This report aims at giving you as a reader a basic knowledge in measurement techniques used in the road/land construction and witch instrument and methods that is commonly used. It also tries to shed light on the problem with unfinished or incomplete blueprints, which cause additional work performed by the surveyor. This report is written in collaboration with PEAB Umeå whom has given insight in their work.The goal of this report is to examine what kind of work surveyors has to perform on blueprints delivered by a technical consultant. The reader of this report gets a run-through of the different theoretical measurement techniques used today and a short explanation of different measuring instruments used by surveyors in their day to day work. Computer programs used in the field of construction are briefly explained, and some of the most common file extensions used, for example dwg and Land-xml.The report concludes in a questionnaire that was sent out to surveyors employed by PEAB. The questionnaire shows that there are a fair amount of time spent preparing blueprints before the actual construction work can begin.

The construction industry has during many years been regarded as a problematic industry. As a result of this the government 2002 set up a commission with the aim to discourage negative trends in the industry. The commission acknowledged the problem with work activities being reconstructed between projects. As a result of this the experience being acquired in one project did not come to use in the next. In the construction industry it is a well-known fact that around 10% of the cost of production can be categorized as error and controls. The most of the errors that occur can be eliminated with better planning. A tool to be used is experience feedback which purpose is to use the knowledge gained from earlier projects to predict future projects. The purpose of this study is to examine and highlight problems that can occur when experience shall be fed back between production and budget with the aim to present suggested improvements. The study is divided into three questions where the first question investigates which data is relevant from production in order to make well motivated production budgets. The second question explores, in a collaboration with SM Entreprenad AB, which conditions there are today regarding experience feedback between production and budget. The third and final question reviews improvements to be made. The first question is being answered with literature as reference while the second and third has its focus on interviews. The results of the study shows that a budget is constructed with earlier projects as reference where data mainly regarding time, used amount of material as well as used material/equipment are the central variables that need to be fed back to budget. The situation at SM Entreprenad today is that they more or less are not feeding back any data from production with the aim to make well motived budgets. The study shows regarding improvements to be made that there are a lot of data to be used, but they lack routines in order to use this data.

The thesis is done in order to establish an efficient method for planning inconstruction projects. The need for adequate planning is derived from the frequentoccurrence of disruptions that severely displace the schedule. The method will enablethe outcome to be more in line with the initial estimates of cost and time and allow amore efficient implementation. The thesis work is done on behalf of Skanska Väg ochAnläggning, for the district of Örebro/Västmanland. The study demonstrates the difficulties present when planning construction projects,as all potential obstacles cannot be foreseen. The chosen projects for the datacollection were all district heating projects conducted by Skanska and the owner ofthe heating network in Örebro. Data was gathered to determine how the resourcedistribution and the extent of changes in an average project usually occur. Thereafterthe data was used to lay the foundation for the method. The compilation shows largevarieties between the projects and simultaneously indicates the difficulties presentwhen planning these types of projects. Both the difficulty of predicting unforeseenevents and the diversity of the projects complicates the planning of future projects.The compilation from this work will serve as a base for simplifying the planningprocess and subsequently enable a more efficient implementation. / Examensarbetet görs i syfte att sammanställa planeringsunderlag. Planeringsunderlaget ska bidra till att planeringen inför projekt kan genomföras effektivare och stämma bättre överens med projektens utfall. Bakgrunden till arbetet är den problematik som uppstått i projekt där omfattningen ändras på grund av störningar som förskjuter tidplanen. Arbetet görs på uppdrag av Skanska Väg och Anläggning, distrikt Örebro/Västmanland. Studien som gjorts i detta arbete åskådliggör några av de svårigheter som är förknippade med att planera anläggningsprojekt.  Dessa svårigheter beror på att det i förväg inte går att förutse de hinder som kan komma att uppstå i projekten. Det kan till exempel vara befintliga ledningar som döljs i marken och som försvårar schaktningsarbetet.  För att sammanställa planeringsunderlaget har data samlats genom uppföljning av färdiga projekt. Dessa data sammanställdes för att bestämma hur ett genomsnittligt projekt förefallit. Projekten som följts upp och som underlaget syftar till att fungera för är fjärrvärmeprojekt som ingår i ett ramavtal mellan Skanska och fjärrvärmenätsägaren i Örebro. Syftet med sammanställningen är att visa resursfördelning och omfattning av ändringar och tillägg i projekten. Ett genomsnittligt värde för detta bestämdes men samtidigt visar resultatet att både resursfördelningen och omfattningen av ändringar och tillägg varierat mellan projekten. Både svårigheten med att förutse hinder och olikheterna mellan projekten komplicerar planeringen av framtida projekt. Det genomsnittliga värde som bestämdes utifrån sammanställningen ska fungera som underlag för att förenkla planeringsprocessen. Baserat på sammanställningen togs en enkel beräkningsmodell fram i syfte att förenkla användningen av underlaget ytterligare. Beräkningsmodellens utfall kan användas som riktlinje för att bedöma bland annat tidsåtgång vid planering. Med hjälp av dessa riktlinjer kommer planeringen kunna genomföras effektivare.

When clients more often choose to transfer from” traditional” design-bid-build contracts to design-build contracts it creates consequences of risks and possibilities for all involved parties. In collaboration with Skanska as a case company and their division “Väg och Anläggning i Väst”, this thesis was conducted as a qualitative study with the intention to examine what consequences it have on the contractor when an increased amount of contracts transfer from design-bid-build to design-build. This thesis shows that the contractor agrees that there are some difficulties with design-build contracts, and that the transition from design-bid-build to design-build takes place in a relatively short time, also that the contractor and the client lack the experience and skills required to perform a good project without major complications. Many of the problems that occur today can be derived to individuals and their communication skills, by increasing cooperation and open up for a better dialogue between the parties, which creates opportunity for both the client and the contractor to gently adjust to the changes that the transition to design-build contracts means. An Increased cooperation and a more open communication, will result in better working conditions and a better end product.

The work aims to investigate how site managers are planning projects, and how this is experienced by the craftsmen regarding work environment with a psychosocial and physical aspect and construction management. Recommendations are made to improve construction management based on the results from the interviews. The work is being carried out as there is a greater focus on work environment in the workplaces today. A way to facilitate the additional administrative work that arises with this focus is to improve production planning. Placing a greater focus and more time before production has started can be beneficial to the construction project. In the report ten interviews are made from five different projects where we interview a site manager and a craftsman on each project. Among the site managers, many felt that there was a high workload due to lack of resources or additional work. All interviewees agree unanimously that one should have a craftsman or safety representative at an earlier stage during the production planning. Several site managers are requesting a clearer structure in the organization at an earlier stage in production planning. Craftsmen request official meetings with a clearer structure on the information provided.

<p>Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Peab anläggning i Karlstad och har varit inriktat mot att med hjälp av visuell planering öka produktiviteten i anläggningsbranschen. Detta genom att fokusera på involvering, engagemang och förståelse hos produktionspersonalen för projektet och hur deras arbete påverkar arbetskollegorna.</p><p> </p><p>Visuell planering (ursprungligen visible planning) är ett verktyg som utvecklades av Toyota för att korta ledtiderna i sin produktutveckling. Metoden syftar till att visualisera målen och fokusera på individen vilket främjar teamwork och ledarskap.</p><p> </p><p>För att samla information har litteraturstudier och intervjuer genomförts. Arbetsplatser har besökts för att få en ökad förståelse för hur visuell planering används i praktiken. Personalen vid Peab anläggning i Karlstad har deltagit och varit behjälpliga under arbetets gång.</p><p> </p><p>Som resultat av examensarbetet har verktyg tagits fram för att leda projekt och dessa används idag på ett av Peabs projekt. De tydligaste fördelarna med dessa är den ökade delaktigheten hos produktionspersonalen och synligheten av arbetsgången och eventuella problem som uppstår. Vi ser stor potential med vår framtagna metod och hoppas att det finns ett intresse och nyfikenhet även hos andra, vilket kan medföra en spridning av metoden och vårt arbete.</p>

Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Peab anläggning i Karlstad och har varit inriktat mot att med hjälp av visuell planering öka produktiviteten i anläggningsbranschen. Detta genom att fokusera på involvering, engagemang och förståelse hos produktionspersonalen för projektet och hur deras arbete påverkar arbetskollegorna.   Visuell planering (ursprungligen visible planning) är ett verktyg som utvecklades av Toyota för att korta ledtiderna i sin produktutveckling. Metoden syftar till att visualisera målen och fokusera på individen vilket främjar teamwork och ledarskap.   För att samla information har litteraturstudier och intervjuer genomförts. Arbetsplatser har besökts för att få en ökad förståelse för hur visuell planering används i praktiken. Personalen vid Peab anläggning i Karlstad har deltagit och varit behjälpliga under arbetets gång.   Som resultat av examensarbetet har verktyg tagits fram för att leda projekt och dessa används idag på ett av Peabs projekt. De tydligaste fördelarna med dessa är den ökade delaktigheten hos produktionspersonalen och synligheten av arbetsgången och eventuella problem som uppstår. Vi ser stor potential med vår framtagna metod och hoppas att det finns ett intresse och nyfikenhet även hos andra, vilket kan medföra en spridning av metoden och vårt arbete.

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The purpose of the essay is to investigate a road- and civil engineering company that operates in Stockholm. The investigation will focus on communicative and organizational structure of Birka Markbyggnad AB and especially the main project for this essay, Bro Galopp. The study has been made by polls and by interviews in order to create a reliable result in the end. The essay will end up in some conclusions and suggestions for Birka Markbyggnad AB so that they can improve their organization.

An increased number of participants in the construction industry is asking for accompanying terrain models to the project in order to get a better understanding of the field. When the desire to create buildings that fit together nicely with the surrounding area is increasing, it becomes more and more important to have a broad base of knowledge about the ground on which the building is to be erected. Terrain models are also very useful in the planning of logistics, documentation for landscape architecture projects, and billings for mass calculations.Surveys for creating terrain models can be performed with laser scanning. The advantage of laser scanning is the time-effective surveying, the detailed information as well as the ability of application in complex environments resulting in a cost-efficient project. With this in mind our thesis was defined in collaboration with the company Bjerking AB in Uppsala in order to investigate if there were any softwares suitable for terrain modeling. The idea was created by the company after a previous existing thesis about modeling of buildings from point clouds.The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of filtering a point cloud and generating of terrain model by surveying with terrestrial laser scanning. The study was conducted in the form of a comparison between six different softwares and the ability to filter noise, and then create a model of the filtered data. The softwares has also been compared between several rate points. In this thesis, a chosen lane at Studenternas idrottsplats, located in central Uppsala, has been scanned containing noise such as cars, light towers, containers, etc. The scanned area resulted in a point cloud and has later on been used in the comparison of software. All six softwares investigated have got different focuses within the field of use of land and construction.The study has shown that the results between the softwares differ significantly. From manual methods to fully automatical, these softwares have been proving their own abilities to perform more or less successful calculations for selecting points and building terrain models. Our terrain models show that all softwares are capable of creating flat surfaces with equal heights, but only a few succeeded in generating slopes. The study also show that a more expensive software does not always guarantee a better result.