Résumé : Les maladies cardiovasculaires représentent la principale cause de mortalité mondiale, soit le tiers des décès annuels selon l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé. L’hypercholestérolémie, caractérisée par une élévation des niveaux plasmatiques de lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL), est l’un des facteurs de risque majeur pour les maladies cardiovasculaires. La proprotéine convertase subtilisine/kexine type 9 (PCSK9) joue un rôle essentiel dans l’homéostasie du cholestérol sanguin par la régulation des niveaux protéiques du récepteur LDL (LDLR). PCSK9 est capable de se lier au LDLR et favorise l’internalisation et la dégradation du récepteur dans les lysosomes. L’inhibition de PCSK9 s’avère une cible thérapeutique validée pour le traitement de l’hypercholestérolémie et la prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires. Par contre, plusieurs mécanismes responsables de la régulation et la dégradation du complexe PCSK9-LDLR n’ont pas encore été complètement caractérisés comme la régulation par la protéine annexin A2 (AnxA2), un inhibiteur endogène de PCSK9. De plus, plusieurs évidences suggèrent la présence d’une ou plusieurs protéines, encore inconnues, impliquées dans le mécanisme d’action de PCSK9. Celles-ci pourraient réguler l’internalisation et le transport du complexe PCSK9-LDLR vers les lysosomes. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de mieux définir le rôle et l’impact de l’AnxA2 sur la protéine PCSK9 en plus d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires d’interactions de PCSK9 pour mieux caractériser son mécanisme d’action sur la régulation des niveaux de LDLR. Nous avons démontré que l’inhibition de PCSK9 par l’AnxA2 extracellulaire s’effectue via sa liaison aux domaines M1+M2 de la région C-terminale de PCSK9 et nous avons mis en évidence les premières preuves d’un contrôle intracellulaire de l’AnxA2 sur la traduction de l’ARNm de PCSK9. Nos résultats révèlent une liaison de l’AnxA2 à l’ARN messager de PCSK9 qui cause une répression traductionnelle. Nous avons également identifié la protéine glypican-3 (GPC3) comme un nouveau partenaire d’interaction extracellulaire avec le PCSK9 et intracellulaire avec le complexe PCSK9-LDLR dans le réticulum endoplasmique des cellules HepG2 et Huh7. Nos études démontrent que GPC3 réduit l’activité extracellulaire de PCSK9 en agissant comme un compétiteur du LDLR pour la liaison avec PCSK9. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation et de dégradation du complexe PCKS9-LDLR permettra de mieux évaluer l’impact et l’efficacité des inhibiteurs de la protéine PCSK9. / Abstract : Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of global mortality, responsible for one third of global deaths, according to the latest statistics from World Health Organization. Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is a major determinant of cardiovascular disease risk. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis by regulating LDL receptor (LDLR) protein levels. PCSK9 binds to the LDLR and promotes its internalization and degradation in late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Inhibition of PCSK9 action on LDLR has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Annexin A2 (AnxA2) was reported as an endogenous extracellular inhibitor of PCSK9 activity upon cell-surface LDLR degradation and mechanisms of PCSK9’s regulation by AnxA2. However, its role on PCSK9 regulation still need better characterization in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, many evidences suggest the presence of additional unknown interaction partners involve in the LDLR regulation and degradation mediated by PCSK9. These unknown partners could regulate the internalization and trafficking of the PCSK9-LDLR complex to lysosomes. The objectives of this thesis are to better define the role and impact of AnxA2 on PCSK9 and to identify novel PCSK9 interacting partners that participate and regulate the PCSK9-LDLR complex formation and degradation. We demonstrated that PCSK9 inhibition by extracellular AnxA2 occurs via its interaction with the M1+M2 modules of PCSK9’s C-terminal region. Most importantly, we revealed a new role of intracellular AnxA2 in the reduction of PCSK9 protein levels via a translational mechanism. Our results suggest a translational repression from the binding of AnxA2 to PCSK9’s mRNA. Also, we successfully identified a novel and functional interaction between glypican-3 (GPC3) and PCSK9. We demonstrated the extracellular GPC3 interaction with PCSK9 and the intracellular GPC3 with both PCSK9 and LDLR in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7. Our studies revealed that extracellular GPC3 can act as an endogenous competitive binding partner of PCSK9 to the LDLR, and hence reducing its activity towards LDLR degradation. The continued understanding of PCSK9 interactions is critical, from a mechanistic point of view as well as from the optimization of therapeutic interventions.

L’exocytose est un mécanisme biologique fondamental qui permet la libération du contenu des granules de sécrétion dans le milieu extracellulaire. C’est un processus finement régulé par le calcium qui nécessite entre autre, la réorganisation de la membrane plasmique et la formation de domaines lipidiques. Dans les cellules chromaffines, l’annexine A2, protéine capable de lier les phospholipides et l’actine de manière calcium-dépendante, est responsable de la formation et de la stabilisation de ces plateformes lipidiques. Le résultat majeur de ma thèse concerne l’organisation tridimensionnelle et le rôle de l’actine au niveau des sites d’exocytose. Sachant que la phosphorylation de la tyrosine 23 de l’annexine A2 affecte sa liaison à l’actine et aux membranes, deux acteurs majeurs de l’exocytose, j’ai mis en évidence l’importance fonctionnelle de cette phosphorylation. Une autre conséquence de cette phosphorylation est le passage de l’annexine A2 de la face interne à la face externe de la membrane plasmique. Le mécanisme de sortie et le rôle de l’annexine A2 extracellulaire dans les cellules chromaffines ont également été étudiés. / Exocytosis is a fundamental biological mechanism which allows liberation of the contents of secretory granules into the extracellular medium. This calcium-regulated process requires the formation of lipid domains for the structural and spatial organisation of exocytotic sites. In the chromaffin cell, annexine A2, a calcium-, actin- and lipid-binding protein participates in the formation and stabilization of lipid microdomains. The major advance resulting from my thesis is the elucidation of the three-dimensional organization and the role of actin at the exocytotic site. Phosphorylation of the tyrosine 23 is known to affect the binding of annexin A2 to actin filaments and plasma membrane, two major actors of the exocytotic process and my results highlight the functional importance of this phosphorylation on exocytosis. Furthermore, tyrosine 23 phosphorylation also triggers a translocation of annexin A2 to the external face of the plasma membrane. The role and functional signification of this externalization was also examined.

1α (IL 1α) is a multifunctional cytokine 1α is 1α independent on the receptor sig 1α is responsible for 1α to the plasma membrane. 1α activates express κB, binds to 1α 1α 1α to the plasma membrane 1α to signal 1α is required for membrane 1α exter 1α anchoring 1α 1α 1α with tumor suppressor p53 following genotoxic stress is further described in human cell 1α coloca

Colonization is prerequisite for infection and transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus. Currently available pneumococcal conjugate and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines can provide protection against a limited number of capsular serotypes. Implementation of vaccines has decreased the frequency of invasive pneumococcal disease and their colonization rates, but only in a serotype-dependent manner. This has led to serotype replacement in pneumococcal ecology and increased invasive disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes. Development of conserved protein-based vaccine that can provide protection against all pneumococcal serotypes is needed. Numerous surface proteins are conserved in all serotypes, and some are known to be involved in the colonization process. Understanding how pneumococcal surface proteins interact with host cells and determining their roles in colonization will aid in vaccine development. In this dissertation, we characterized host cell receptors of pneumococcal surface proteins, and proteins involved in biofilm formation, and their effect in colonization. We utilized a novel protein expression vector, pOS1, which can express secreted proteins with no LPS, IPTG induction, or cell lysis requirement. These expressed recombinant proteins were used for further investigation. We identified that human Annexin A2 (ANXA2) interacts with pneumococcal surface adhesion A (PsaA) protein. ANXA2 transduced cells showed significant increase in binding with pneumococcus compared to non-transduced cells. We conducted proteomic profiling of planktonic and biofilm membrane proteins and identified that two lipoproteins (AmiA, SP_0148) were overexpressed during biofilm formation. Isogenic mutants lacking these individual proteins showed decreased in biofilm formation compared to their parental strain. Deletion of SP_0148 led to decreased adhesion of pneumococcus to human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (Detroit 562). These results increased our understanding of pneumococcal surface proteins involved in biofilm-formation and colonization as well as identifying new host receptors ligands for these adhesins.

Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont les principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité à travers le monde. En Amérique du Nord, on estime à 90 millions le nombre d’individus ayant une ou plusieurs MCV, à près de 1 million le nombre de décès reliés par année et à 525 milliards de dollars les coûts directs et indirects en 2010. En collaboration avec l’équipe du Dre. Boileau, notre laboratoire a récemment identifié, le troisième locus impliqué dans l’hypercholestérolémie familiale. Une étude publiée dans le New Engl J Med a révélé que l’absence de la convertase PCSK9 réduit de 88% le risque de MCV, corrélé à une forte réduction du taux de cholestérol plasmatique (LDL-C). Il fut démontré que PCSK9 lie directement le récepteur aux lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDLR) et, par un mécanisme méconnu, favorise sa dégradation dans les endosomes/lysosomes provoquant ainsi une accumulation des particules LDL-C dans le plasma. Dans cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à trois aspects bien distincts : [1] Quels sont les cibles de PCSK9 ? [2] Quelle voie du trafic cellulaire est impliquée dans la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9 ? [3] Comment peut-on inhiber la fonction de PCSK9 ? [1] Nous avons démontré que PCSK9 induit la dégradation du LDLR de même que les récepteurs ApoER2 et VLDLR. Ces deux membres de la famille du LDLR (fortes homologies) sont impliqués notamment dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la mise en place de structures neuronales. De plus, nous avons remarqué que la présence de ces récepteurs favorise l’attachement cellulaire de PCSK9 et ce, indépendamment de la présence du LDLR. Cette étude a ouvert pour la première fois le spectre d’action de PCSK9 sur d’autres protéines membranaires. [2] PCSK9 étant une protéine de la voie sécrétoire, nous avons ensuite évalué l’apport des différentes voies du trafic cellulaire, soit extra- ou intracellulaire, impliquées dans la dégradation du LDLR. À l’aide de milieux conditionnées dérivés d’hépatocytes primaires, nous avons d’abord démontré que le niveau extracellulaire de PCSK9 endogène n’a pas une grande influence sur la dégradation intracellulaire du LDLR, lorsqu’incubés sur des hépatocytes provenant de souris déficientes en PCSK9 (Pcsk9-/-). Par analyses de tri cellulaire (FACS), nous avons ensuite remarqué que la surexpression de PCSK9 diminue localement les niveaux de LDLR avec peu d’effet sur les cellules voisines. Lorsque nous avons bloqué l’endocytose du LDLR dans les cellules HepG2 (lignée de cellules hépatiques pour l’étude endogène de PCSK9), nous n’avons dénoté aucun changement des niveaux protéiques du récepteur. Par contre, nous avons pu démontrer que PCSK9 favorise la dégradation du LDLR par l’intermédiaire d’une voie intracellulaire. En effet l’interruption du trafic vésiculaire entre le réseau trans-Golgien (RTG) et les endosomes (interférence à l’ARN contre les chaînes légères de clathrine ; siCLCs) prévient la dégradation du LDLR de manière PCSK9-dépendante. [3] Par immunobuvardage d’affinité, nous avons identifié que la protéine Annexine A2 (AnxA2) interagit spécifiquement avec le domaine C-terminal de PCSK9, important pour son action sur le LDLR. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons cartographié le domaine R1 (acides aminés 34 à 108) comme étant responsable de l’interaction PCSK9AnxA2 qui, jusqu’à présent, n’avait aucune fonction propre. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’ajout d’AnxA2 prévient la dégradation du LDLR induite par PCSK9. En somme, nos travaux ont pu identifier que d’autres membres de la famille du LDLR, soit ApoER2 et VLDLR, sont sensibles à la présence de PCSK9. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que l’intégrité du trafic intracellulaire est critique à l’action de PCSK9 sur le LDLR et ce, de manière endogène. Finalement, nous avons identifié l’Annexine A2 comme unique inhibiteur naturel pouvant interférer avec la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9. Il est indéniable que PCSK9 soit une cible de premier choix pour contrer l’hypercholestérolémie afin de prévenir le développement de MCV. Cet ouvrage apporte donc des apports considérables dans notre compréhension des voies cellulaires impliquées, des cibles affectées et ouvre directement la porte à une approche thérapeutique à fort potentiel. / Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of death and morbidity worldwide, claiming about 900 000 lives yearly in North America alone. A high level of circulating LDL-cholesterol is a major risk factor positively correlated with premature development of complex CVD mainly due to a rapid buildup of lipid deposition in the arteries. In collaboration with Dre Boileau, we recently discovered that the convertase PCSK9 is the third locus of familial hypercholesterolemia. A study published in the New Eng J Med revealed that the absence of PCSK9 reduces the risk of CVD by ~88%, resulting from a strong reduction of cholesterol in the bloodstream (LDL-C). It has been shown that PCSK9 directly binds the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and by an unknown mechanism, reroutes it towards degradation in late endosomes/lysosomes, resulting in the accumulation of LDL-C particles in plasma. In this thesis, we addressed three different aspects of PCSK9 biology: [1] What are the targets of PCSK9? [2] Which cellular trafficking components are involved in PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation? [3] How can we inhibit the function of PCSK9? [1] We first demonstrated that PCSK9 induces the degradation of the LDLR and two of its closest family members. These include the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) implicated in neuronal development and lipid metabolism. In addition, we demonstrated that these receptors enhance the cellular association of PCSK9 independently of the presence of the LDLR. This study represents the first evidence that PCSK9 could target other proteins for degradation, reinforcing its role as a key regulator of some members of the LDLR family. [2] Since PCSK9 is a secreted protein, we decided to investigate the contributions of both the intra- and extracellular trafficking pathways in LDLR degradation. Using conditioned media derived from mice primary hepatocytes, we showed that endogenously secreted PCSK9 was not able to influence LDLR levels of PCSK9-deficient primary hepatocytes (Pcsk9-/-). By flow cytometry (FACS), we observed that overexpression of the gain-of-function PCSK9-D374Y, but not wild type PCSK9, decreases cell surface LDLR on adjacent cells suggesting that its spectrum of action is local. We also noticed that blockade of endocytosis in HepG2 cells (commonly used to study endogenous LDLR degradation by PCSK9) does not affect total LDLR protein levels. In contrast, disruption of the intracellular trafficking between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes (siRNAs against clathrin light chains; CLCs) prevented LDLR degradation in a PCSK9-specific manner. [3] By Far Western blotting, we identified that Annexin A2 (AnxA2) specifically interacts with the C-terminal domain of PCSK9, which is crucial for its function in LDLR degradation. Moreover, we determined that the R1 domain (amino acids 34 to 108) is responsible for the PCSK9AnxA2 interaction, which confers a new function for this protein. Finally, we showed that addition of AnxA2 prevents PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. In summary, this work allowed us to identify that PCSK9 induces the degradation of the LDLR and its closest family members, ApoER2 and VLDLR. We also highlighted that the integrity of the intracellular trafficking pathway is crucial for endogenous PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. Furthermore, we discovered that AnxA2 is a unique, natural inhibitor capable of interfering with the action of PCSK9 in LDLR degradation. It is undeniable that PCSK9 is a genetically validated target to reduce circulating LDL-cholesterol and prevent CVD. This thesis brings forth important contributions in our understanding of the cellular pathways involved and opens the door for novel therapeutic approaches.

Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont les principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité à travers le monde. En Amérique du Nord, on estime à 90 millions le nombre d’individus ayant une ou plusieurs MCV, à près de 1 million le nombre de décès reliés par année et à 525 milliards de dollars les coûts directs et indirects en 2010. En collaboration avec l’équipe du Dre. Boileau, notre laboratoire a récemment identifié, le troisième locus impliqué dans l’hypercholestérolémie familiale. Une étude publiée dans le New Engl J Med a révélé que l’absence de la convertase PCSK9 réduit de 88% le risque de MCV, corrélé à une forte réduction du taux de cholestérol plasmatique (LDL-C). Il fut démontré que PCSK9 lie directement le récepteur aux lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDLR) et, par un mécanisme méconnu, favorise sa dégradation dans les endosomes/lysosomes provoquant ainsi une accumulation des particules LDL-C dans le plasma. Dans cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à trois aspects bien distincts : [1] Quels sont les cibles de PCSK9 ? [2] Quelle voie du trafic cellulaire est impliquée dans la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9 ? [3] Comment peut-on inhiber la fonction de PCSK9 ? [1] Nous avons démontré que PCSK9 induit la dégradation du LDLR de même que les récepteurs ApoER2 et VLDLR. Ces deux membres de la famille du LDLR (fortes homologies) sont impliqués notamment dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la mise en place de structures neuronales. De plus, nous avons remarqué que la présence de ces récepteurs favorise l’attachement cellulaire de PCSK9 et ce, indépendamment de la présence du LDLR. Cette étude a ouvert pour la première fois le spectre d’action de PCSK9 sur d’autres protéines membranaires. [2] PCSK9 étant une protéine de la voie sécrétoire, nous avons ensuite évalué l’apport des différentes voies du trafic cellulaire, soit extra- ou intracellulaire, impliquées dans la dégradation du LDLR. À l’aide de milieux conditionnées dérivés d’hépatocytes primaires, nous avons d’abord démontré que le niveau extracellulaire de PCSK9 endogène n’a pas une grande influence sur la dégradation intracellulaire du LDLR, lorsqu’incubés sur des hépatocytes provenant de souris déficientes en PCSK9 (Pcsk9-/-). Par analyses de tri cellulaire (FACS), nous avons ensuite remarqué que la surexpression de PCSK9 diminue localement les niveaux de LDLR avec peu d’effet sur les cellules voisines. Lorsque nous avons bloqué l’endocytose du LDLR dans les cellules HepG2 (lignée de cellules hépatiques pour l’étude endogène de PCSK9), nous n’avons dénoté aucun changement des niveaux protéiques du récepteur. Par contre, nous avons pu démontrer que PCSK9 favorise la dégradation du LDLR par l’intermédiaire d’une voie intracellulaire. En effet l’interruption du trafic vésiculaire entre le réseau trans-Golgien (RTG) et les endosomes (interférence à l’ARN contre les chaînes légères de clathrine ; siCLCs) prévient la dégradation du LDLR de manière PCSK9-dépendante. [3] Par immunobuvardage d’affinité, nous avons identifié que la protéine Annexine A2 (AnxA2) interagit spécifiquement avec le domaine C-terminal de PCSK9, important pour son action sur le LDLR. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons cartographié le domaine R1 (acides aminés 34 à 108) comme étant responsable de l’interaction PCSK9AnxA2 qui, jusqu’à présent, n’avait aucune fonction propre. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’ajout d’AnxA2 prévient la dégradation du LDLR induite par PCSK9. En somme, nos travaux ont pu identifier que d’autres membres de la famille du LDLR, soit ApoER2 et VLDLR, sont sensibles à la présence de PCSK9. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que l’intégrité du trafic intracellulaire est critique à l’action de PCSK9 sur le LDLR et ce, de manière endogène. Finalement, nous avons identifié l’Annexine A2 comme unique inhibiteur naturel pouvant interférer avec la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9. Il est indéniable que PCSK9 soit une cible de premier choix pour contrer l’hypercholestérolémie afin de prévenir le développement de MCV. Cet ouvrage apporte donc des apports considérables dans notre compréhension des voies cellulaires impliquées, des cibles affectées et ouvre directement la porte à une approche thérapeutique à fort potentiel. / Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of death and morbidity worldwide, claiming about 900 000 lives yearly in North America alone. A high level of circulating LDL-cholesterol is a major risk factor positively correlated with premature development of complex CVD mainly due to a rapid buildup of lipid deposition in the arteries. In collaboration with Dre Boileau, we recently discovered that the convertase PCSK9 is the third locus of familial hypercholesterolemia. A study published in the New Eng J Med revealed that the absence of PCSK9 reduces the risk of CVD by ~88%, resulting from a strong reduction of cholesterol in the bloodstream (LDL-C). It has been shown that PCSK9 directly binds the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and by an unknown mechanism, reroutes it towards degradation in late endosomes/lysosomes, resulting in the accumulation of LDL-C particles in plasma. In this thesis, we addressed three different aspects of PCSK9 biology: [1] What are the targets of PCSK9? [2] Which cellular trafficking components are involved in PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation? [3] How can we inhibit the function of PCSK9? [1] We first demonstrated that PCSK9 induces the degradation of the LDLR and two of its closest family members. These include the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) implicated in neuronal development and lipid metabolism. In addition, we demonstrated that these receptors enhance the cellular association of PCSK9 independently of the presence of the LDLR. This study represents the first evidence that PCSK9 could target other proteins for degradation, reinforcing its role as a key regulator of some members of the LDLR family. [2] Since PCSK9 is a secreted protein, we decided to investigate the contributions of both the intra- and extracellular trafficking pathways in LDLR degradation. Using conditioned media derived from mice primary hepatocytes, we showed that endogenously secreted PCSK9 was not able to influence LDLR levels of PCSK9-deficient primary hepatocytes (Pcsk9-/-). By flow cytometry (FACS), we observed that overexpression of the gain-of-function PCSK9-D374Y, but not wild type PCSK9, decreases cell surface LDLR on adjacent cells suggesting that its spectrum of action is local. We also noticed that blockade of endocytosis in HepG2 cells (commonly used to study endogenous LDLR degradation by PCSK9) does not affect total LDLR protein levels. In contrast, disruption of the intracellular trafficking between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes (siRNAs against clathrin light chains; CLCs) prevented LDLR degradation in a PCSK9-specific manner. [3] By Far Western blotting, we identified that Annexin A2 (AnxA2) specifically interacts with the C-terminal domain of PCSK9, which is crucial for its function in LDLR degradation. Moreover, we determined that the R1 domain (amino acids 34 to 108) is responsible for the PCSK9AnxA2 interaction, which confers a new function for this protein. Finally, we showed that addition of AnxA2 prevents PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. In summary, this work allowed us to identify that PCSK9 induces the degradation of the LDLR and its closest family members, ApoER2 and VLDLR. We also highlighted that the integrity of the intracellular trafficking pathway is crucial for endogenous PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. Furthermore, we discovered that AnxA2 is a unique, natural inhibitor capable of interfering with the action of PCSK9 in LDLR degradation. It is undeniable that PCSK9 is a genetically validated target to reduce circulating LDL-cholesterol and prevent CVD. This thesis brings forth important contributions in our understanding of the cellular pathways involved and opens the door for novel therapeutic approaches.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Aspergillus fumigatus é o principal agente etiológico da aspergilose invasiva, uma infecção fúngica oportunista que acomete, principalmente, pacientes de Unidades Hematológicas, como aqueles com neutropenia profunda e prolongada. Após a filamentação este fungo angioinvasivo é capaz de ativar e causar danos em células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) que passam a expressar um fenótipo pró-trombótico. A ativação destas células, dependente de contato célulacélula, é mediada por TNF-α e caracterizada pela expressão de moléculas próinflamatórias, como citocinas, quimiocinas e moléculas de adesão. Recentemente, nosso grupo comparou a ativação endotelial de HUVECs desafiadas com cepas selvagens e uma cepa mutante para o gene UGM1. Nestes experimentos a cepa mutante Δugm1, que apresenta um fenótipo de maior produção de galactosaminogalactana (GAG) na parede celular, mostrou um fenótipo hiperadesivo e uma capacidade maior de ativar células endoteliais. Entretanto, os receptores e as vias de sinalização envolvidos nesta ativação permanecem desconhecidos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as proteínas envolvidas nestes processos através do estudo das proteínas diferencialmente expressas nas HUVECs após a interação com A. fumigatus, usando a técnica proteômica 2D-DIGE. Brevemente, as HUVECs foram infectadas com tubos germinativos da cepa selvagem (AF293) e da cepa Δugm1 de A. fumigatus. Em seguida, as proteínas foram marcadas com diferentes fluorocromos e separadas por eletroforese bidimensional. A análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando o software DeCyder. Foram identificadas por MS/MS cinco proteínas diferencialmente expressas, incluindo a galectina-1 e a anexina A2, ambas mais expressas após a interação, sendo a primeira ~25% mais expressa após a interação com a mutante Δugm1. Este trabalho propõe que a galectina-1 poderia ser o receptor endotelial para polímeros de galactose presentes na parede celular do A. fumigatus, e que a Anexina A2 poderia estar envolvida na sinalização intracelular em resposta a este patógeno. No entanto, experimentos complementares, em curso, são necessários para comprovar esta hipótese. / Aspergillus fumigatus is the main etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, the main opportunistic fungal infection of Hematologial Unitys patients, especially those with long-term neutropenia. Upon filamentation, this angioinvasive fungus can activate and damage the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which in response switch to a pro-thrombotic phenotype. HUVEC activation is mediated by TNF-α once cell-cell contact occurs. This activation is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Recently, our group performed the comparison of HUVEC activation upon interaction with a wild type and the UGM1 mutant strains of A. fumigatus. The Δugm1 strain, which presents an increased production of the cell wall galactosaminogalactan, showed a hyper adherent phenotype and an increased capability to cause endothelial cell stimulation and activation, when compared with the wild type strain. The receptors involved in the pathogen-host interaction or the signaling pathways after endothelial activation by A. fumigatus remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the differentially expressed proteins in HUVECs upon interaction with A. fumigatus, using the 2D-DIGE proteomic approach. Briefly, HUVECs were challenged with germlings of A. fumigatus wild type Af293 and Δugm1 strains and then submitted to protein extraction. The total HUVEC protein extracts were labeled with different CyDyes and fractionated by 2D electrophoresis. Quantitative analysis to determine the differences in protein abundance amongst interacted cells vs. control endothelial cells was performed using the software DeCyder. Five differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS/MS including galectin-1 and annexin A2, both overexpressed after the interaction. These two proteins are described elsewhere to be associated with host-pathogen interaction. Besides, galectin-1 showed an ~25% increase after interaction with the Δugm1 strain and it is plausible that this particular protein could be a putative receptor for galactose-containing polymers of the A. fumigatus cell wall and annexin A2 could be involved in signalizing pathways upon interaction. However, other experimental evidences, under development, are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Aspergillus fumigatus é o principal agente etiológico da aspergilose invasiva, uma infecção fúngica oportunista que acomete, principalmente, pacientes de Unidades Hematológicas, como aqueles com neutropenia profunda e prolongada. Após a filamentação este fungo angioinvasivo é capaz de ativar e causar danos em células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) que passam a expressar um fenótipo pró-trombótico. A ativação destas células, dependente de contato célulacélula, é mediada por TNF-α e caracterizada pela expressão de moléculas próinflamatórias, como citocinas, quimiocinas e moléculas de adesão. Recentemente, nosso grupo comparou a ativação endotelial de HUVECs desafiadas com cepas selvagens e uma cepa mutante para o gene UGM1. Nestes experimentos a cepa mutante Δugm1, que apresenta um fenótipo de maior produção de galactosaminogalactana (GAG) na parede celular, mostrou um fenótipo hiperadesivo e uma capacidade maior de ativar células endoteliais. Entretanto, os receptores e as vias de sinalização envolvidos nesta ativação permanecem desconhecidos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as proteínas envolvidas nestes processos através do estudo das proteínas diferencialmente expressas nas HUVECs após a interação com A. fumigatus, usando a técnica proteômica 2D-DIGE. Brevemente, as HUVECs foram infectadas com tubos germinativos da cepa selvagem (AF293) e da cepa Δugm1 de A. fumigatus. Em seguida, as proteínas foram marcadas com diferentes fluorocromos e separadas por eletroforese bidimensional. A análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando o software DeCyder. Foram identificadas por MS/MS cinco proteínas diferencialmente expressas, incluindo a galectina-1 e a anexina A2, ambas mais expressas após a interação, sendo a primeira ~25% mais expressa após a interação com a mutante Δugm1. Este trabalho propõe que a galectina-1 poderia ser o receptor endotelial para polímeros de galactose presentes na parede celular do A. fumigatus, e que a Anexina A2 poderia estar envolvida na sinalização intracelular em resposta a este patógeno. No entanto, experimentos complementares, em curso, são necessários para comprovar esta hipótese. / Aspergillus fumigatus is the main etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, the main opportunistic fungal infection of Hematologial Unitys patients, especially those with long-term neutropenia. Upon filamentation, this angioinvasive fungus can activate and damage the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which in response switch to a pro-thrombotic phenotype. HUVEC activation is mediated by TNF-α once cell-cell contact occurs. This activation is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Recently, our group performed the comparison of HUVEC activation upon interaction with a wild type and the UGM1 mutant strains of A. fumigatus. The Δugm1 strain, which presents an increased production of the cell wall galactosaminogalactan, showed a hyper adherent phenotype and an increased capability to cause endothelial cell stimulation and activation, when compared with the wild type strain. The receptors involved in the pathogen-host interaction or the signaling pathways after endothelial activation by A. fumigatus remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the differentially expressed proteins in HUVECs upon interaction with A. fumigatus, using the 2D-DIGE proteomic approach. Briefly, HUVECs were challenged with germlings of A. fumigatus wild type Af293 and Δugm1 strains and then submitted to protein extraction. The total HUVEC protein extracts were labeled with different CyDyes and fractionated by 2D electrophoresis. Quantitative analysis to determine the differences in protein abundance amongst interacted cells vs. control endothelial cells was performed using the software DeCyder. Five differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS/MS including galectin-1 and annexin A2, both overexpressed after the interaction. These two proteins are described elsewhere to be associated with host-pathogen interaction. Besides, galectin-1 showed an ~25% increase after interaction with the Δugm1 strain and it is plausible that this particular protein could be a putative receptor for galactose-containing polymers of the A. fumigatus cell wall and annexin A2 could be involved in signalizing pathways upon interaction. However, other experimental evidences, under development, are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Exocrine pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of death from malignant disease in Western society and it is one of the most aggressive human tumors. Once diagnosed, the 12-month patient survival is less than 5%. More than 90% of human exocrine tumors are classified as "ductal adenocarcinomas" on the basis of their microscopic appearance. The plasminogen system plays a critical role in intravascular thrombolysis as well as in other biological processes that require cellular migration, such as angiogenesis, inflammatory reactions, tissue remodelling, and tumor progression. There are two types of plasminogen activators that catalyze plasmin generation from plasminogen: tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA). Activation of plasminogen to plasmin results in progressive degradation of fibrin and other extracellular matrix components and may also lead to activation of metalloproteases, latent growth factors, and proteolysis of membrane glycoproteins. All these processes may contribute to tumor development and metastasis. There is extensive evidence supporting the notion that the uPA system, including its receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1, can contribute to tumorigenesis in a variety of tissue types but there is less evidence for such a role regarding tPA and annexin A2 (AnxA2), a putative tPA receptor. Previous studies of our group have shown that tPA is commonly expressed in pancreas cancer tissues and cell lines and appears to be selectively associated with the neoplastic phenotype. Using neutralizing antibodies or chemical inhibitors leads to reduced in vitro tumor invasion. Our results support that - in the pancreas - the tPA system plays an important role in tumor development and/or progression whereas the uPA system may play a more dominant role in pancreatitis. More recent studies have shown that tPA stimulates cell proliferation and angiogenesis in exocrine pancreatic tumors. These results allow new approaches to improve the treatment of this disease, but to do so it is necessary to use of mouse models of disease. In attempt to explore the role of tPA and its receptor, annexin A2, in pancreatic tumorigenesis, we have taken advantage of two well established transgenic mouse models: Ela1-TAg (1-127) and Ela1-myc. In these mice, transgenes are targeted to acinar cells using the Elastase-1 enhancer/promoter. We have also analyzed the pancreas of Ela1-CCK2 and MT-TGFa transgenic mice, as models of acinar-ductal transdifferentiation and ductal complex formation. Our results show that expression of tPA is undetectable in the non-neoplastic pancreatic epithelium and in metaplastic ducts and in acinar tumors. By contrast, tPA is overexpressed in neoplastic pancreatic ducts. This pattern expression is in agreement with the results described in humans, indicating that mouse models of pancreatic cancer may be useful for the study of human pathology. On the other hand, AnxA2 is undetectable in acinar tumors but it is detected in the apical membrane of normal and metaplastic duct epithelium. In addition, AnxA2 is strongly expressed in ductal tumor cells where it shows a non-polarized distribution. These results suggest that different molecular events may participate in the activation of tPA and its receptor, AnxA2, in non-neoplastic ducts. In order to analyze the role of tPA in the progression of pancreatic tumors, we mated Ela1-TAg and Ela1-myc transgenic mice to tPA-deficient mice. The proportion of tumors displaying pure acinar differentiation or mixed acinar/ductal components was similar in both mouse strains, indicating that tPA is not required for in acinar-ductal transdifferentiation. However, it was observed an increased survival in hybrid mice Ela1-myc:tPA-/- supporting a critical role for tPA in the progression of pancreatic ductal tumors. To get insight into the mechanism by wich tPA participates in this process we have analyzed factors related to tumor progression: tumors arising in a tPA-/- genetic background show a lesser vessel density and proliferation rate than those arising in wild type mice. These results indicate that tPA could play a role in angiogenesis stimulation and cell proliferation and suggest that the increase in survival observed in Ela1-myc tPA-/- mice could be a consequence of the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and cell proliferation. In addition, we have analyzed the differential gene expression between Ela1-myc and Ela1-myc tPA-/- mice by microarrays. This analysis has led to the identification of related genes with tumor progression and invasion that can be a target for the action of tPA, although more work is necessary to determined their role. Finally, we have studied the direct effects of the expression of tPA in the pancreas, by the generation of two transgenic mice which tPA expression is targeted to acinar cells, using the Elastase-1 enhancer/promoter (Ela1-tPA), or to ductal cells using the Citokeratin 19 promoter (CK19-tPA). The results in Ela1-tPA mice show that overexpression of tPA in acinar cells does not affect normal mouse development. The effects on the pancreas analysed are currently being analyzed in greater detail. Altogether, the data described here support the relevant role of tPA in pancreas cancer progression and indicate that mouse models of pancreatic cancer may be useful for the preclinical evaluation of drugs targeting the tPA system.

El càncer de pàncrees és altament agressiu i representa la cinquena causa de mort al mon occidental. Anteriorment, en el nostre laboratori, vam identificar que el receptor tissular del plasminogen (tPA) hi està sobre-expressat i juga un paper important el la progressió tumoral. En la present tesi hem profunditzat en l'estudi del mecanisme molecular de tPA i seus receptors en aquest càncer. En primer lloc hem caracteritzat en detall la interacció de tPA amb Annexina A2 (principal receptor de tPA en endoteli i altament expressada en pàncrees) demostrant que les dades publicades sobre la seqüència responsable de la interacció no eren correctes. A més a més hem caracteritzat les proteïnes de lisats cel·lulars pancreàtics que interaccionen amb tPA mitjançant un assaig pull down i posterior anàlisi proteòmic. de tot identificant un conjunt de possibles lligands de tPA. D'entre aquests hem seleccionat galectina 1, una lectina que mai s'ha descrit que interaccioni amb tPA, per realitzar la caracterització bioquímica i funcional del seu paper com a nou lligand de tPA en càncer de pàncrees. / Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease and represents the fifth cause of death in occidental world. Our laboratory has previously reported tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) over expression in this cancer and its role in tumoral progression. During the present thesis we have studied tPA and its molecular mechanism through its receptors in this tumor.We have first characterized tPA interaction with annexin A2 (its main receptor in endothelium and highly expressed in pancreas). Our results showed that published data about the sequence responsible of this interaction was not correct. We have also identified a set of new putative tPA receptors in pancreatic cell lisates using a pull down assay and proteomic analysis. One of the proteins identified was galectin 1, a lectin with not know relation with tPA. We performed a biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between these two proteins in pancreatic cancer.