Dans les produits laitiers, les cultures bioprotectrices et leurs métabolites représentent une alternative d’intérêt aux conservateurs chimiques pour lutter contre les contaminations fongiques. L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer des ingrédients antifongiques, issus de la fermentation d’un substrat laitier par différents microorganismes, bactéries ou champignons, utilisables dans des produits laitiers variés. Pour ce faire, nous avons dans un premier temps caractérisé la diversité des contaminants fongiques des produits laitiers et de leur environnement afin de sélectionner les cibles fongiques les plus pertinentes pour le reste de notre étude. Ensuite, nous avons criblé, in vitro, l’activité antifongique de fermentats issus de la fermentation de 2 substrats laitiers par 698 souches de bactéries lactiques, propioniques et de champignons grâce à une nouvelle méthode de criblage haut-débit, dans une matrice mimant le fromage. Après optimisation des conditions de fermentation pour améliorer l’activité antifongique de ces fermentats, les plus actifs ont été testés à l’échelle du laboratoire sur des fromages blancs et des fromages à pâte pressée à croûte morgée (PPCM) avant d’être testés à l’échelle pilote dans des crèmes fraiches et des fromages à PPCM. Cette étape nous a permis (i) de valider l’activité antifongique des fermentats en produits réels en mettant en place des challengetests et des tests d’usage et (ii) d’évaluer leur impact sur les qualités organoleptiques des produits grâce à des analyses sensorielles. Les molécules impliquées dans l’activité antifongique ont ensuite été identifiées grâce à différentes méthodes (chromatographie en phase gazeuse ou liquide couplée ou non à la spectrométrie de masse) et l’impact de ces composés sur la croissance des cibles fongiques a été évalué. Le criblage in vitro a permis la sélection de 3 ingrédients antifongiques qui se sont tous révélés actifs in situ. Les tests de durabilité ont révélé que le fermentat issu de Lactobacillus rhamnosus CIRM-BIA 1952 avait une activité prometteuse dans les crèmes fraiches. Pour le fromage à PPCM, le fermentat issu de Propionibacterium jensenii CIRM-BIA 1774, qui retarde jusqu’à 16 jours la croissance de Mucor racemosus et Penicillium commune pourrait être utilisé à la place de la natamycine. La caractérisation des composés antifongiques dans les fermentats a mis en évidence certains acides organiques, des acides gras, des composés volatils et un peptide qui, ensemble, jouent très probablement un rôle dans l’activité antifongique de ces fermentats. Nous avons enfin montré l’effet fongistatique du fermentat le plus actif sur Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UBOCC-A-216004 et Mucor racemosus UBOCC-A-109155 ainsi que son impact sur la physiologie des spores de M. racemosus. L’ensemble de ces résultats devrait donc conduire au développement de nouveaux ingrédients laitiers antifongiques qui pourraient remplacer avantageusement les conservateurs dans les produits laitiers, ils apportent en outre des éléments d’information sur les molécules et les mécanismes mis en œuvre dans l’inhibition antifongique. / In dairy products, bioprotective cultures and their metabolites represent an interesting alternative to chemical preservatives. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop antifungal dairy ingredients, derived from the fermentation of dairy substrates by different microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, which could be used in various dairy products. To do so, we first studied the diversity of spoilage fungi in a large variety of dairy products and their environment in order to select the most appropriate fungal targets. Then, we screened the in vitro antifungal activity of fermentates obtained from the fermentation of 2 dairy substrates by 698 lactic acid bacteria, propionibacteria and fungal strains using a novel high-throughput method in a cheese mimicking model. After optimizing fermentation conditions to enhance antifungal activity, the most active fermentates were tested at a lab scale in semi-hard and fresh cheese before evaluation at a pilot scale in semi-hard cheese and sour cream. This step allowed us (i) to validate the fermentate antifungal activities in real products using challenge- and durability-tests and (ii) to evaluate their impact on the products’ organoleptic properties using sensorial analysis. Antifungal molecules were then identified using different analytical methods (high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography coupled or not with mass spectrometry) and impact of these compounds on fungal growth was studied. The in vitro screening allowed selecting 3 antifungal ingredients that were also active in situ. Durability tests revealed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CIRMBIA 1952 fermentate had a promising activity in sour cream. In semi-hard cheese, Propionibacterium jensenii CIRMBIA 1774 fermentate, which delayed Mucor racemosus and Penicillium commune growth for up to 16 days, could be used instead of natamycin. Antifungal compounds present in fermentates consisted of organic acids, free fatty acids, volatile compounds and peptides which altogether might play a role in the antifungal activity of these fermentates. Finally, the fungistatic effect of P. jensenii CIRM-BIA 1774 fermentate against R. mucilaginosa UBOCC-A-216004 and M. racemosus UBOC-A-109155 was demonstrated, as well as its impact on the physiology of M. racemosus spores. Together, these results should lead to the development of new antifungal dairy ingredients which could replace preservatives in dairy products. Finally, these results gave us new information concerning antifungal molecules and their action mechanisms.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Oral Medicine and Periodontics) / Candida species are frequently isolated from oral mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals and is the most common genus responsible for up to 75% of all candidal infections. The most common problems associated management of oral candidiasis are antifungal drug resistance and side effects Natural medicine is an emerging field and is being explored to overcome drug resistance and to reduce side effects. Gymnemagenin (will be known as Gymnemic acid; GA) is a purified extract from Gymnema sylvestre, a slow growing, perennial, medicinal plant found in Central and Western India, Tropical Africa and Australia is regarded as one of the plants with potent antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

L'incidence des candidoses invasives a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies, parallèlement à l'augmentation du nombre de patients à risque. Ces pathologies sont associées à une morbi-mortalité élevée. Ce pronostic peut toutefois être amélioré par l'instauration d'un traitement antifongique précoce. Quatre classes de molécules antifongiques sont aujourd’hui disponibles pour la prévention et le traitement des candidoses invasives : échinocandines, antifongiques azolés, polyènes et pyrimidines. Du fait d’une efficacité importante et d’une meilleure tolérance, les échinocandines et les antifongiques azolés sont les plus largement utilisés. L'utilisation massive de ces molécules a conduit à une modification de l'épidémiologie des candidoses invasives, avec l'émergence d'espèces non-albicans intrinsèquement moins sensibles à ces antifongiques, à l'exemple de C. glabrata ou C. parapsilosis. De plus, des souches résistantes voire multi-résistantes aux échinocandines et aux antifongiques azolés sont de plus en plus fréquemment isolées, et associées à des échecs thérapeutiques. L'activité de ces antifongiques est également limitée par le phénomène de tolérance, résultant de la capacité d'adaptation des levures aux stress membranaires et pariétaux induits par ces molécules.Pour toutes ces raisons, l'identification et le développement de nouvelles stratégies antifongiques sont nécessaires. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette optique, avec pour objectifs l'étude de la tolérance et de la résistance aux antifongiques chez Candida spp. et la caractérisation de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques impliquées dans ces processus.La première partie de ce travail a permis de démontrer l'intérêt du séquençage nouvelle génération et d'une approche multigénique pour l'étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance aux antifongiques azolés et aux échinocandines chez Candida spp. Par ce biais, il a été possible d'appréhender de nouveaux mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans la résistance aux antifongiques, qui nécessitent toutefois d'être confirmés.Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence que l'ensemble des protéines de la voie de signalisation du pH ou voie Rim chez les levures est impliqué dans la tolérance aux antifongiques chez C. albicans, l'espèce la plus fréquemment isolée en pathologie humaine. De plus, de nouveaux gènes Rim-dépendants ont été identifiés par RNA-sequencing, à l'exemple de HSP90, codant pour une protéine chaperone responsable de la régulation de multiples processus biologiques, et IPT1, responsable de la biosynthèse du principal sphingolipide membranaire. Ces deux gènes ont précédemment été impliqués dans la tolérance aux antifongiques azolés et aux échinocandines chez C. albicans et pourraient participer à la tolérance aux antifongiques médiée par la voie Rim. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes : en effet, en ciblant la voie Rim, il pourrait être possible de potentialiser l'activité des molécules antifongiques actuellement commercialisées et de cibler indirectement Hsp90 tout en s'affranchissant des problèmes de toxicité car cette voie de signalisation est spécifique du règne fongique.Enfin, une dernière partie de ce travail réalisée dans le cadre du partenariat de l'ANR FungiBET a permis de montrer que la protéine BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal) Bdf1 de C. glabrata, impliquée dans la régulation épigénétique de la transcription, est essentielle à la croissance in vitro. Plus précisément, l'intégrité des deux bromodomaines BD1 et BD2 de Bdf1, responsables de la liaison de cette protéine aux histones, est essentielle chez cette espèce, qui est la deuxième la plus fréquemment isolée dans les candidoses invasives en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. Ce résultat confirme les premières données obtenues chez C. albicans, et l'intérêt de l'inhibition des protéines BET fongiques comme nouvelle stratégie antifongique / The incidence of invasive candidiasis (IC) has dramatically increased over the past decades, partly due to the increasing number of at-risk patients. IC is associated with high mortality rates: however, its prognosis can be improved by early treatment. Four antifungal classes are available today for the prevention and treatment of IC: echinocandins, azoles, polyenes and pyrimidines. Due to their high efficacy and interesting safety profile, echinocandins and azoles are more commonly used. Massive use of these compounds has led to epidemiological changes in IC, with the emergence of non-albicans species which are intrinsically less susceptible to these antifungals, such as C. glabrata or C. parapsilosis. In addition, Candida spp. strains resistant, or even multiresistant, to azoles and echinocandins are increasingly isolated and associated with therapeutic failures. Antifungal activity is also limited by tolerance, a reversible phenomenon resulting from the yeast's adaptation to membrane and cell wall stresses caused by these molecules.For these reasons, identification and development of new antifungal strategies are needed. This work aimed at studying antifungal resistance and tolerance in Candida spp. and characterizing new therapeutic targets involved in these process.First, this work showed the interest of next-generation sequencing and multigene approaches to study mechanisms involved in resistance to echinocandins and azoles antifungals in Candida spp. It notably allowed to identify new mechanisms involved in antifungal resistance, which still need to be confirmed.In a second part, this work allowed to show that all the proteins of the pH-signaling pathway, known as the Rim pathway in yeasts, are involved in antifungal tolerance in C. albicans, the most frequent species responsible for IC in humans. In addition, new Rim-dependent genes were identified through RNA-sequencing, such as HSP90, coding for a major chaperone involved in the regulation of multiple cellular process, as well as IPT1, responsible for the synthesis of the main membrane sphingolipid.Both genes were previously shown to be involved in azoles and echinocandins tolerance in C. albicans, and could therefore play a role in antifungal tolerance mediated by the Rim pathway. These results offer great perspectives. Indeed, targeting the Rim pathway would allow to enhance the activity of commercially available antifungals and to indirectly target Hsp90, with no or limited toxicity as this signaling pathway is fungal-specific.Thirdly, a last part of this work performed in the context of the ANR FungiBET consortium, allowed to show that the BET protein Bdf1 in C. glabrata, which is involved in epigenetic regulation of transcription, is required for in vitro growth. More precisely, the integrity of both BD1 and BD2 Bdf1 bromodomains are essential in this species, which ranks second among causes of IC. This result confirms the first data obtained in C. albicans and the interest of inhibiting fungal BET proteins as a new antifungal strategy

A candidíase é a mais freqüente infecção fúngica oportunista, causada por leveduras do gênero Candida, de ocorrência comum na cavidade bucal. O aumento da incidência está relacionado, em grande parte, ao surgimento das terapias e patologias imunossupressoras, embora ela possa ocorrer em indivíduos considerados saudáveis. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a microbiota leveduriforme de pacientes com lesão bucal suspeita de candidíase e compará-la com a de indivíduos saudáveis através da quantificação, produção de enzimas fosfolipase, proteinase e determinação da CIM dos antifúngicos: anfotericina B, itraconazol e fluconazol pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. As leveduras foram isoladas a partir de amostras de saliva não estimulada no meio CHROMagar® Candida, que permitiu a observação de colonização mista e uma identificação presuntiva. Posteriormente os isolados foram identificados pela metodologia clássica, através das provas: formação de tubo germinativo em soro humano, estudo da micromorfologia, crescimento a 37°C e 42°C, provas de assimilação e fermentação de carboidratos. Das 100 amostras de saliva dos pacientes com lesão, 70 apresentaram crescimento de leveduras e foram identificadas 63 C. albicans e 16 C. tropicalis. Entre as 50 amostras de salivas do grupo controle, 16 apresentaram crescimento e foram identificadas 14 C. albicans e 3 C. tropicalis. Quanto à capacidade de síntese das exoenzimas observou-se que 100% das C. albicans de ambos os grupos avaliados produziram as enzimas fosfolipase e proteinase em diferentes níveis de atividade. Os isolados de C. tropicalis não apresentaram produção da fosfolipase, com relação à proteinase 43,8% dos isolados de pacientes com lesão bucal foram positivos. Em relação aos testes de sensibilidade, a faixa da CIM para anfotericina B foi de 0,125 ? 4µg/mL para os isolados de C. albicans e de 2 ? 4 µg/mL para os de C. tropicalis, com o itraconazol o intervalo da CIM foi de 0,03 ? 16µg/mL para as duas espécies e para o fluconazol a faixa da CIM foi de 0,125 - ?64µg/mL para os isolados de C. albicans e de 0,25 - ?64µg/mL para os de C. tropicalis. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que: a análise de saliva é sensível para detecção de leveduras tanto em pacientes com sinais clínicos de candidíase quanto em indivíduos saudáveis portadores da levedura; C. albicans foi à espécie mais isolada em ambos os grupos; todas os isolados de C. albicans foram produtores das enzimas fosfolipase e proteinase; nenhum isolado de C. tropicalis apresentou atividade da enzima fosfolipase. A maioria dos isolados de C. albicans e C. tropicalis foram sensíveis in vitro aos antifúngicos testados / Candidiasis is the most frequent oportunistic fungal infection. It is caused by Candida yeasts, commonly seen in the oral cavity. Newer therapies and immunosupressive pathologies are related to the increase of oral candidiasis incidence, although it may occur in healthy subjects. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate yeasts frequency in the oral cavity from patients with clinical signs of oral candidiasis and compare it with frequency observed in healthy subjects through quantification, phospholipase and proteinase activity tests and antifungal susceptibility (amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole) by broth microdilution test. The yeasts were isolated from unstimulated whole saliva samples in CHROMagar® Candida medium, which allowed association between two or more species observation and presumptive identification. Latter, strains identification were confirmed by classical methodology. Of 100 candidiasis patients samples, yeast growth was observed in 70 samples and 63 C. albicans and 16 C. tropicalis strains were identified. Of 50 healthy subjects samples, yeast growth was observed in 16 samples and 14 C. albicans e 3 C. tropicalis strains were identified. Differential activity of phospholipase and proteinase enzymes was detected in 100% C. albicans strains in both groups. Phospholipase activity was not detected in C. tropicalis strains, and proteinase activity was detected in 43,8% strains from oral candidiasis group. Susceptibility tests showed amphotericin B MIC range from 0,125 ? 4 µg/mL for C. albicans strains and 2 ? 4 µg/mL for C. tropicalis strains; itraconazole MIC range from 0,03 ? 16 µg/mL for both species; fluconazole MIC range from 0,125 - ? 64 µg/mL for C. albicans strains and 0,25 - ? 64 µg/mL for C. tropicalis strains. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that saliva analysis is sensitive to detect yeasts from patients with clinical signs of oral candidiasis and from yeasts carriers; C. albicans was prevalent in both groups; all C. albicans strains showed phospholipase and proteinase activity; None C. tropicalis strains showed phospholipase activity. The majority of C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains were inhibited in vitro by antifungals evaluated

A gomesina é um peptídeo antimicrobiano catiônico, purificado dos hemócitos da aranha caranguejeira Acanthoscurria gomesiana. Possui amplo espectro de atividade contra bactérias, fungos, protozoários e células tumorais. Candida albicans é uma levedura comensal que faz parte da microbiota humana. O tratamento desta micose geralmente é feito com fluconazol, contudo casos de resistência vêm sendo reportados, com isso vários peptídeos antimicrobianos vêm sendo estudados a fim de se tornarem tratamentos alternativos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do tratamento com a gomesina em um modelo de candidíase disseminada e vaginal. O tratamento de gomesina foi eficaz no controle do fungo. Verificou-se um efeito imunomodulatório, pois seu tratamento aumentou as concentrações de IL-6, TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a e INF-<font face=\"symbol\">g dos rins dos animais com candidíase disseminada. A gomesina não apresentou nenhum efeito tóxico para os animais. Os dados apresentados neste estudo reforçam o potencial da gomesina para ser um agente. / The gomesin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide, purified from hemocytes of the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana. It has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa and tumor cells. Candida albicans is commensal yeast that is part of the human microbiota. The treatment of this mycosis is usually done with fluconazole although cases of resistance have been reported. With the emergence of microorganisms resistance, several antimicrobial peptides have been studied in order to become alternative treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with gomesin in a model of disseminated and vaginal candidiasis. The treatment with gomesin showed to be effective in controlling the fungus. There was also found an immunomodulatory effect as its treatment increased concentrations of IL-6, TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a and INF-<font face=\"symbol\">g in the kidneys of animals with disseminated candidiasis. The gomesin did not show any toxic effect to animals. The data presented in this study reinforce the potential of gomesin to be an antifungal agent.

Alguns decênios atrás, o advento da nanotecnologia abriu perspectivas inovadoras permitindo alcançar novos alvos. Na área farmacêutica, as nanopartículas abriram alternativas ineditas de acesso para tratar órgãos e tecidos. Dentre as diversas nanopartículas existentes, este trabalho assentou sobre as nanopartículas lípidicas sólidas porque elas permitem a utilização de substâncias naturais, que representam um interesse cada vez maior devido às suas potencialidades diversificadas e comprovadas. Assim, foram escolhidos o óleo de copaíba e a alantoína devido às suas propriedades farmacológicas. Da mesma maneira que existem vários tipos de nanopartículas, existem várias técnicas para produzi-las. Neste estudo, o método por homogeneização à alta pressão foi selecionado devido às diversas vantagens. Para validar essas opções tecnológicas e caracterizar as nanopartículas, análises morfológicas, físico-químicas e térmicas foram realizadas. O segundo propósito desta pesquisa foi a avaliação do potencial antifúngico das nanopartículas contra fungos leveduriformes e filamentosos multirresistentes, devido às diversas propriedades microbiológicas do óleo de copaíba. Consequentemente, diversos ensaios micológicos foram feitos a fim de determinar onde e como essas nanopartículas agiram sobre esses fungos. Os resultados mostraram que a produção de nanopartículas lípidicas sólidas homogêneas e estáveis físico-quimicamente foi possível. Além disso, essas nanopartículas, compostas por substâncias naturais, demonstraram atividade antifúngica contra fungos multiresistentes, fato que não ocorreu com as matérias-primas isoladas. A nanotecnologia foi fundamental e levou a desenvolver suspensões antifúngicas. / Some decades ago, the advent of nanotechnology has opened new perspectives allowing reaching new targets. In the pharmaceutical area, nanoparticles have opened new ways for treating organs and tissues. Among the various existing nanoparticles, this work was based on solid lipid nanoparticles because they permitted the use of natural substances which represent a growing interest due to their diverse and proven strengths. So, copaiba oil and allantoin were chosen. Just as there are several types of nanoparticles, there are several techniques to produce them. In this study, the method of high pressure homogenization was selected because of several advantages. To validate these technological options and characterize nanoparticles, morphological, physico-chemical and thermal analysis were performed. The second purpose of this research was to evaluate the antifungal potential of nanoparticles against multiresistant yeasts and filamentous fungi due to various microbiological properties of copaiba oil. Consequently, many mycological tests were performed to determine where and how these nanoparticles acted on these fungi. The results showed the production of homogeneous and physico-chemically stable solid lipid nanoparticles is possible and, moreover, these nanoparticles produced with natural substances demonstrated their antifungal activity against multiresistant fungi, which did not happen with isolated raw materials. The nanotechnology was fundamental and led to develop antifungal suspensions.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Thaísa Cristina Silva - 2017.pdf: 8533061 bytes, checksum: 987601f85d9b8f33eb97a24c3e474df3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: the high incidence and mortality rate due to fungal infections arouse interest in the search for more effective and less toxic drugs for the treatment of these infections. Medicinal plants represent a promising source of discovery of antifungal agents. Among the medicinal plants, Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (Lythraceae), plant of the cerrado, stands out for having medicinal properties popularly known in Brazil. Punicalagina, a secondary metabolite extracted from L. pacari leaf, has proven biological activities. Objective: in this work the biological activity of punicalagin on yeasts belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex and Candida species was evaluated. Methods: the in vitro susceptibility of the yeast to the compound punicalagin was verified using the broth microdilution method. The possible mechanism of action was verified by different methods such as: ergosterol assay of the fungal cell membrane, by morphological and ultrastructural analyzes of the yeasts, by flow cytometry (cell cycle, cytoplasmic membrane injury, reactive oxygen species production and loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential). The in vitro cytotoxicity of punicalagin was verified using Balb/c 3T3 cells, A549 lung carcinoma cells and sheep erythrocytes. Results: the punicalagin was able to inhibit yeast growth at concentrations ≤4 μg/mL with minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM) of >256 μg/mL. The punicalagin reduced the ergosterol synthesis of the fungal cell membrane and promoted alterations in the morphology and the cellular arrangement of the yeasts. The action mechanism analyzed by flow cytometry showed alteration of the cell cycle with increase of the G0/G1 phases and reduction of the G2/M phases, interfering in the cellular division of the DNA of the fungal cells. The compound showed low toxicity on the Balb/c cells 3T3, A549 and sheep erythrocytes. Conclusion: the results presented by punicalagin showed that this compound presents low cytotoxicity to the animal cells, with important antifungal activity against the yeasts of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex and Candida species. / Introdução: a elevada incidência e taxa de mortalidade por infecções fúngicas despertam o interesse pela busca por fármacos mais eficazes e menos tóxicos para o tratamento dessas infecções. Plantas medicinais representam uma promissora fonte de descoberta de agentes antifúngicos. Dentre as plantas medicinais, a Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (Lythraceae), planta do cerrado, destaca-se por apresentar propriedades medicinais conhecidas popularmente no Brasil. A punicalagina, um metabólito secundário extraído da folha da L. pacari, apresenta comprovadas atividades biológicas. Objetivo: neste trabalho foi avaliada a atividade biológica de punicalagina sobre leveduras pertencentes ao complexo Cryptococcus neoformans e espécies de Candida. Métodos: a suscetibilidade in vitro das leveduras ao composto punicalagina, foi verificada usando-se o método de microdiluição em caldo. O possível mecanismo de ação foi verificado por diferentes métodos como: doseamento de ergosterol da membrana da célula fúngica, por análises morfológicas e ultraestruturais das leveduras, por citometria de fluxo (ciclo celular, lesão da membrana citoplasmática, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e perda do potencial da membrana mitocondrial). A citotoxicidade in vitro de punicalagina foi verificada utilizando-se células Balb/c 3T3, células de carcinoma pulmonar A549 e eritrócitos de carneiro. Resultados: a punicalagina foi capaz de inibir o crescimento das leveduras em concentrações ≤ 4 µg/mL com concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) de > 256 µg/mL. A punicalagina reduziu a síntese de ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica e promoveu alterações na morfologia e no arranjo celular das leveduras. O mecanismo de ação analisado por citometria de fluxo mostrou alteração do ciclo celular com aumento das fases G0/G1 e redução das fases G2/M, interferindo na divisão celular do DNA das células fúngicas. O composto mostrou baixa toxicidade sobre as células Balb/c 3T3, A549 e eritrócitos de carneiro. Conclusão: os resultados apresentados pela ação da punicalagina mostraram que este composto apresenta baixa citotoxicidade para as células animais, com importante atividade antifúngica para as leveduras do complexo Cryptococcus neoformans e Candida.

A ocorrência de leveduras do gênero Candida spp. constitui uma ameaça a saúde bucal de pacientes oncológicos submetidos ao tratamento antineoplásico. Diante do exposto,objetivou-se no estudo avaliar as variáveis clínicas de pacientes oncológicos portadores ou não de Candida spp. na saliva; estimar a prevalência dessas cepas, avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos antissépticos bucais e, determinar o perfil de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Foram coletadas amostras de salivas de pacientes oncológicos, com e sem mucosite. A saliva foi submetida a diluição decimal seriada até 10-3 e semeada em meio de cultura (CHROMagarTM Candida) para quantificação das unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro de saliva (UFC/mL). Também, realizaram-se provas bioquímicas específicas para identificação das espécies. Na avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos antissépticos bucais (Periogard®, Cepacol® Cool Ice e Clorexidina a 0,12%) utilizouse a Diluição Inibitória Máxima (DIM). O perfil de sensibilidade destas cepas a anfotericina B e fluconazol foi realizado pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) por meio das fitas Etest®. Na análise estatística utilizou-se os testes não paramétricos de McNemar e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância (=0,05). Totalizou-se 34 pacientes dos quais 79,4% eram masculinos e 19(55,9%) estavam com mucosite. Das amostras de saliva 9(26,5%) eram positivas para Candida spp.. Evidenciou-se 12 cepas distintas de Candida spp., sendo 7(20,6%) C. albicans, 3(8,8%) C. glabrata e 2(5,9%) C.tropicalis. A mucosite foi mais freqüente 66,7% nos portadores de Candida. Comparando os resultados da DIM foi possível verificar que o Cepacol® Cool Ice apresentou os melhores resultados. A Clorexidina a 0,12% teve a pior atividade, sendo que 4 (11,8%) das cepas não foram inibidas na diluição de 1:10. Com relação ao perfil de sensibilidade, todas cepas foram sensíveis a anfotericina B e 2 (5,9%) das cepas de Candida glabrata apresentaram sensibilidade dose dependente ao fluconazol. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias sobre o uso de antissépticos na manutenção da saúde bucal desses pacientes, especialmente, considerando o elevado risco de mucosite. / The occurrence of Candida spp. is a threat to the oral health of cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment. This study described the clinical variables of cancer patients with or without Candida spp. in the saliva; determined the prevalence of these strains, and assessed mouthwashes antimicrobial activity and the sensitivity profile to antifungals. Saliva samples of cancer patients, with or without mucositis, were collected. Saliva was subject to serial decimal dilution up to 10-3 and sowed in culture (CHROMagarTM Candida) to quantify the number of colony forming units per milliliter of saliva (CFU/mL). Specific biochemical tests were also done to identify the species. The Maximum Inhibitory Dilution (MID) was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the mouthwashes (Periogard®, Cepacol® Cool Ice and 0.12% Chlorhexidine). The sensitivity profile of the strains as to amphotericin B and fluconazole was done by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using Etest® strips. Non-parametric McNemar and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis, with level of significance (= 0.05). Of the 34 patients, 79.4% were male and 19 (55.9%) had mucositis. 9(26.5%) tested positive for Candida spp. in the saliva. Regarding the diversity of species, the study evidenced 12 different strains of Candida spp., 7 (20.6%) C. albicans, 3(8.8%) C. glabrata and 2 (5.9%) C. tropicalis. Mucositis was more common in patients with Candida, 66.7%. Comparing the MID results, it was verified that Cepacol® Cool Ice presented better results than other products. The worst activity was presented by 0.12% Chlorhexidine, 4(11.8%) of the strains were not inhibited at 1:10 dilution. As to the sensitivity profile, all strains were sensitive to amphotericin B and 2 (5.9%) strains of Candida glabrata were Dose-Dependent Sensitive to fluconazole. Additional research is needed to broaden the scientific evidences of the use of antiseptics in the maintenance of these patients oral heath, especially considering the high risk of mucositis.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Os acidentes ofÃdicos de serpentes representam um sÃrio problema de SaÃde PÃblica nos paÃses tropicais, tanto pela freqÃÃncia com que ocorrem e/ou pela morbi-mortalidade que ocasionam. As serpentes do gÃnero Crotalus estÃo representadas no Brasil pela espÃcie Crotalus durissus, a qual se divide em seis subespÃcies. Nosso trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos venenos das serpentes Crotalus durissus cascavella originadas do estado do Cearà (Cdcc) e MaranhÃo (Cdcm); Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Cdcol); Crotalus durissus ruruima (Cdru) e suas fraÃÃes, Crotoxina (CTXru) e Fosfolipase A2 (PLA2ru), nos processos biolÃgicos de espraiamento celular, fagocitose, atividade fungicida e alteraÃÃes hematolÃgicas. Camundongos Swiss, machos, foram inoculados por via intraperitonial com os venenos descritos acima, nas doses de 120, 50, 27, 20 (venenos) e 10Âg/Kg (fraÃÃes), respectivamente. Duas horas apÃs inoculaÃÃo foram coletadas amostras de sangue do plexo orbital e o exsudato peritonial. A anÃlise estatÃstica utilizada foi o teste t de Student com significÃncia de 95%. Os animais tratados foram comparados com o grupo controle (inoculados com salina 0,9%). Cdcm e a CTXru causaram as maiores alteraÃÃes no eritrograma. 37,5% dos eritrÃcitos apresentaram morfologia macrocÃtica e microcÃtica; 25,5% hipocrÃmia; 25% com anisocitose e presenÃa de policromasia. Foram observados 16,8% de corpÃsculos de Howell Jolly. A contagem global de leucÃcitos foi reduzida significantemente apÃs administraÃÃo do Cdcc (82,9%), Cdcm (70,1%) e Cdru (83,8%). A celularidade foi alterada depois da inoculaÃÃo de Cdcc, Cdru e CTXru, em todos os tipos de cÃlulas. A contagem global de cÃlulas do peritÃnio aumentou apÃs inoculaÃÃo de Cdcc, Cdcol, Cdru e a CTXru. Em adiÃÃo, o macrÃfago foi à cÃlula predominante na contagem diferencial de cÃlulas peritoniais, contudo, somente a Cdcol apresentou significÃncia estatÃstica para macrÃfago (62,3%). Foi encontrada reduÃÃo significativa do espraiamento celular depois da administraÃÃo de todos os venenos variando de 52,7 a 65,7%. A fagocitose foi estatisticamente reduzida pela Cdcc nos perÃodos de 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. Cdru reduziu a fagocitose apenas em 30, 60 e 120 minutos, Cdcm em 30 e 90 minutos e CTXru nos tempos de 60 e 120 minutos. A Cdcol, e a CTXru mostraram significÃncia na atividade fungicida contra C. albicans nos perÃodos de 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos, mas a Cdcc mostrou resultado similar em 60, 90 e 120 minutos. Conclui-se que o veneno interfere diferentemente na resposta hematolÃgica e funcional. Em adiÃÃo pode-se postular que os macrÃfagos foram responsÃveis por estas alteraÃÃes. Estudos futuros deverÃo ser realizados na perspectiva da identificaÃÃo de provÃvel aÃÃo fungicida de venenos ofÃdicos e suas fraÃÃes / Venomous snake accidents represent a serious public health problem in tropical countries, as much as for their frequency of occurrence and/or morbidity and mortality that they caused. In Brazil, the genus Crotalus comprise only one species, termed Crotalus durissus, which is divided into six subspecies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects promoted by venoms of Crotalus durissus cascavella, originated from the States of Cearà (Cdcc) and MaranhÃo (Cdcm); C. durissus collilineatus (Cdcol); C. durissus ruruima (Cdru) and its isolated components, such as crotoxin (CTXru) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2ru), in the biological processes of cellular spreading, phagocytosis, hematological alterations and antifungal activity. Male Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the venom doses of 120, 50, 27, 20, 10 and 10 Âg/Kg, respectively to the snakes described above. After two hours of inoculation blood samples and exudate were collected from orbital plex and peritoneum, respectively. Statistical evaluation was performed using Student-T test with significance level set at 95%. We compared the treated animals with a control group, where animals were inoculated with saline 0.9%. Cdcm and CTXru caused the most severe alterations in the erythrogram. We noticed that 37.5% of the erythrocytes showed macrocytic and microcytic morphology; 25.5% were hipocromic; 25% showed anisocytosis and the presence of polycromasia. We also found Howell Jolly bodies in 16.8% of the examined erythocytes. The total counting of leukocytes was reduced statistically after administration of Cdcc (82.9%), Cdcm (70.1%) and Cdru (83.8%). Cellularity was altered after the inoculation of Cdcc, Cdru and CTXru for all evaluated cells. We noticed a statistic increase of peritoneum total cells caused by Cdcc, Cdcol, Cdru and CTXru. In addition, macrophage was the most predominant cell after peritoneum differential cell counting. However, only Cdcol showed a statistic increase of macrophages (62.3%). We found significant reduction of cellular spreading after administration of all venoms ranging from 52.7 to 65.7%. Phagocytosis was statistically reduced by Cdcc in the periods of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. However, Cdru reduced phagocytosis only at 30, 60 and 90 minutes, Cdcm decreased phagocytosis at 30 and 90 minutes and CTXru in the periods of 60 and 120 minutes. Cdcol and CTXru showed significant fungicide activity against C. albicans in the periods of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, but Cdcc showed similar results at 60, 90 and 120 minutes. We conclude that distinct venoms interfered differently in the intensity of each functional and hematological response. In addition, we postulate that macrophages maybe partially responsible for these alterations. Further studies should be evaluated for the use of venoms as fungicides

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-06T20:30:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Felipe Souto Araújo - 2014..pdf: 3055145 bytes, checksum: 201375acf3007e213c1265f0cae0ff5e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T14:44:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Felipe Souto Araújo - 2014..pdf: 3055145 bytes, checksum: 201375acf3007e213c1265f0cae0ff5e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-19T14:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Felipe Souto Araújo - 2014..pdf: 3055145 bytes, checksum: 201375acf3007e213c1265f0cae0ff5e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / Paracoccidioides spp, dimorphic pathogenic fungi, is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). PCM is an endemic disease that affects at least 10 million people in Latin America, causing severe public health problem. The drugs used against pathogenic fungi have various side effects and have limited efficacy, therefore there is an inevitable and urgent medical needing for the development of new antifungal drugs. In the present study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of Paracoccidioides spp exposed to argentilactone, a constituent of the essential oil of Hyptis ovalifolia. A total of 1,058 genes were identified, of which 208 were up-regulated and 850 down-regulated. The cell rescue, defense and virulence, with a total of 26 genes, was a functional category with a large number of genes induced, among them, heat shock protein 90 (hsp 90), cytochrome c peroxidase (ccp), hemoglobin ligant RBT5 (rbt5) and superoxide dismutase (sod). Quantitative real-time PCR revealed an increase in the expression level of all those genes. Enzymatic assay showed a significant increase in SOD activity. The reduced growth of Pbhsp90-aRNA, Pbccp-aRNA, Pbsod-aRNA, Pbrbt5-aRNA isolates in the presence of argentilactone indicates the importance of these genes in Paracoccidioides spp responding to argentilacone. Paracoccidioides spp cell wall was also evaluated. The results showed that argentilactone causes a decrease in the levels of polymers of the cell wall. These results suggest that argentilactone is a potential candidate for antifungal therapy. / Paracoccidioides spp, fungo patogênico dimórfico, é o agente etiológico da paracoccidioidomicose (PCM). PCM é uma doença endêmica que afeta pelo menos 10 milhões de pessoas na América Latina, causando grave problema de saúde pública. Os medicamentos usados contra fungos patogênicos têm vários efeitos secundários e têm eficácia limitada, por conseguinte, existe uma inevitável e urgente necessidade médica para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas anti-fúngicas. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o perfil transcricional de Paracoccidioides spp expostos a argentilactona, um componente do óleo essencial de Hyptis ovalifolia. Um total de 1.058 genes foram identificados, dos quais 208 foram induzidos e 850 reprimidos. Resgate celular, defesa e virulência, com um total de 26 genes, foi uma categoria funcional com um grande número de genes induzidos, entre eles, proteína de choque térmico 90 (HSP 90), citocromo c peroxidase (CCP), hemoglobina ligante RBT5 (rbt5) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Quantitative real-time PCR revelou um aumento do nível de expressão de todos esses genes. Ensaio enzimático mostrou um aumento significativo na atividade de SOD. O crescimento reduzido de Pbhsp90-aRNA, Pbccp-aRNA, Pbsod-aRNA, Pbrbt5-aRNA na presença de argentilactona indica a importância desses genes em Paracoccidioides spp respondendo a argentilacona. Parede celular de Paracoccidioides spp também foi avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que argentilactona provoca uma diminuição nos níveis de polímeros da parede celular. Estes resultados sugerem que argentilactona é um candidato potencial para a terapia antifúngica.