<p>Reversible acetylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification that rivals phosphorylation in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Acetylation of histone is associated with transcriptional activation while deacetylation is linked to transcriptional repression. Moreover, histone deacetylase inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis of cancer cells and therefore appear to be promising anti-tumor agents. While transcriptional deregulation is thought to be the main mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects, the exact mechanisms and targets by which HDAC inhibitors, which are mostly non-specific, achieve their anti-tumor effects remain poorly understood. In other words, it is not known which and how each HDAC members are involved in supporting tumor growth.</p><p>In this thesis, I have showed that HDAC6, a cytoplasmic localized and cytoskeleton-associated deacetylase, is required for efficient oncogenic transformation and tumor formation. I have found that HDAC6 expression is induced upon oncogenic Ras-induced transformation in both human somatic cells and murine fibroblasts. Conversely, murine fibroblasts deficient in HDAC6 are more resistant to both oncogenic Ras and ErbB2-dependent transformation, indicating a critical role for HDAC6 in oncogene-induced transformation. Supporting this hypothesis, inactivation of HDAC6 in several human cancer cell lines effectively impairs anchorage-independent growth <em>in vitro</em> and their ability to form tumors in immunocompromised mice. I have demonstrated that the impairment of anchorage independent growth in HDAC6 deficient cells is associated with increased anoikis and mechanistically a defect in activation of the AKT and ERK kinase cascades. Additionally, <em>HDAC6 </em>null mice are more resistant to two-stage chemical carcinogen-induced skin tumors. Finally, I have demonstrated that the tumor-promoting effect of HDAC6 is probably mediated through the molecular chaperon Hsp90. While Hsp90 is known to be deacetylated by HDAC6 and has been implicated in stabilizing Raf-1 and ErbB2, I have found that suppression of HDAC6 impairs the stability of Raf-1 and the association between Hsp90 and ErbB2.</p><p>In conclusion, my work provides the first experimental evidence that of all the HDAC members, the cytoplasmic deacetylase HDAC6 is required for efficient oncogenic transformation, indicating that reversible acetylation plays a critical role in regulating cellular functions of non-histone non-nuclear cytoplasmic proteins that contributes to malignant transformation. Furthermore, this work identifies HDAC6 as an important component underlying the anti-tumor effects of HDAC inhibitors.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Embora a resistência ao anoikis seja considerada um importante processo envolvido no fenótipo maligno, a relação causal entre transformação neoplásica e crescimento independente de ancoragem continua indefinida. Para estudar essa correlação, foi desenvolvido em nosso laboratório um modelo experimental de transformação maligna de melanócitos murinos, em que melanócitos melan-a foram submetidos a ciclos seqüenciais de bloqueio de ancoragem. Ao longo deste processo, foram estabelecidas tanto linhagens celulares correspondendo a fases intermediárias da progressão tumoral como linhagens de melanoma, as quais são progressivamente resistentes ao anoikis e representam fases distintas da progressão tumoral. Análises de expressão gênica mostraram aumento da expressão de Timp1 nas linhagens de melanoma quando comparadas à linhagem parental de melanócitos. Ainda que descrita como inibidora de MMPs, essa proteína foi recentemente associada à resistência ao anoikis em células epiteliais de mama humana. Deste modo foram analisadas neste trabalho: 1) a relação entre expressão de Timp1 e aquisição do fenótipo resistente ao anoikis e 2) a possível regulação epigenética da expressão de Timp1 por metilação de DNA neste modelo. Enquanto células melan-a expressam baixos níveis de Timp1, todas as linhagens derivadas desta expressam níveis elevados desta proteína. O tratamento dos melanócitos melan-a com o agente desmetilante 5-aza-2’-deoxicitidina resultou em aumento significativo da expressão de Timp1. De fato, a análise pelo ensaio Methylation sensitive-Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (Ms-SNuPE) mostrou aumento progressivo na desmetilação do gene Timp1 em paralelo a sua crescente expressão ao longo da transformação maligna. A superexpressão de Timp1 em células melan-a resultou no aumento da sobrevivência das mesmas em condições independentes de ancoragem, mas foi incapaz de transformá-las. Além disso, o tempo de latência para o aparecimento de tumores foi menor para células de melanoma transfectadas com Timp1, indicando que esta molécula pode estar associada com a agressividade do tumor. Esses resultados mostram aumento da expressão de Timp1 durante a transformação maligna, em decorrência da desmetilação gênica progressiva, associado ao aumento da resistência ao anoikis, mas não à aquisição de um fenótipo maligno transformado. / Although anoikis resistance has been considered a hallmark of malignant phenotype, the causal relation between neoplastic transformation and anchorageindependent growth remains undefined. We developed an experimental model of murine melanocyte malignant transformation, where a murine melanocyte lineage (melan-a) was submitted to sequential cycles of substrate adhesion blockade. Cells corresponding to intermediate phases of tumor progression and melanoma cell lines were established and show progressive anoikis-resistance. Gene expression analysis showed up-regulation of Timp1 in all melan-a-derived lineages. Treatment with a demethylating agent resulted in marked expression of Timp1 in melan-a melanocytes. In fact, Ms-SNuPE analysis showed increased demethylation in Timp1 gene in parallel with its expression along malignant transformation. Although described as a MMP inhibitor, this protein has been recently associated with apoptosis resistance in human breast epithelial cells. Melan-a cells overexpressing the Timp1 gene showed increased survival in anchorage-independent conditions, but were unable to form tumors in vivo, whereas Timp1-overexpressing melanoma cells showed reduced latency time for tumor appearance. Our results show an increment in Timp1 expression along carcinogenesis, possibly associated to a progressive gene demethylation, which is causally related with an increase in anoikis-resistance but not with the acquisition, by itself, of a fully transformed malignant phenotype. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2/tetherin) is a type II transmembrane protein that plays various roles, including protective and detrimental roles in the host. Cellular responses to BST-2 expression or the lack thereof, may be cell type and context-dependent and may vary with time. When protective, BST-2 functions as an antiviral factor, renowned for its ability to tether budding enveloped viruses to the membrane of infected cells. Tethering of budding virions prevents their release into the extracellular milieu limiting infection of naïve cells. The antiviral role of BST-2 has been predominantly studied using cultured cells. Insight into the role of BST-2 in inhibition of viral infection in vivo came from our study of the alphavirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and the retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus, (MMTV). BST-2 prevents the release of CHIKV and MMTV virions from infected cells and limits the replication of both viruses in mice. In the context of CHIKV infection, BST-2 protects the host in a tissue-type dependent manner. In lymphoid and most non-lymphoid tissues, expression of BST-2 limits CHIKV replication. In addition, BST-2 regulates CHIKV-induced inflammatory responses in mice, an indication that BST-2 may function to initiate and amplify innate immune responses. Host response to MMTV infection depends on the stage of the infection and disease sequela. Acute infection of immune cells with MMTV results in an initial increase in BST-2 expression followed by a sharp decline. In contrast, in MMTV-induced mammary tumors, BST-2 mRNA and protein are elevated, so is the viral load. This is an indication that the antiviral role of BST-2 is not operative once mammary tumors have developed. These data provided the initial evidence that BST-2 may promote breast cancer progression. Indeed, data from two mouse models of breast cancer show that expression of BST-2 is necessary for cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, BST-2 expression in breast cancer cells enhances cancer cell adhesion, anchorage-independency, migration, and invasion, culminating in increased tumor mass, increased metastases, and reduced host survival. Structurally, BST-2 homodimerization is important for its cancer-promoting role as dimers of BST-2 regulate anchorage-independency, resistance to anoikis, and enhanced adhesion between cancer cells and components (proteins and cells) of the tumor microenvironment. How BST-2 is enriched in breast cancer cells was elusive until our in silico analyses of a large human breast cancer dataset that revealed the involvement of epigenetic regulation of BST-2 in breast tumors. In highly aggressive breast cancers, specific CpG sites in and at close proximity to the BST-2 promoter are hypomethylated. This is in sharp contrast to non-aggressive luminal cancers and normal breast epithelial cells. These data suggest that a progressive loss of methylation on the BST-2 gene may contribute to constitutive overexpression of BST-2 in tumors. Overall, these findings show that 1) BST-2 contributes to the emergence and progression of breast malignancies and may be used as a therapeutic target or as a biomarker for aggressive breast cancers; and, 2) BST-2 acts as a viral sensor to initiate antiviral inflammatory responses and could be exploited therapeutically to treat viral infections. We highlight the need for additional research on the antiviral and cancer-promoting roles of BST-2 to reconcile both functions for the purpose of therapeutics.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18502号 / 医博第3922号 / 新制||医||1005(附属図書館) / 31388 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 千葉 勉, 教授 松田 道行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第18902号 / 医科博第58号 / 新制||医科||4(附属図書館) / 31853 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 潤, 教授 楠見 明弘, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Apoptosis is an inherent suicide mechanism that cells invoke for a variety of reasons including embryo cavitation, tissue homeostasis, excessive DNA damage and aberrant oncogene activation. Apoptosis is regulated by a diverse set of proteins including, but not limited to, the Bcl-2 family. This family set is comprised of both pro-death and pro-survival proteins whose relative expression, localization and/or modifications regulate the balance between life and death for each cell. The keystones to this system are the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, which are regulated by their conformation and localization. However, the exact mechanisms by which Bax and Bak become activated remains to be resolved. Similarly, research focusing on the cancer cell's ability to deregulate apoptosis by preventing the activation of Bax or Bak will provide further insight into the development of targeted therapies for cancer that will hopefully contribute to the cure of this formidable disease. Src, the classic oncogenic kinase, has been found to deregulate Bax activation in response to the detachment of a cell from its substratum support thereby preventing anoikis, the Bax-dependent apoptotic response involved in the impairment of metastatic dissemination of cancer. Our findings indicate that Src deregulates this response by altering the relative expression of Bcl-2 family members Mcl-1 and Bim through the PI3-K/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. However, Src retains its ability to prevent anoikis even in the setting of Akt and Erk1/2 signaling inhibition. Further evaluation of the role of Src in this process revealed that Bif-1, a protein known to associate with and activate Bax, could be directly phosphorylated by Src which prevented the association of Bax with Bif-1 and impaired the anoikis response. In addition, our studies have also found that Bax activation in response to treatment with type I and II histone deacetylase inhibitors is dependent on the expression of the tumor suppressor p53. Acetylation of p53 at carboxy-terminal lysine residues enhances its transcriptional activity associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that p53 acetylation at K320/K373/K382 is also required for its transcription-independent functions in Bax activation, ROS production, and apoptosis in response to the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) SAHA and LAQ824. Knockout of p53 in HCT116 cells markedly reduced HDACi-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, expression of transactivation-deficient p53 variants sensitized p53-null cancer cells to HDACi-mediated Bax-dependent apoptosis, whereas knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 inhibited HDACi-induced apoptosis. Evaluation of the mechanisms controlling this response led to the discovery of a novel interaction between p53 and Ku70. The association between these two proteins was acetylation independent, but acetylation of p53 could prevent and disrupt the Ku70/Bax complex and enhance apoptosis. These results suggest a new mechanism of acetylated p53 transcription-independent regulation of apoptosis.

abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of small vesicles, consisting of a phospholipidic bilayer surrounding a soluble interior cargo. These vesicles play an important role in cellular communication by virtue of their protein, RNA, and lipid content, which can be transferred among cells. Peripheral blood is a rich source of circulating EVs. An analysis of EVs in peripheral blood could provide access to unparalleled amounts of biomarkers of great diagnostic, prognostic as well as therapeutic value. In the current study, a plasma EV enrichment method based on pluronic co-polymer was first established and characterized. Plasma EVs from breast cancer patients were then enriched, profiled and compared to non-cancer controls. Proteins signatures that contributed to the prediction of cancer samples from non-cancer controls were created by a random-forest based cross-validation approach. We found that a large portion of these signatures were related to breast cancer aggression. To verify such findings, KIAA0100, one of the features identified, was chosen for in vitro molecular and cellular studies in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We found that KIAA0100 regulates cancer cell aggression in MDA-MB-231 in an anchorage-independent manner and is particularly associated with anoikis resistance through its interaction with HSPA1A. Lastly, plasma EVs contain not only individual proteins, but also numerous molecular complexes. In order to measure millions of proteins, isoforms, and complexes simultaneously, Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Poly-ligand Targeting (ADAPT) platform was applied. ADAPT employs an enriched library of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides to profile complex biological samples, thus achieving a deep coverage of system-wide, native biomolecules. Profiling of EVs from breast cancer patients was able to obtain a prediction AUC performance of 0.73 when compared biopsy-positive cancer patient to healthy controls and 0.64 compared to biopsy-negative controls and such performance was not associated with the physical breast condition indicated by BIRAD scores. Taken together, current research demonstrated the potential of profiling plasma EVs in searching for therapeutic targets as well as diagnostic signatures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Appendix-G / Appendix-B / Appendix-C / Appendix-D / Appendix-E / Appendix-F / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2018

La phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) est un complexe comportant une sous-unité catalytique (C) et régulatrice (R). En ce qui concerne la classe I, cinq isoformes R (p85α, p55α, p50α, p85β et p55γ) et quatre isoformes C (p110α, p110β, p110δ et p110γ) sont connues. Plusieurs études ont souligné les rôles cruciaux de la voie PI3-K/Akt dans une panoplie de processus cellulaires, dont la survie. De plus, cette voie est l’une des plus altérées dans plusieurs types de cancers, dont le cancer colorectal (CCR). Par ailleurs, il est bien établi que l’acquisition d’une résistance à l’anoïkose constitue une étape cruciale et limitante dans la progression de plusieurs types de cancers, incluant une fois de plus le CCR. Nous avons précédemment démontré que les complexes isoformes PI3-K sont engagés/recrutés par la signalisation intégrines FAK/Src de suppression d’anoïkose et, conséquemment, exercent des rôles distincts dans la survie cellulaire des entérocytes normaux selon leur état de différenciation. Ainsi, l’hypothèse de recherche de la présente étude est que les complexes isoformes PI3-K contribuent sélectivement à l’acquisition d’une résistance à l’anoïkose, et ce, chez les cellules CCR humaines. Les objectifs principaux sont les suivants : 1) Établir le profil des complexes isoformes PI3-K chez des lignées cancéreuses colorectales humaines exhibant différents degrés de résistance à l'anoïkose (modéré à fortement élevé); et 2) Déterminer fonctionnellement les contributions des complexes isoformes PI3-K identifiés dans le maintien de résistance à l'anoïkose. Nos résultats indiquent que : 1) il existe des distinctions entre les profils de complexes isoformes PI3-K prédominants chez des cellules CCR exhibant différents degrés de résistance à l’anoïkose; 2) Ces complexes PI3-K peuvent jouer ou non des rôles dans la survie cellulaire, et ce, peu importe le degré de résistance à l’anoïkose exhibé; 3) les distinctions de profils de complexes isoformes ne semblent pas corrélées avec la progression de résistance à l’anoïkose; 4) il y aurait un mécanisme anormal de compensation entre les isoformes par rapport aux complexes formés et fonctions spécifiques chez les cellules CCR; et 5) une implication de la voie MEK/Erk compliquerait d’autant plus l’investigation des rôles des complexes PI3-K chez les cellules exhibant un degré élevé de résistance à l’anoïkose. Somme toute, cela laisse entrevoir que la progression dans la résistance à l’anoïkose implique une complexité plus importante qu’anticipée, chez les cellules CCR. / Abstract : The Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) is a lipid kinase enzyme complex formed of a catalytic (C) and a regulatory (R) subunit. To date, class I PI3-K members include five R (p85α, p55α, p50α, p85β et p55γ) and four C (p110α, p110β, p110δ et p110γ). Many studies already highlighted the crucial roles of the PI3-K/Akt pathway in many, if not all, cell processes, including cell survival. Moreover, PI3-K/Akt constitutes one of the most altered pathways in cancer, including in colorectal cancer (CRC). Incidentally, it is well established that the acquisition of anoikis resistance constitutes a crucial and limiting step in the progression of many cancers, including once again, in CRC. We have already demonstrated that PI3-K isoform complexes are selectively engaged by the anoikis-suppressing integrins/FAK/Src signaling and that this translates in distinct roles in normal enterocytes survival, according to their state of differentiation. This establishes a basis for the working hypothesis of the present report which is that PI3-K isoform complexes distinctly contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of anoikis resistance in human CRC cells. The main goals were as follows: 1) To establish the expression profiles of PI3-K isoform complexes in human CRC cells displaying differing anoikis resistance degrees; and 2) To define the functional contributions of said PI3-K isoform complexes in the maintenance of anoikis resistance. Our results indicate that 1) the expression profiles of PI3-K isoform complexes are distinct between human CRC cells displaying differing anoikis resistance degrees; 2) these PI3-K isoform complexes can perform, or not, roles in cell survival regardless of the anoikis resistance degree displayed; 3) the observed distinctions of the expression profiles of PI3-K isoform complexes do not correlate with the progression of anoikis resistance; 4) there seems to be an abnormal compensation mechanism between the various PI3-K isoforms linked not only with the nature of the complexes that are formed, but to their specific functions as well; and 5) the MEK/Erk pathway seems implicated in a cross-talk signaling loop, the nature of which further complexifies the investigation of the roles of PI3-K isoform complexes in human CRC cells displaying differing anoikis resistance degrees. Taken together, these observations suggest a more complex network of interactions than previously thought in human CRC cells.

Epithelial cells that lose attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergo a specialized form of apoptosis called anoikis. Anoikis has an important role in preventing oncogenesis, particularly metastasis, by eliminating cells that lack proper ECM cues. The basis of anoikis resistance remains to be determined and to date has not been linked to alterations in expression or activity of previously identified anoikis effector genes. Here, I utilized two different screening strategies to identify novel anoikis effector genes and miRNAs in order to gain a deeper understanding of anoikis and the potential mechanisms of anoikis resistance in cancer. Using large-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screening, I found that KDM3A, a histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and di-demethylase plays a pivotal role in anoikis induction. In attached breast epithelial cells, KDM3A expression is maintained at low levels by integrin signaling. Following detachment, integrin signaling is decreased resulting in increased KDM3A expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown of KDM3A substantially reduces apoptosis following detachment and, conversely, ectopic expression of KDM3A induces cell death in attached cells. I found that KDM3A promotes anoikis through transcriptional activation of BNIP3 and BNIP3L, which encode pro-apoptotic proteins. Using mouse models of breast cancer metastasis I show that knockdown of Kdm3a enhances metastatic potential. Finally, I find defective KDM3A expression in human breast cancer cell lines and tumors. Collectively, my results reveal a novel transcriptional regulatory program that mediates anoikis. Next, I sought to discover miRNAs involved in anoikis by investigated changes in miRNA expression during anoikis using small RNA sequencing technology. Through this approach I discovered that miR-203 is an anoikis effector miRNA that is also highly down-regulated in invasive breast cancer cells. In breast epithelial cells, miR-203 is induced upon the loss of ECM attachment and inhibition of miR-203 activity leads to a resistance to anoikis. I utilized a dual functional- and expression- based RNA sequencing approach and found that miR-203 directly targets a network of pro-survival genes to induce cell death upon detachment. Finally, I found that the loss of miR-203 in invasive breast cancer leads to the elevation of several anoikis-related pro-survival target genes to contribute to anoikis resistance. Taken together, my studies reveal novel pathways through which cell death is induced upon detachment from the ECM and provide insight into potential mechanisms of anoikis resistance in cancer.

The cJUN NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway responds to environmental stresses and participates in many cellular processes, including cell death, survival, proliferation, migration, and genome maintenance. Importantly, genes that encode components of the JNK signaling pathway are frequently mutated in human breast cancer, but the functional consequence of these mutations in mammary carcinogenesis is unclear. Anoikis – suspension-induced apoptosis – has been implicated in oncogenic transformation and tumor cell metastasis. Anoikis also contributes to lumen formation during mammary gland development and epithelial cell clearance during post-lactational involution. JNK is known to contribute to certain forms of cell death, but the role of JNK during anoikis was unclear. I examined the requirement of JNK in anoikis and discovered that JNK promotes cell death by transcriptional and post-translational regulation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins. This conclusion suggested that JNK signaling may contribute to mammary gland remodeling during involution. Indeed, JNK deficiency in mammary epithelial cells disrupted the remodeling program of gene expression and delayed involution. Finally, I sought to understand the importance of JNK in mammary carcinogenesis. I found that JNK loss in the mammary epithelium was sufficient for genomic instability and tumor formation. Moreover, JNK loss in a model of breast cancer resulted in significantly accelerated tumor development. Collectively, these studies advance our understanding of the JNK pathway and breast biology, and provide insight that informs the design of therapeutic approaches that target the JNK signal transduction pathway.