Originally presented as author's Thesis--Université de Paris IV--Sorbonne. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-143).

Originally presented as author's Thesis--Université de Paris IV--Sorbonne. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-143).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 258-272).

abstract: Understanding the resilience of water management systems is critical for the continued existence and growth of communities today, in urban and rural contexts alike. In recent years, many studies have evaluated long-term human-environmental interactions related to water management across the world, highlighting both resilient systems and those that eventually succumb to their vulnerabilities. To understand the multitude of factors impacting resilience, scholars often use the concept of adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity is the ability of actors in a system to make adaptations in anticipation of and in response to change to minimize potential negative impacts. In this three-paper dissertation, I evaluate the adaptive capacity of the water management systems of two medieval Khmer cities, located in present-day Cambodia, over the course of centuries. Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire for over 600 years (9 th -15 th centuries CE), except for one brief period when the capital was relocated to Koh Ker (921 – 944 CE). These cities both have massive water management systems that provide a comparative context for studying resilience; while Angkor thrived for hundreds of years, Koh Ker was occupied as the capital of the empire for a relatively short period. In the first paper, I trace the chronological and spatial development of two types of settlement patterns (epicenters and lower-density temple-reservoir settlement units) at Angkor in relation to state-sponsored hydraulic infrastructure. In the second and third papers, I conduct a diachronic analysis using empirical data for the adaptive capacity of the water management systems at both cities. The results suggest that adaptive capacity is useful for identifying causal factors in the resilience and failures of systems over the long term. The case studies also demonstrate the importance and warn of the danger of large centralized water management features. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018

Many areas of the world are experiencing the effects of the water crisis. The water crisis is a widespread phenomenon whereby many regions are experiencing a shortage of water, lacking access to clean potable water. This study uses existing literature to examine the ways in which the ecological knowledge of ancient civilizations can be applied to modern water management in attempt to address the current water crisis. The literature reviewed for this study, stemming from notable books and peer reviewed journals, were published between 1882 and the present year. As part of a purposive sample, the following civilizations were chosen: Tenochtitlan (presently Mexico City), Angkor, and Petra. Past and present water management in the three locations are examined, as well as their impact on industry and social systems. Findings within the literature indicate that ancient methods of water management are able to provide water for populations of equal or greater size than their modern counterparts. Similarly, some studies have determined that modern water systems are problematic in their production of waste by-products, and inefficiency in water collection and distribution. The implications determined from the results of this study are discussed, as well as the limitations that arose throughout the review. The study seeks to fill the gap in literature connecting ancient water management techniques to modern practices, helping establish suggestions for reforms to address the current water crisis in the process.

This thesis addresses the question of how the Cambodia Tourist Police prohibition of local custodians has impacted Khmer prayer rituals inside Ta Prohm Complex (Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia). For centuries, people of Khmer ethnicity have engaged in religious activities inside Ta Prohm. Local Khmers have functioned as custodians of spaces of religious activity there. Custodians decorate and clothe statues, and place incense, offering plates, and other religious paraphernalia in spaces of religious activity. Observations demonstrate that Khmer prayer rituals occur in spaces that contain religious paraphernalia. The prohibition reduced the number of spaces that contain religious paraphernalia in Ta Prohm. This thesis is the first research to closely examine contemporary religious activities at Angkor. The thesis discusses how the prohibition may impact future Khmer religious activities inside Ta Prohm, and presents a potential solution for the reduced functionality of Ta Prohm as a Khmer temple that resulted from the prohibition. / Department of Anthropology

Cet ouvrage concerne le Cambodge à la fin de la période dite « angkorienne » (801-1431), soit de la disparition de Jayavarman VII (env. 1220) à l’abandon d’Angkor (1431) ; il s’attache en particulier au dernier siècle de cette période documenté par l’épigraphie (env. 1220 – env. 1327). Le faible nombre de sources épigraphiques, a souvent fait désigner cette période comme obscure. Cependant si ces sources ne fournissent qu’une chronologie dynastique discontinue puisqu’elle est interrompue pendant cinquante ans, elles mettent en lumière deux bouleversements majeurs dans l’histoire religieuse du Cambodge: l’essor du bouddhisme theravâda et une réaction iconoclaste due à des adeptes d’un sivaïsme particulièrement sectaire. C’est en confrontant les données de l’épigraphie à celles de l’histoire de l’art (peu utilisée jusqu’à présent) que l’on a visé à améliorer la connaissance de la période concernée. Un premier volet épigraphique (présentation critique des textes, datation de monuments par la présence d’inscriptions datées) est suivi d’un autre dédié à l’histoire de l’art (analyse de monuments dont le décor peut être attribué à la fin de la période angkorienne, définition des grandes tendances de l’art « post-Bayon »). On s’est ensuite attaché à brosser le paysage politique et religieux du Cambodge d’alors, en combinant ces sources. En définitive ce travail qui enrichit largement le corpus des monuments attribuables à la période étudiée, apporte des éléments de réponse aux problématiques, mettant notamment en lumière la radicalisation des mouvements religieux en présence et l’esprit de concurrence qui les anime. / This study deals with Cambodia during the end of the so-called “angkorean period”, that is to say between Jayavarman the VIIth disappearance and Angkor desertion by the royal court. It emphasizes the last century of that period documented by inscriptions (ca.1220-ca.1327). Due to the few inscriptions related to that period, it has often been deemed as an “obscure” one. As a matter of fact epigraphic data allow only to a discontinuous dynastic chronology with an interruption of fifty years. However they turn to light two important changes concerning religious history of Cambodia: on one hand, the rapid development of Theravâda Buddhism, and on the other an iconoclastic reaction due to saivite sectarian adepts. It is by collating epigraphic and art history data (that last having been quite neglected up to now), that this research want to contribute enlarge the knowledge of last Angkorean centuries. A first part deals with inscriptions (critical presentation then dating monuments through dated inscriptions); it is followed by a second one dedicated to art history [analysis of iconographic and decorative patterns attributable to the end of Angkorean period, artistic characteristics of “post-Bayon” art]. Then political and religious Cambodian context is depicted through the use of those two kinds of data. To summarize, that study which widely enlarges the monumental corpus of the dealt with period, brings answers to several issues and especially about the radicalization of concerned religious trends and about their rivalry.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Cette étude a pour principal objectif l'élaboration de la chronologie relative du vaste programme architectural de Jayavarman VII dont le royaume englobait la totalité du Cambodge et une large partie de la Thaïlande à la fin du XIIe siècle. La construction de la chronologie générale des monuments dits du style du Bayon s'est appuyée sur une analyse archéologique des principaux temples de cette période complétée par une étude stylistique basée sur les travaux de Ph. Stern [Ph. Stern, 1965]. Ces résultats ont été complétés et partiellement validés par une étude archéométrique portant sur le comportement magnétique du grès, principal matériau constituant ces monuments.<br />La chronologie locale et globale des monuments du style du Bayon a permis la mise au jour de quatre classes typologiques de temples régissant l'ensemble du programme architectural du Jayavarman VII. Il a été, de plus, possible de déduire quelles parties de celui-ci était exécutée dès 1191, date de consécration du Preah Khan d'Angkor. Cet essai de datation absolue des monuments du style du Bayon découle de l'analyse comparative de la chronologie relative de Ta Prohm et du Preah Khan d'Angkor avec leur description et la distribution de leur population divine qui en ont été faites dans les inscriptions de leur stèle respective.