Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Hypertension is by far the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which has been identified as the leading cause of death worldwide and a major economic burden in developing countries. Over the years, there has been an increased interest in isolating and identifying bioactive compounds from medicinal plant, with the aim of finding alternative sources of therapy to some of the problematic synthetic drugs and to validate the therapeutic use of some traditional plants. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system is a key regulator of blood pressure, on which ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors act and have been at the forefront of therapeutic strategy for treatment and management of hypertension and CVD. But despite the success of ACEI’s, their long term use has been associated with side- effects coupled with its contraindication in pregnancy. The plant of interest, Centella asiatica is a widely known medicinal plant, used in treatment of a variety of conditions including hypertension. There is currently no scientific evidence validating its claimed use in hypertension. This study therefore, investigated the ACE inhibitory effects of Centella asiatica. Crude methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Centella asiatica were assayed for ACE inhibition activity. Methanol and ethanol crude extract(s) was subjected to a bioassay guided fractionation process to isolate and identify the active compounds. A fluorescence based ACE assay was utilized at various stages of the process including HPLC purification stage to screen the fractions and compounds for ACE inhibition activity.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Fruit storage at cold temperatures is normally used to delay decay while maintaining the fruit’s quality. However, storage at low temperatures for a prolonged period causes some important metabolic functions within the fruit to stop functioning properly. This phenomenon is even more critical and complex in chilling-sensitive fruits. Fruits that originated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions are known to be chilling sensitive; their storage at low but non-freezing temperatures causes them to experience chilling injury (CI). Chilling injury causes irreversible damage to the external and internal attributes of the fruits. Pomegranate, which is investigated in this study, is consumed as fresh arils in many regions of the world. / 2023

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) is an edible vine from the legume family native to China but growing prolifically throughout the southeastern United States. Legumes are abundant in the beneficial compounds phytoestrogens, specifically isoflavones. This research analyzed Mississippi-grown kudzu roots, leaves, and flowers for antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and evaluated consumer acceptability of food products containing kudzu. Results indicated kudzu flowers, roots, and leaves contained phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity amounts in flowers, roots, and leaves were 77.9%, 75.7%, and 56.5%, respectively. The dip products that were developed and evaluated were mayonnaise- and sour cream-based dips that contained either dried kudzu leaves or dried spinach and other seasonings. Healthier versions of dip products were developed using light mayonnaise and light sour cream and omitting salt. Consumer sensory panels evaluated appearance, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of the dip samples using a 9-point hedonic scale. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to determine if differences (p<0.05) in consumer acceptability existed among treatments. On average, the regular spinach dip was moderately liked and preferred (p<0.05) over the other dips. The regular kudzu dip was moderately liked and preferred (p<0.05) over the healthier kudzu and spinach dips. Cluster analysis partitioned consumers into five groups based on preference and acceptability of vegetable dips. Results indicated 39% of panelists rated the dips at like very much and did not differ (p>0.05) in their liking of dips, 42% preferred (p<0.05) the regular spinach dip and 50% liked all vegetable dips. A kudzu blossom jelly product was developed using kudzu flower liquid, sugar, pectin, and lemon juice. Consumer sensory panels evaluated the prepared jelly product, a purchased kudzu jelly, and a purchased scuppernong jelly. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to determine if differences (p<0.05) in consumer acceptability existed among jellies. The purchased kudzu jelly was preferred (p<0.05) for overall acceptability (like moderately) compared to the prepared kudzu and scuppernong jelly, which were rated similarly between like slightly and like moderately.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-05T13:30:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) BRUNA PIAIA RAMBORGER.pdf: 1379039 bytes, checksum: 750df4846ea9e6b47021886f60adead4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-05T13:30:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) BRUNA PIAIA RAMBORGER.pdf: 1379039 bytes, checksum: 750df4846ea9e6b47021886f60adead4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T13:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) BRUNA PIAIA RAMBORGER.pdf: 1379039 bytes, checksum: 750df4846ea9e6b47021886f60adead4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / A utilização de pesticidas visa o aumento da produção e qualidade dos produtos agrícolas. Porém, estes compostos podem ocasionar danos ao meio ambiente e ao ser humano devido a sua vasta utilização e toxicidade. O 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacetico (2,4-D) é um herbicida muito utilizado para diversas culturas no Brasil e no mundo para combater ervas daninha de folha larga. Possui características de alta solubilidade em água, mobilidade e persistência levando a contaminação de água e solo e em sua fórmula comercial, utilizada em lavoura, apresenta a classificação toxicológica I (extremamente tóxico). Desta forma, para a recuperação de áreas contaminadas com o 2,4-D, a utilização de plantas com capacidade de degradar, estabilizar e/ou remover contaminantes, conhecida como fitorremediação, torna-se extremamente importante devido o baixo custo e diversidade vegetal para tal fim. O presente estudo avaliou a possível capacidade de fitorremediação do Plectranthus neochilus (boldo) exposto ao pesticida comercial (Aminol) em solo e água através de extrações consecutivas (intervalo de dias). Após esse período de exposição, foram analisadas as respostas dessa planta em termos da presença do 2,4-D no chá das folhas, capacidade antioxidante total (DPPH), análise de polifenóis totais e flavonoides para as plantas expostas ao composto em solo e água. Nas plantas expostas na água também foi verificado a capacidade antioxidante total pelo método do fosfomolibdênio e a quantificação de compostos fenólicos. Após 15 dias de experimento, o 2,4-D não foi mais detectado nas amostras de solo e a planta não foi necessária na descontaminação desta matriz devido a degradação do composto ocorrer nesse mesmo período. Diferentemente, na água, o 2,4-D permaneceu até 67% em 60 dias de experimento, o que proporcionou a utilização de dois grupos de tratamento com a planta (um grupo de plantas por 30 dias e um novo grupo nos 30 dias restantes no mesmo sistema), e assim, obteve-se uma descontaminação de até 49% do 2,4-D. O composto não foi detectado no chá das folhas da planta e a capacidade antioxidante total, polifenóis e flavonóides apresentaram-se diminuídos viii em solo (todo experimento) e água (primeiros 30 dias). Entretanto para aquelas plantas que estavam na água nos 30 dias restantes, houve um aumento nessas análises próximo ao nível basal (grupo branco). Na quantificação dos compostos fenólicos (ácido caféico, ácido cumárico e ácido ferúlico) presente no chá dessas plantas observou-se que no grupo de plantas dos primeiros 30 dias houve um aumento do ácido cumárico e acido ferúlico, comparado ao grupo de plantas não expostas ao 2,4-D no tratamento 1 e uma diminuição do ácido caféico no tratamento 2. Nos 30 dias restantes com as novas mudas, observou-se uma diminuição do ácido cumárico e aumento dos ácidos cafeico e ferúlico no tratamento 1 e 2. Os resultados indicaram que a planta teve capacidade de fitorremediar o 2,4-D na água e, embora o composto tenha causado danos no sistema antioxidante, obteve aumento dos compostos fenólicos quantificados tornando o chá da planta útil após a fitorremediação. / The use of pesticides is aimed at increasing the production and quality of agricultural products. However, these compounds can cause harm to the environment and to humans due to their wide use and toxicity. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide for various crops in Brazil and the world to combat broadleaf weeds. It has characteristics of high solubility in water, mobility and persistence leading to contamination of water and soil and in its commercial formula, used in farming, it presents toxicological classification I (extremely toxic). Thus, for the recovery of areas contaminated with 2,4-D, the use of plants capable of degrading, stabilizing and /or removing contaminants, known as phytoremediation, becomes extremely important due to the low cost and plant diversity for this purpose. The present study evaluated the possible phytoremediation capacity of Plectranthus neochilus (boldo) exposed to the commercial pesticide (Aminol) in soil and water through consecutive extractions (interval of days). After this period, the plant's responses were analyzed in terms of the presence of 2,4-D in leaf tea, total antioxidant capacity (DPPH), total polyphenols and flavonoids analysis for plants exposed to soil and water. In the plants exposed in the water it was also verified the total antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method and the quantification of phenolic compounds. After 15 days of experiment, 2,4-D was no longer detected in the soil samples and the plant was not necessary in the decontamination of this matrix due to degradation of the compound occurring in the same period. Differently, in water, 2,4-D remained up to 67% in 60 days of experiment, which provided the use of two treatment groups with the plant (a group of plants for 30 days and a new group in the remaining 30 days in the same system), and thus a decontamination of up to 49% of 2,4-D was obtained. The compound was not detected in tea leaves of the plant and total antioxidant capacity, polyphenols and flavonoids were decreased in soil (whole experiment) and water (first 30 days). However, for those plants that were in the water in the remaining 30 days, x there was an increase in these analyzes near the basal level (compared to blanc - plants in contact with water only). In the quantification of the phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid) present in the tea of these plants, it was observed that in the group of plants of the first 30 days there was an increase of the coumaric acid and ferulic acid, compared to the group of plants not exposed to 2,4-D in treatment 1 and a decreased in caffeic acid in treatment 2. In the remaining 30 days with the new seedlings, there was a decrease of the coumaric acid and increase of the caffeic and ferulic acids (treatment 1 and 2). The results indicated that the plant had the capacity of phytoremediation of the 2,4-D in water and, although the compound caused damages in the antioxidant system, it obtained an increase of the quantified phenolic compounds, making tea of the plant useful after phytoremediation.

Propolis (bičių pikis, bičių klijai) yra sakinga medžiaga, kurią bitės surenka nuo tuopų, beržų, liepų ar kitų augalų (priklausomai nuo tos geografinės zonos augmenijos). Propolio farmakologinis poveikis yra labai įvairus, todėl jis nuo seno populiarus liaudies medicinoje ir traukia mokslininkų dėmesį (ypač nuo XX a. 7 dešimtmečio). Viena iš svarbiausių propolio savybių yra stiprus antioksidacinis aktyvumas. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti bei palyginti pagrindinių veikliųjų medžiagų kiekius propolio etanoliniuose ekstraktuose, įvertinti jų antioksidacinį aktyvumą. Pritaikius maceracijos metodą, buvo pagaminti skystieji propolio etanoliniai ekstraktai (etanolis 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% ir 96% koncentracijos). Buvo įvertinta ekstraktų kokybė gravimetriniu, spektrofotometriniu bei efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos su diodų matricos ir masių spektrometrijos detektoriais (ESCh-DAD-MS) metodais. Pritaikius efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos ir masių spektrometrijos metodą, nustatyta, kad viena iš dominuojančių fenolinių rūgščių propolio etanoliniuose ekstraktuose yra ferulo rūgštis. Todėl nustatant fenolinių junginių kiekį propolio etanoliniuose ekstraktuose spektrofotometriškai, kaip standartas buvo panaudota ferulo rūgštis. Bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis gautas apie 10 kartų didesnis, nei naudojant pinocembrino ir galangino mišinį (2:1). Daugiausiai fenolinių junginių nustatyta ekstraktuose, gautuose ekstrahuojant 70%, 80% bei 96% etanoliu. Buvo atliktas antioksidacinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Propolis (bee glue) is a resinous material that honeybees collect from poplar, birch or other plants (the plant source depends on the geographic origin of propolis). Because of its popularity in folk medicine, propolis has become the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies for the last 30 years. Numerous studies have proven its versatile pharmacological activities. One of the most important is its antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the main active substances in the ethanolic extracts of propolis and to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The classical maceration method was used for the production of liquid ethanolic extracts of propolis (the concentration of used ethanol: 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 96%). The quality of popolis was evaluated by gravimetric, spectrophotometric and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Mass Spectrometric detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS) methods. The results of the HPLC-DAD-MS analysis showed that one of the main phenolic acids in the ethanolic extracts of propolis is ferulic acid. That was the reason for using it as a standard in the spectrometric analysis of total phenolic compounds. Spectrophotometric method showed about 10 times higher results than the analysis with the standard of pinocembrin and galangin mixture (2:1). The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds were found in the extracts made with the ethanol of 70%, 80% and 96% concentrations. The antioxidant... [to full text]

Cold pressed Hemp (Cannabis sativa L) seed oil, which contains a favorable ratio of omega-6/omega-3 and a considerable amount of vitamin E, is a high nutrition value product with various health benefits. However, the presence of a large amount of chlorophyll makes the oil highly susceptible to photo-oxidation and limits its applications. Chlorophyll and other pigments in edible oils are commonly reduced through oil bleaching process. The objective of this study was to reduce the chlorophyll content in cold pressed hemp seed oil using ultrasonic bleaching and evaluate the impacts on carotene content, peroxide value, conjugated diene, total phenolic content and oxidative stability. The bleaching efficiency increased significantly as the ultrasound power (0 to 60% pressure amplitude) and concentration of bleaching clay (20 to 40 g/kg) increased. At 20% ultrasound power, the chlorophyll reduction (%) of different clays was found to be 99.4% (industrial clay) > 97.8% (activated bentonite) > 82.7% (sepiolite) > 47.1% (non-activated bentonite). Ultrasonic bleaching significantly reduced (p<0.05) the total chlorophyll content, total carotene content and primary oxidation products of hemp seed oil. During accelerated oxidation tests (40 and 60 ℃), the developments of peroxide value and conjugated diene were significantly (p<0.05) slower for hemp seed oil treated with ultrasonic bleaching compared to the control oil. Enhanced oxidative stability was observed in hemp seed oil after ultrasonic bleaching. In addition, another objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of solvent and heat treatment on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of cold pressed canola and hemp meals. For canola meal, a solvent-mixture of aqueous methanol (70%) and aqueous acetone (70%) in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) extracted (p<0.05) slightly higher total phenolic content (11.3 mg SAE/g), while aqueous methanol (70%) extracts exhibited higher DPPH scavenging effect (40.4%). For hemp meal, aqueous acetone (80%) extracts exhibited higher total phenolic content (6.0 mg GAE/g) and DPPH scavenging effect (12.5%). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in canola meal extracts were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in hemp meal extracts. After heat treatments at temperature from 140 to 180 ℃, canola and hemp meal extracts showed equal or lower total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging effect. / May 2017

Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) technique is an attempt towards development of green extraction, as this environment friendly technique has completely eliminated the use of organic solvents. After describing the effectiveness of microwave radiations in extraction field in the first part of this manuscript, we have optimized this noval extraction method to get antioxidants rich extract. Along with studying the temperature distributions in different parts of plant material under the effect of microwave irradiations, we have analyzed the influence of microwaves in enhancing the antioxidant activity of extracts by using different tests. We have got the promising results concerning about the antioxidant rich extracts of different onion varieties and sea buckthorn in generalization step against the conventional solvent extracts. The application of vacuum system in this extraction system helped in restraining the limitations like dry extract yield and flavonol contents. Incomparison to traditional and recent extraction systems, the MHG extracts doesn’t require any filtration and purification steps as it works in absence of any solvent and water and are highly recommended for direct application in industrial products / L'hydrodiffusion générée par micro-ondes est une nouvelle technique d'extraction mise au point au sein de l'Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse. Ce procédé est une combinaison entre une technique traditionnelle et une technologie innovante. En effet, le chauffage par micro-ondes a permis d'initier et de générer le transfert de matière et de chaleur de l"intérieur des matrices végétales (oignons) vers l'extérieur et de réduire de façon considérable les temps d'extraction des antioxydants sans aucune intervention de solvant. A titre de comparaison, les polyphénols de différentes variétés d'oignons ont été extraits par l'hydrodiffusion générée par micro-ondes et par la technique conventionnelle, l'extraction par solvant. Les rendements obtenus par micro-ondes sont presque identiques à ceux obtenus à l'aide d’un solvant alors que les temps d'extraction sont réduits. La capacité antioxydante des extraits micro-ondes est supérieure à celle obtenue par technique conventionelle. Ce qui présage des potentialités d'application dans le domaine agroalimentaire en particulier pour la valorisation des co-produits. Une étude cinétique de l'extraction, ainsi qu'une observation au microscope optique(cytologie) des matrices traitées soumises aux micro-ondes et au solvant ont mis en évidence la spécificité de l'extraction sans solvant assistée par micro-ondes au niveau des mécanismes de libération et d'extraction des molécules antioxydantes au sein du végétal. L'effet des micro-ondes a pour conséquence une libération plus rapide des principes actifs contenue dans la plante grâce à l'ouverture quasi instantanée des glandes et l'explosion des cellules. L'explication de la différence de composition chimique entre les procédés d'extraction par solvant et par micro-ondes pourrait être basée principalement sur des phénomènes de solubilité, de polarisation diélectrique ainsi qu'un transfert de matière et de chaleur inversé

De nos jours, l'apport de polyphénols s'avère être bénéfique dans la lutte contre les dommages oxydatifs liés au stress oxydant. Cependant, leur biodisponibilité est limitée par leur polarité. Pour contourner ce problème, une des stratégies consiste à ajuster la lipophilie de l'antioxydant par des réactions de lipophilisation mettant en jeu un vecteur lipidique. Ainsi, des précédentes études ont montré que l'activité antioxydante était directement liée à la longueur de la chaîne alkyle greffée et ont également révélé un effet non linéaire dit effet « cut-off ». L'objectif de notre étude a donc été de comprendre l'effet non linéaire de la lipophilisation sur l'activité antioxydante de l'acide rosmarinique. Ainsi, des rosmarinates d'alkyle et de diacylglycérol ont été synthétisés, et leurs propriétés antioxydantes évaluées sur des fibroblastes surexprimant une quantité d'EROs. L'effet « cut-off » a été à nouveau observé avec ces phénolipides. En effet, le rosmarinate de décyle et le 1-rosmarinoyl-2,3-dilauroyl glycérol sont les antioxydants les plus actifs. Cependant, la série des rosmarinates d'alkyle étant la plus efficace, l'influence du vecteur lipidique a été étudié uniquement sur cette dernière. Il a été ainsi constaté que la lipophilisation de l'acide rosmarinique avec une chaîne alkyle de 4 à 10 atomes de carbone améliore son transport au sein de la cellule, alors que les esters à 16 et 18 atomes de carbone s'organisent sous forme d'agrégats extracellulaires limitant ainsi leur internalisation. De plus, alors qu'une partie de ces esters est localisée dans le cytoplasme, tout comme l'acide rosmarinique et le rosmarinate de butyle, le rosmarinate de décyle est en revanche situé dans la mitochondrie. Cette propriété en fait donc une molécule très prometteuse pour la conception de nouveaux antioxydants à activité mitochondriale ciblée. Néanmoins, sa cytotoxicité joue un rôle majeur dans son mécanisme d'action. A fortes concentrations, il affecte la viabilité cellulaire, tandis qu'à faibles concentrations, aucun effet cytotoxique notable n'est mis en évidence. / Nowadays, polyphenols supply has proved to be beneficial against oxidative damages linked to oxidative stress. However, their bioavaibility is limited by their polarity. To solve the issue, one strategy consists in adjusting the antioxidant hydrophobicity by lipophilization reactions with lipidic carriers. Indeed, previous studies showed that antioxidant activity was directly linked to the alkyl chain length grafted and also revealed a “cut-off” effect. The objective of this study is to understand this nonlinear effect of the lipophilization of rosmarinic acid on antioxidant activity. Thus, alkyl rosmarinate and diacylglycerol rosmarinate were synthesized and their antioxidant activity was evaluated into fibroblasts cells overexpressing radical oxygen species. The “cut-off” effect was again observed with these phenolipids. In fact, decyl rosmarinate and dilauroyl rosmarinate were shown to the best antioxydants. The lipophilization of rosmarinic acid with an alkyl chain from 4 to 10 carbon atoms improve its cell uptake whereas esters of 16 and 18 carbon atoms assemble in extracellular aggregate limiting their cell uptake. Furthermore, one part of these esters is located into cytoplasm like rosmarinic acid and butyl rosmarinate. On the contrary, the decyl rosmarinate (R10) is located into mitochondria. This property allows targeting mitochondria. Nevertheless, its cytotoxicity is involved in mechanism. At high concentration, R10 affects cell viability, while at low concentration, no cytotoxic effect is observed.

A macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia) é considerada comercialmente uma das nozes mais importantes do mundo por seus atributos sensoriais e nutricionais. Dentre as etapas do beneficiamento desta noz, destacam-se a secagem e a torra como processos térmicos diretamente ligados a sua qualidade. Contudo, eles têm sido relacionados à diminuição da estabilidade oxidativa e da capacidade antioxidante de compostos bioativos, como os ácidos fenólicos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar a noz macadâmia submetida às etapas de secagem (crua) e de torra, quanto a composição química e sua atividade antioxidante in vitro. Os ensaios realizados para a composição centesimal demonstraram que não houve diferença (p<0,05) entre as amostras crua e torrada, exceto pela umidade e cinzas. Observou-se que macadâmia, cura ou torrada, é uma grande fonte de lipídeos (~77g/100g amostra). Não se verificou diferença no perfil dos ácidos graxos entre as amostras analisadas, prevalecendo monoinsaturados (~58g/100g amostra). Para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante, foram obtidos, das amostras cruas e torradas, os extratos etéreo (EE), alcoólico (EAlc) e aquoso (EAq) e as frações de ácidos fenólicos livre (AFL), esterificados solúveis (AFS) e insolúveis-ligados (AFI). Quanto ao teor de fenólicos totais, através do método com o reagente de Folin-Ciocalteau, o extrato que se destacou foi o EAq, tanto para macadâmia crua quanto para torrada, com os maiores valores em relação aos outros extratos, mas ainda foram menores que as frações. A macadâmia torrada obteve os maiores teores de fenólicos totais com AFL e AFS. A atividade antioxidante foi testada através dos métodos de redução do radical DPPH, de co-oxidação do sistema &#946;-caroteno/ácido linoleico e de oxidação lipídica acelerada em Rancimat. No teste de redução do DPPH, a macadâmia crua foi mais eficiente que a torrada apenas no EE e na AFI. Já para o EAq, o EAlc, a AFL e a AFS, a macadâmia torrada apresentou as melhores porcentagens de redução. No sistema &#946;-caroteno/ácido linoleico, os EAqs tiveram maiores porcentagens de inibição da oxidação que os demais extratos; todas as frações apresentaram porcentagens de inibição muito superiores às dos extratos, mesmo em concentrações menores. Notou-se também que houve queda na capacidade de inibição da oxidação do EE e das três frações (AFL, AFS e AFI), quando se comparam a amostra crua em relação à torrada. No ensaio em Rancimat, o EAlc foi o único, entre extratos e frações de ambas as amostras, a diferir significativamente do controle-negativo em sua ação protetora, entretanto não foi mais eficiente que o TBHQ, utilizado como controle-positivo. Neste estudo, a diferença de atividade entre os métodos ficou clara, contudo também se evidenciou que o tratamento térmico da torra é capaz de alterar a capacidade antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos presentes na macadâmia. / Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) is considered one of the most important nuts in the world for their nutritional and sensory attributes. In the macadâmia nut processing, drying and roasting steps stand out because they are thermal processes directly related with its quality. However, they have been associated to the decrease of oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize and compare the dried (raw) and roasted macadamia nuts, their chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity. The composition assays shown that there was no difference between raw and roasted samples of macadamia (p<0,05), except for moisture and ash. It was also observed that both samples are source of oil (~77g/100g macadamia). There was no difference (p<0,05) in the fatty acids profile of the samples, with the predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (~58g/100g macadamia). For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, the ether (EE), alcoholic (EAlc) and aqueous (EAq) extracts and the free phenolic acids (AFL), soluble esterified acids (AFS) and insoluble-bound acids (AFI) fractions were obtained from raw and roasted samples. In the total phenolic content, by Folin-Ciocalteau method, the EAq stood out for raw and roasted macadamia nuts with a high content, compared with the other extracts, but it was lower than the acid phenolic fractions. The roasted macadamias showed the highest levels of total phenolics in AFL and AFS. The antioxidant activity was obtained by the methods of DPPH radical reduction, of &#946;-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system and accelerated lipid oxidation in Rancimat. In the DPPH test, raw macadamia reduced more efficiently than roasted only in EE and AFI. For the EAq, EAlc, AFL and AFS, the roasted macadamia nuts showed the best percentages of reduction. In &#946;-carotene/linoleic acid system, EAqs of both samples showed similar results and had the highest percentage of oxidation inhibition than the other extracts. All of fractions showed much higher percentages of inhibition than extracts, even at lower concentrations. A decrease in the ability to inhibit oxidation of EE and the three fractions (AFL, AFS and AFI) was also noticed, when comparing the raw samples with the roasted. In Rancimat test, the EAlc was the only, of the extracts and fractions of both samples, witch differed significantly from negative control in its protective activity; however it was not more effective than TBHQ, used as positive control. In this study, the differences between the methods were noticeable, but it was also showed that the thermal treatment of the roasting was able to modify the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds in macadamia nuts.

Os antioxidantes de origem natural têm importância na área de alimentos, pois podem representar uma alternativa de substituição aos antioxidantes sintéticos. Os compostos fenólicos, presentes nos vegetais, desempenham importância na inibição da oxidação, A romã (Punica granatum, L.) é rica em compostos fenólicos como as antocianinas, flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos. Avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante da polpa e semente de romãs plantadas no Brasil (Pernambuco), e foi feita a obtenção dos extratos e frações de ácidos fenólicos da fruta, que foram submetidos aos testes de co-oxidação de substratos &#946;- caroteno e ácido linoléico, em meio emulsionado, e ao método Rancimat, em meio lipídico. Também foi avaliado o comportamento cinético da atividade antioxidante para os extratos e frações de ácidos fenólicos. Verificou-se que os extratos aquosos da polpa e semente apresentaram significativa inibição da oxidação a concentrações baixas, em ambos os testes utilizados, fato atribuído à grande quantidade de compostos fenólicos presentes nestes extratos, em relação aos demais. A avaliação cinética dos extratos aquosos demonstrou que estes também foram mais eficientes ao longo do processo oxidativo, apresentando-se mais estáveis do que o antioxidante sintético BHT. As frações de ácidos fenólicos esterificados a compostos solúveis da polpa foi a fração que apresentou maior inibição da oxidação, e também maior quantidade de compostos fenólicos, apresentando uma atividade cinética bastante eficiente. Entretanto, as frações de ácidos fenólicos livres da polpa e semente apresentaram porcentagens de inibição da oxidação bastante altas a uma concentração menor. A semente da romã apresenta em sua composição de ácidos graxos o ácido graxo punícico. Este ácido é um isômero conjugado do ácido linolênico, e que constitui 58% da composição total de ácidos graxos da semente da fruta, sendo seu principal ácido graxo. / The antioxidants of natural origin have an important role on food science, because they may substitute the synthetic antioxidants. The phenolic compounds of vegetables play an important role as oxidation inhibitors. The pomegranate (Punica granatum, L.) is rich in phenolic compounds as anthocianins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The antioxidant activity of extracts and acid phenolic fractions obtained from the pulp and seeds of brazilian pomegranate (from Pernambuco) was evaluated, by the co-oxidation of &#946;-carotene and linoleic acid assay and the Rancimat method. The kinetic behavior of the antioxidant activity of the extracts and acid phenolic fractions by the co-oxidation of &#946-carotene and linoleic acid test was evaluated, too. It was noted that the aquous extracts from the pulp and seeds have significant antioxidant activity at slow concentration. It was possible by the high content of phenolic compounds present on those extracts. The kinetic behavior showed that the aquous extracts was the most efficient along the oxidative process, showing larger stability than the antioxidant BHT. The pulp\'s of bound acid phenolic fraction by soluble compounds was the most efficient among the acid phenolic fractions, and it has major amount of phenolic compounds. The pomegranate seed has the punicic acid on its fatty acid composition. The punicic acid is a I conjugated inolenic acid isomer.The punicic acid is present at 58% from the total fatty acids from the fruit, being its principal fatty acid.