1 and 4 patients 2 aneurysms. CT-DSA discovered an additional small aneurysm. On a per-aneurysm basis, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for bone-subtraction CTA were 99%, 100%, and 100% and 98%, respectively. For aneurysms of ≤3 mm, sensitivity was 94% (95% CI, 73%–99%). Length measurements with bone-subtraction CTA were as exact as the DSA measurements and agreed even better for small measurements than for larger ones. CT-DSA dome-to-neck ratios were on average 0.03 smaller (2%) than with DSA. Dose-length product was 565 mGy × cm ±201 [SD] for bone-subtraction CTA and 1.609 mGy × cm ±1.300 [SD ]for DSA.   Discussion: 16–detector row MSCT with advanced bone-subtraction CTA is as accurate as DSA in detecting cerebral aneurysms after SAH, provides similar information about aneurysm configuration and measures. This is even true for small aneurysms adjacent to bony structures (e.g. the base of the scull) or under patient motion. In SAB patients in whom the initial CT-DSA doesn’t show the root cause of the SAH, a DSA is not imperative any longer. In this case a second CT-DSA is sufficient. Additionally the CT-DSA reduces the average effective radiation dose for vascular diagnostics by 65%. Furthermore the CT-DSA-based diagnosis can be performed in shorter time and at less patient risk due to its non-invasive nature. Conclusion: The advanced CT-DSA algorithm - that minimized patient motion and artificial stenosis at the bone-to-vessel interfaces - in combination with commonly available 16-detector row MSCT demonstrated diagnostic equivalence in comparison to the DSA reference. Diagnostic equivalence in association with dose reduction suggests replacing DSA with the faster and more patient friendly bone-subtraction CTA in the diagnostic work-up of spontaneous SAH. Thus CT-DSA can accelerate targeted therapy decisions more cost effective and at less risk for the patient. Using the latest and appropriate subtraction technology and ensuring adequate training (reader experience) is more relevant than the used CT-technology (16-, 64-, 320-detector row or dual source MSCT) when introducing CT-DSA protocols.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Ätiologie der Subarachnoidalblutung (SAB) 1 1.2 SAB Pathogenese 2 1.3 SAB Epidemiologie 4 1.4 SAB Risikofaktoren 4 1.5 SAB Grading 5 1.6 SAB Letalität 5 1.7 SAB Diagnostik 6 1.7.1 Invasive Digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA) 6 1.7.2 Nichtinvasive Mehrschicht-Computertomografie (CT) 10 1.8 Aneurysma Therapie 15 1.9 Zielsetzung 17 2 Patienten und Methoden 20 2.1 Patienten 20 2.2 Ein – und Ausschlusskriterien 20 2.3 Nativ-CT und CT-DSA 22 2.3.1 Nativ-CT Technik 22 2.3.2 CT-DSA Technik 22 2.3.3 Prototypische, automatisierte CT-DSA Auswertung 24 2.4 Digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA) 27 2.5 Vermessung der Aneurysmen 27 2.6 Vergleich der Messmethoden 29 2.7 Befundungsqualität der Untersucher 29 2.8 Beurteilung der Ergebnisse 29 2.9 Beurteilung der Strahlenbelastung 30 2.10 Statistische Methoden 31 2.10.1 Fallzahlplanung 32 2.10.2 Diagnostische Genauigkeit 33 2.10.3 Methodenvergleich 34 2.10.4 Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität 35 3 Ergebnisse 36 3.1 Patienten 36 3.2 Nativ-CT 36 3.3 CT-DSA 36 3.4 DSA - Referenz für die Aneurysmadetektion 42 3.5 Vergleich CT-DSA mit DSA 45 3.5.1 CT-DSA Genauigkeit 45 3.5.1.1 Basierend auf prospektiver DSA 45 3.5.1.2 Basierend auf retrospektiver DSA 47 3.5.2 Aneurysma-Messergebnisse 49 3.5.3 Untersucher und Aneurysma-Konfiguration 59 3.5.4 Röntgendosis 59 3.5.5 Bildinterpretationszeiten 60 4 Diskussion 61 4.1 CT-DSA Genauigkeit für den Aneurysmanachweis 61 4.1.1 Besonderheiten der CT-DSA Anwendung 63 4.1.2 Besonderheit der CT-DSA Prototypen Software 63 4.2. CT-DSA Informationen als alleinige Planungsbasis für neurochirurgische oder endovaskuläre Eingriffe 64 4.3 Robustheit und Reproduzierbarkeit 67

Hintergrund und Fragestellung Um den Zeitpunkt des Beginns der Datenakquisition bei der CT-Koronarangiographie festzulegen, bietet die Methode des Bolus-Trackings eine weit verbreitete Möglichkeit. Hierfür muss eine sogenannte Region of Interest (ROI) festgelegt werden, in der die Kontrastmittelanflutung gemessen wird. Bisher wurden die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Positionierungen dieser ROI auf die Bildqualität der Koronararterien (Hauptstamm der linken Koro-nararterie: LM; rechte Koronararterie: RCA) noch nicht systematisch untersucht. Zwei häufig verwendete Positionen sind der linke Herzvorhof (LV) und die Aorta ascendens (AA). Diese Positionierungen sollten in dieser Studie verglichen werden. Auch bei der Triple-Rule-Out-CT-Angiographie (TRO-CTA), in der zusätzlich zu den Koronararterien auch die Pulmonalarterien sowie die thorakale Aorta beurteilt werden sollen, kommt das Bolus-Tracking zur Anwendung. Die ROI wird hierbei meist im linken Herzvorhof positioniert. Da bisher nicht gezeigt wurde, ob die Pulmonalarterien (rechte Pulmonalarterie: RPA; linke Pulmonalarterie: LPA) dadurch tatsächlich in besserer Qualität dargestellt werden, sollte auch diese Frage in der Studie beantwortet werden. Methode Alle Patienten der vorliegenden monozentrischen, retrospektiven Studie erhielten eine CT-Koronarangiographie im Step-and-Shoot-Modus zum Ausschluss einer koronaren Herzkrankheit bei intermediärem Risiko. Mittels Propensity-Score-Matching wurden insgesamt 192 Patienten für die Studie ausgewählt: je 96 mit Positionierung der ROI im linken Vorhof bzw. in der Aorta ascendens (122 männliche und 70 weibliche Patienten, Alter 21 bis 87 Jahre, Durchschnittsalter 61 Jahre). Um möglichst ähnliche Patientencharakteristika in beiden Gruppen zu erreichen, wurden beim Propensity-Score-Matching folgende Faktoren berücksichtigt: Geschlecht, Körpergröße, Körpergewicht und Herzfrequenz. Für die Beurteilung der Bildqualität wurden sowohl ein quantitativer als auch ein qualitativer Score verwendet. Bei der quantitativen Analyse wurden die Signalintensitäten sowie deren Standardabweichungen in den zu beurteilenden Strukturen gemessen und daraus die Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisse (SNR) errechnet. Die qualitative Auswertung wurde von zwei Fachärzten für Radiologie mit 10 bzw. 6 Jahren Erfahrung in der CT-Koronarangiographie unabhängig voneinander mit Hilfe einer 5-Punkte-Likert-Skala durchgeführt. So wurde zum einen die Qualität der Darstellung der Koronararterien verglichen, zum anderen die der Pulmonalarterien. Für die statistische Auswertung wurde der Wilcoxon-Test verwendet, um die quantitativen sowie qualitativen Scores beider Patientengruppen miteinander zu vergleichen. Außerdem wurde bezüglich der qualitativen Analyse die Interrater-Reliabilität mittels gewichtetem Cohens Kappa (κ) bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde die Strahlenbelastung beider Gruppen durch die Betrachtung der Dosis-Längen-Produkte sowie die Berechnung der effektiven Dosen verglichen. Ergebnisse Bezüglich der Koronararterien fanden sich sowohl beim Vergleich der quantitativen (SNR AA 14.92 vs. 15.46; p = 0.619 | SNR LM 19.80 vs. 20.30; p = 0.661 | SNR RCA 24.34 vs. 24.30; p = 0.767) als auch der qualitativen Scores (4.25 vs. 4.29; p = 0.672) keine signifikanten Unterschiede in beiden Gruppen. Für die Darstellung der Pulmonalarterien hat die Position der ROI allerdings eine entscheidende Bedeutung. Bei einer Positionierung im linken Vorhof ergeben sich signifikant höhere quantitative (SNR RPA 8.70 vs. 5.89; p < 0.001 | SNR LPA 9.06 vs. 6.25; p < 0.001) und auch qualitative Scores (3.97 vs. 2.24; p < 0.001) als bei einer Positionierung in der Aorta ascendens. Bezüglich der Interrater-Reliabilität konnte in dieser Studie eine beachtliche Konkordanz bei der Analyse der Koronararterien (κ = 0.654) bzw. eine nahezu vollkommene Konkordanz bei der Analyse der Pulmonalarterien (κ = 0.846) festgestellt werden. Die Strahlenbelastung war in beiden Gruppen nahezu identisch (4.13 mSv vs. 4.13 mSv; p = 0.501). Schlussfolgerung Für CT-Angiographien mit ausschließlich koronarer Indikation bedeutet dieses Ergebnis, dass die Positionierung der ROI für das Bolus-Tracking in der Aorta ascendens bzw. im linken Herzvorhof zu gleichwertigen Ergebnissen bezüglich der Bildqualität führen und somit die aktuell von vielen Untersuchern bevorzugte Positionierung der ROI in der Aorta ascendens weiterhin angewendet werden kann. Außerdem wurde in dieser Studie nachgewiesen, dass eine Positionierung der ROI im linken Herzvorhof zu einer besseren Beurteilbarkeit der Pulmonalarterien führt und deshalb bei der TRO-CTA angewendet werden sollte. Das Ergebnis zeigt aber auch, dass diese bei der TRO-CTA übliche Positionierung im linken Herzvorhof die Abbildung der Koronararterien nicht beeinträchtigt und der Einsatzbereich der TRO-CTA somit weiter ausgedehnt werden kann. / Background, aims and objectives The bolus tracking technique is widely used for choosing the optimal starting point of data acquisition in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scans. It utilizes repeated scans at a predefined position in order to determine the concentration of contrast media in a region of interest (ROI). The scan starts automatically when a trigger threshold is reached. The effect by different ROI positioning on image quality in CCTA has not been systematically evaluated yet. In CCTA, the ROI may be positioned in the left atrium (LV) or the ascending aorta (AA). In triple-rule-out-CTA (TRO-CTA), which allows for the evaluation of the pulmonary arteries and the thoracic aorta in addition to the coronary arteries, the ROI is mostly positioned in the left atrium. This choice of ROI positioning is empirical and its effect on the contrast filling of the pulmonary arteries has not been studied systematically. In the current study we evaluated the effect of ROI positioning on image quality of the coronary arteries (left main coronary artery: LM; right coronary artery: RCA) and the pulmonary arteries (right pulmonary artery: RPA; left pulmonary artery: LPA), respectively. Method In the current monocentric retrospective study all patients underwent CCTA by step-and-shoot mode to rule out coronary artery disease at intermediate risk. We compared two groups of patients with ROI in the left atrium or the ascending aorta. Each group contained 96 patients, so overall 192 patients were included (122 male, 70 female, age 21 to 87 years, 61 years on average). To select pairs of patients with similar characteristics, propensity score matching was used. Matching criteria were height, body weight, sex and heart rate. To evaluate the image quality, we used quantitative and qualitative scores. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), defined as the quotient of the mean signal intensity and the standard deviation of signal intensity, represented the quantitative score. For generating the qualitative score, overall image quality was assessed independently by two radiologists with ten and six years of experience with CCTA, respectively, using a five point Likert scale. This way, we compared the quality of the depiction of the coronary arteries on the one hand and of the pulmonary arteries on the other hand. For statistical evaluation the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the quantitative and qualitative scores of the two groups. Regarding the qualitative analysis, interrater agreement was evaluated using weighted Cohens kappa. Furthermore the radiation exposure was compared by viewing the dose-length products provided by the scanner and calculating the effective doses from these. Results In terms of the coronary arteries, there was no significant difference between both groups regarding quantitative (SNR AA 14.92 vs. 15.46; p = 0.619 | SNR LM 19.80 vs. 20.30; p = 0.661 | SNR RCA 24.34 vs. 24.30; p = 0.767) or qualitative scores (4.25 vs. 4.29; p = 0.672), respectively. In terms of the pulmonary arteries, we can see significant higher quantitative (SNR RPA 8.70 vs. 5.89; p < 0.001 | SNR LPA 9.06 vs. 6.25; p < 0.001) and qualitative scores (3.97 vs. 2.24; p < 0.001) for bolus tracking positioning in the left atrium than for bolus tracking positioning in the ascending aorta. The calculation of the interrater reliability showed substantial agreement for the analysis of the coronary arteries (κ = 0.654) and almost perfect agreement for the analysis of the pulmonary arteries (κ = 0.846). The radiation exposure was almost identical in both groups of patients (4.13 mSv vs. 4.13 mSv; p = 0.501). Conclusion Bolus tracking positioning in the left atrium or the ascending aorta causes equivalent image quality of the coronary arteries, so that the current mostly preferred position for the exclusively consideration of the coronary arteries in the ascending aorta can be maintained. Positioning in the left atrium causes a significant higher image quality of the pulmonary arteries, therefore it should be used for TRO-CTA. In addition, the study shows that this for TRO-CTA mostly used position in the left atrium does not adversely affect depiction of the coronary arteries, if compared to conventional bolus tracking positioning in the ascending aorta. This implies that despite the improved depiction of the pulmonary arteries and the aorta in TRO-CTA, the depiction of the coronary arteries is not restricted. Consequently these results are a further argument for an extension of the indication for TRO-CTA in place of conventional CCTA in patients with acute thoracic pain.

Introducción: El infarto agudo de miocardio con coronariografía normal, más conocido por sus siglas en inglés como MINOCA, es un cuadro clínico menos estudiado a diferencia de su contraparte obstructiva. Objetivo: Describir características generales de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y coronariografía normal en un hospital de tercer nivel del 2016 al 2021. Materiales y métodos: El estudio es de diseño observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Se usaron datos recolectados de las historias clínicas mediante una ficha de datos. Se realizó un muestreo censal que incluyó 54 registros clínicos. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes fueron mujeres (62.9%), y mayores de 60 años (61.1%). Como factores de riesgo destacó la hipertensión arterial (63%), seguido de diabetes mellitus (29.6%) y dislipidemia (18.5%). Predominó el sobrepeso y la obesidad (72,3%). En el trazado electrocardiográfico la mayoría presentó un trazado sin elevación del segmento ST (74.1%), y al examen ecocardiográfico la mitad de los pacientes presentaron motilidad cardiaca normal (51,9%) y una FEVI preservada (59,3%). Respecto a los diagnósticos al alta, se encontró en primer lugar el infarto agudo de miocardio tipo 1 (59.3%). Conclusión: Se encontró que el MINOCA afecta principalmente a pacientes que se caracterizan por ser del sexo femenino, mayores de 60 años, con diagnóstico previo de HTA, presentar dolor torácico típico, cursar con sobrepeso, además de registrar electrocardiogramas sin elevación del segmento ST, conservar una motilidad cardiaca normal y FEVI preservada, y la mayoría fue dado de alta con infarto de miocardio tipo 1. / Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary angiography, better known by its acronym in English as MINOCA, is a clinical condition less studied unlike its well-known obstructive counterpart. Objective: To describe general characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction and normal coronary angiography in a tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2021. Materials and methods: The study has an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive design. Data collected from medical records using a data sheet were used. A census sampling was carried out that included 54 clinical records. Results: Most of patients were women (62.9%), and over 60 years of age (61.1%). High blood pressure (63%) stood out as risk factors, followed by diabetes mellitus (29.6%) and dyslipidemia (18.5%). Also, there was a clear predominance of overweight and obesity (72.3%). In the electrocardiographic tracing, the majority presented a tracing without ST segment elevation (74.1%), and in the echocardiographic examination, half of the patients presented normal cardiac motility (51.9%) and a preserved LVEF (59.3%). Regarding the diagnoses at discharge, acute myocardial infarction type 1 was found in first place (59.3%). Conclusion: It was found that MINOCA affects patients who are characterized by being female, over 60 years of age, with a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension, presenting typical chest pain, being overweight, in addition to recording electrocardiograms without ST segment elevation. maintained normal cardiac motility and preserved LVEF, and the majority were discharged with type 1 myocardial infarction.

Objectif : Déterminer la capacité de la séquence IRM 4D flow à mesurer la forme et le flot (débit, vélocité) de l’artère hépatique et de ses branches en trois dimensions. Méthodologie : Un fantôme de l’artère hépatique réaliste qui imite le flux sanguin et les mouvements respiratoires ainsi que 20 volontaires ont été imagés. La précision du 4D flow Cartésien avec navigateur et remplissage de l’espace-k selon la position respiratoire était déterminée in-vitro à quatre résolutions spatiales (0,5 à 1,0 mm isotropique) et fenêtres d’acceptation du navigateur (± 8 et ± 2 mm) avec un scanner IRM à 3T. Deux séquences centrées sur les branches hépatiques et gastroduodénales étaient évaluées in-vivo et comparés au contraste de phase 2D. Résultats : In vitro, l’augmentation de la résolution spatiale diminuait plus l’erreur qu’une fenêtre d’acceptation plus étroite (30.5 à -4.67% vs -6.64 à -4.67% pour le débit). In vivo, les artèreshépatiques et gastroduodénales étaient mieux visualisées avec la séquence de haute résolution (90 vs 71%). Malgré un accord interobservateur similaire (κ = 0.660 et 0.704), la séquence à plus haute résolution avait moins de variabilité pour l’aire, le débit, et la vélocité moyenne. Le 4D flow avait une meilleure cohérence interne entre l’afflux et l’efflux à la bifurcation de l’artère hépatique (1.03 ± 5.05% et 15.69 ± 6.14%) que le contraste de phase 2D (28.77 ± 21.01%). Conclusion : Le 4D flow à haute résolution peut évaluer l’anatomie et l’hémodynamie de l’artère hépatique avec une meilleure précision, visibilité, moindre variabilité et meilleure concordance interne. / Objectives: To assess the ability of four-dimensional (4D) flow, an MRI sequence that captures the form and flow of vessels in three dimensions, to measure hepatic arterial hemodynamics. Methods: A dynamic hepatic artery phantom and 20 consecutive volunteers were scanned. The accuracies of Cartesian 4D flow sequences with k-space reordering and navigator gating at four spatial resolutions (0.5- to 1-mm isotropic) and navigator acceptance windows (± 8 to ± 2 mm) were assessed in vitro at 3 T. Two sequences centered on gastroduodenal and hepatic artery branches were assessed in vivo for intra - and interobserver agreement and compared to 2D phase-contrast (0.5-mm in -plane). Results In vitro, higher spatial resolution led to a greater decrease in error than narrower navigator window (30.5 to −4.67% vs−6.64 to −4.67% for flow). In vivo, hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries were visualized more frequently with the higher resolution sequence (90 vs 71%). Despite similar interobserver agreement (κ = 0.660 and 0.704), the higher resolution sequence had lower variability for area, flow, and average velocity. 4D flow had lower differences between inflow and outflow at the hepatic artery bifurcation (11.03 ± 5.05% and 15.69 ± 6.14%) than 2D phase-contrast (28.77 ± 21.01%). Conclusion: High-resolution 4D flow can assess hepatic artery anatomy and hemodynamics with improved accuracy, greater vessel visibility, better interobserver reliability, and internal consistency.