Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Base teórica: A qualidade de vida é uma variável amplamente estudada nas ciências da saúde e tem se tornado, cada vez mais, um indicativo importante na avaliação dos estados e desfechos de saúde. As doenças crônicas se caracterizam por curso prolongado, por vezes acompanhando o portador por toda sua vida, o que pode influenciar a percepção que o indivíduo tem de si mesmo e de sua vida. A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença crônica, genética, que atinge cerca de 1:3500 nascimentos. Além de ser uma doença que acarreta uma maior predisposição ao desenvolvimento de tumores, a NF1 possui sintomas físicos de fácil identificação. Objetivo: O presente estudo visa estudar a qualidade de vida e algumas variáveis emocionais de pessoas com neurofibromatose tipo 1. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de vida genérica (WHOQOL-bref e SF-36), qualidade de vida específica para pessoas com problemas de pele (DLQI-bra), sintomas depressivos (BDI), sintomas de ansiedade(BAI), percepção de suporte familiar (IPSF) e estratégias de enfrentamento (Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus). Os participantes deste estudo também foram avaliados quanto à gravidade (Escala de Riccardi) e visibilidade dos sintomas da doença (Ablon). Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 71 pacientes adultos com NF1. Do total 60,0% da amostra foram pessoas do sexo feminino, a média de idade foi de ± 40,36 anos. Dos 52 pacientes avaliados pela escala de Riccardi, 11,3% apresentou gravidade leve, 40,4% gravidade moderada, 42% sintomas graves de gravidade e 6,5% sintomas muito graves da doença. Com relação a visibilidade dos sintomas medidos pela escala de Ablon, 36,5% apresentam visibilidade leve de sintomas, 30,8% visibilidade moderada e 32.7% visibilidade severa dos sintomas. Conclusão: Os resultados da avaliação de qualidade de vida de pessoas com NF1, ao serem comparados com os dados normativos para amostra, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A análise dos sintomas depressivos indicou que grande parte dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas leves de depressão e os dados da escala BAI referente aos sintomas de ansiedade constatou que a média dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas graves de ansiedade, podendo sugerir que a ansiedade seja uma característica importante dessa população. As estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas por esta população foram a reavaliação e o suporte social. Com relação aos resultados da percepção de suporte familiar, podemos perceber que os dados da amostra não apresentaram diferença significativa ao serem comparados com os dados normativos da escala. / Theoretical basis: Quality of life is an important studied variable in health sciences and has become an important indicator in assessing states and health outcome. Chronic diseases are characterized by a prolonged course, sometimes accompanying the carrier all his life, which can influence the perception that the individual has of himself and of his life. The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a chronic and genetics condition that affects about 1: 3500 births. Besides being a disease that leads to a greater predisposition to develop tumors, NF1 has physical symptoms of easy identification. Objective: This project aims to study the quality of life and emotional variables of people with neurofibromatosis type 1. Method: This is an observational study. The overall quality of life variables were evaluated (WHOQOL-bref and SF-36), specific quality of life for people with skin problems (DLQI-bra), depressive symptoms (BDI), anxiety symptoms (BAI), perception of family supports (IPSF) and coping strategies (coping strategies Inventory of Folkman and Lazarus). The participants were also evaluated for the severity (Riccardi Scale) and visibility of disease symptoms (Ablon). Results: Were collected data from 71 adults patients with NF1. From all sample 60% were female. The mean age was ± 40.36 years . Of the 52 patients evaluated for Riccardi scale , 11.3 % had mild severity , 40.4 % moderate severity , 42% Severity of symptoms and 6.5 % symptoms very severe. The data of the visibility of the symptoms were measure by Ablon scale , 36.5 % have mild symptoms visibility , 30.8 % moderate and 32.7 % severe visibility of symptoms. Conclusion: The results of the quality of life of people with NF1, when compared with the normative data for sample, indicate no statistically significant difference. The analysis of depressive symptoms indicated that the majority of respondents have mild symptoms of depression and the BAI scale data related to symptoms of anxiety found that the average of respondents have severe anxiety symptoms and may suggest that anxiety can be an important feature of this population. Coping strategies most used by this population were the re-evaluation and social support. Regarding the results of the perception of family support, we can see that the sample data showed no significant difference when compared with the normative data range.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Depression- och ångestsymtom, som kan beskrivas som en del av emotionell ohälsa, är ett frekvent och växande problem inom den svenska ungdomspopulationen. Både en hög komorbiditet samt könsskillnader i ohälsa kan observeras. Samband mellan emotionsreglering och ohälsa har under senare år erhållit ett brett empiriskt stöd. Denna longitudinella studie syftade till att undersöka emotionsreglerings roll som mediator i utvecklandet av emotionell ohälsa över tid samt om det eventuella sambandet modereras av kön. Analyser visade att emotionsreglerings-strategierna kognitiv emotionsreglering och beteendemässigt undvikande medierade sambandet. Detta skiljde sig även åt mellan könen vad gäller kognitiv emotionsreglering. Utifrån studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att emotionsreglering kan utgöra en del av förklaringen av ökad emotionell ohälsa över tid hos ungdomar. Detta samband tycks även vara mer gällande för flickor. / Depressive and anxiety symptoms, which can be classified as types of emotional distress, anre common and growing issues among Swedish youth. Substantial comorbidity and gender differences concerning emotional distress have been observed. The relationship between emotion regulation and emotional distress have obtained convincing empirical support during the last couple of decades. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the development of emotional distress over time. The question of gender as a moderator of the relationship was also addressed. Analysis indicate that two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive emotion regulation and behavioral avoidance, do mediate the relationship. Gender differences were found in the cognitive strategy. The results of the study indicate that emotion regulation could be a part of the explanation for the increase of adolescent emotional distress over time. This relationship also seem to be more distinct for girls.

Acculturation is a predominant feature of today’s society and one that has unique implications for immigrants’ mental health. Given that two thirds of Canada’s population growth is due to immigration, understanding the effects of acculturation on newcomers should be a central focus of academic research. The present study utilized an exploratory quantitative method to investigate the associations between acculturation strategies, quality of life, and negative affect in a sample of 180 Brazilian immigrants living in the Greater Toronto Area. The mediating and moderating roles of quality of life (QOL) were explored, as well as which patterns of acculturation strategies were associated with enhanced well-being, represented by low negative affect (NA), high QOL, and high Satisfaction with Life in Canada (SLCI). Clusters analysis identified patterns of acculturation strategy use, resulting in four acculturation profiles: integrated, assimilated, separated, and marginalized. Results indicated that QOL did not act as either a mediator or moderator of the relationship between acculturation profiles and NA. With regard to well-being indicators, acculturation profiles successfully predicted NA and SLCI, with the Assimilated being the most favourable profile evidenced by its lowest NA and highest SLCI levels. While acculturation profiles did not predict QOL, the trend of the Assimilated profile being predictive of favourable well-being was also present as its members reported slightly higher QOL than their counterparts from other profiles. Well-being risk and protective factors are presented. The results highlight the importance of including control variables in future research in order to uncover the unique impact of acculturation on the mental health of immigrants. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed.

Young adulthood is a critical period during which advances in educational, occupational, and financial adjustment set the stage for lifelong economic capital, health, and well-being. Greater understanding of the factors that contribute to positive and negative adjustment in young adulthood is warranted. This longitudinal study highlights the important role of parents by investigating (1) changes in the emotional quality of parent-youth relationships during adolescence and the transition to adulthood, (2) whether such changes relate to young adults’ adjustment outcomes in three age-salient domains, and (3) whether the effects of changes in parental relationships are associated with young adults’ adjustment outcomes through the intervening effects of mental health symptoms. Specifically, I examined direct and indirect associations between changes in mother and father emotional support (ES) and psychological control (PC) and young adults’ educational, occupational, and financial outcomes through youths’ depressive and anxiety symptoms. Sex and SES group differences were also examined. Participants were 545 youth from a medium-sized Canadian city. They were assessed at four time points over a six-year period. All analyses were conducted separately by two developmental transition groups: The young adult transition group included 240 participants who were initially 18 to 21 years old, and the adolescent transition group included 305 participants who were 14 to 17 years old at the initial assessment. Measures of parental ES and PC, youth’s mental health symptoms, and youth’s adjustment were obtained through self-reports. Multi-level modeling analyses showed that mother and father ES increased over time for both transition groups. Declines in mother and father PC were significantly greater for the young adult transition group. Results from latent growth curve mediation analyses revealed that parental ES was linked to positive and negative youth adjustment directly and indirectly through depressive symptoms. Findings also highlight the negative effects of parental PC on youth’s adjustment outcomes directly and also indirectly through changes in youth’s depressive and anxiety symptoms. Differences for mothers and fathers, males and females, and lower and higher SES groups are discussed. Overall, the quality of parent-youth relationships changes during the transition to adulthood, and such changes are important factors in understanding young adults’ educational, occupational, and financial adjustment. / Graduate / 0620

Base teórica: A qualidade de vida é uma variável amplamente estudada nas ciências da saúde e tem se tornado, cada vez mais, um indicativo importante na avaliação dos estados e desfechos de saúde. As doenças crônicas se caracterizam por curso prolongado, por vezes acompanhando o portador por toda sua vida, o que pode influenciar a percepção que o indivíduo tem de si mesmo e de sua vida. A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença crônica, genética, que atinge cerca de 1:3500 nascimentos. Além de ser uma doença que acarreta uma maior predisposição ao desenvolvimento de tumores, a NF1 possui sintomas físicos de fácil identificação. Objetivo: O presente estudo visa estudar a qualidade de vida e algumas variáveis emocionais de pessoas com neurofibromatose tipo 1. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de vida genérica (WHOQOL-bref e SF-36), qualidade de vida específica para pessoas com problemas de pele (DLQI-bra), sintomas depressivos (BDI), sintomas de ansiedade(BAI), percepção de suporte familiar (IPSF) e estratégias de enfrentamento (Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus). Os participantes deste estudo também foram avaliados quanto à gravidade (Escala de Riccardi) e visibilidade dos sintomas da doença (Ablon). Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 71 pacientes adultos com NF1. Do total 60,0% da amostra foram pessoas do sexo feminino, a média de idade foi de ± 40,36 anos. Dos 52 pacientes avaliados pela escala de Riccardi, 11,3% apresentou gravidade leve, 40,4% gravidade moderada, 42% sintomas graves de gravidade e 6,5% sintomas muito graves da doença. Com relação a visibilidade dos sintomas medidos pela escala de Ablon, 36,5% apresentam visibilidade leve de sintomas, 30,8% visibilidade moderada e 32.7% visibilidade severa dos sintomas. Conclusão: Os resultados da avaliação de qualidade de vida de pessoas com NF1, ao serem comparados com os dados normativos para amostra, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A análise dos sintomas depressivos indicou que grande parte dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas leves de depressão e os dados da escala BAI referente aos sintomas de ansiedade constatou que a média dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas graves de ansiedade, podendo sugerir que a ansiedade seja uma característica importante dessa população. As estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas por esta população foram a reavaliação e o suporte social. Com relação aos resultados da percepção de suporte familiar, podemos perceber que os dados da amostra não apresentaram diferença significativa ao serem comparados com os dados normativos da escala. / Theoretical basis: Quality of life is an important studied variable in health sciences and has become an important indicator in assessing states and health outcome. Chronic diseases are characterized by a prolonged course, sometimes accompanying the carrier all his life, which can influence the perception that the individual has of himself and of his life. The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a chronic and genetics condition that affects about 1: 3500 births. Besides being a disease that leads to a greater predisposition to develop tumors, NF1 has physical symptoms of easy identification. Objective: This project aims to study the quality of life and emotional variables of people with neurofibromatosis type 1. Method: This is an observational study. The overall quality of life variables were evaluated (WHOQOL-bref and SF-36), specific quality of life for people with skin problems (DLQI-bra), depressive symptoms (BDI), anxiety symptoms (BAI), perception of family supports (IPSF) and coping strategies (coping strategies Inventory of Folkman and Lazarus). The participants were also evaluated for the severity (Riccardi Scale) and visibility of disease symptoms (Ablon). Results: Were collected data from 71 adults patients with NF1. From all sample 60% were female. The mean age was ± 40.36 years . Of the 52 patients evaluated for Riccardi scale , 11.3 % had mild severity , 40.4 % moderate severity , 42% Severity of symptoms and 6.5 % symptoms very severe. The data of the visibility of the symptoms were measure by Ablon scale , 36.5 % have mild symptoms visibility , 30.8 % moderate and 32.7 % severe visibility of symptoms. Conclusion: The results of the quality of life of people with NF1, when compared with the normative data for sample, indicate no statistically significant difference. The analysis of depressive symptoms indicated that the majority of respondents have mild symptoms of depression and the BAI scale data related to symptoms of anxiety found that the average of respondents have severe anxiety symptoms and may suggest that anxiety can be an important feature of this population. Coping strategies most used by this population were the re-evaluation and social support. Regarding the results of the perception of family support, we can see that the sample data showed no significant difference when compared with the normative data range.

Base teórica: A qualidade de vida é uma variável amplamente estudada nas ciências da saúde e tem se tornado, cada vez mais, um indicativo importante na avaliação dos estados e desfechos de saúde. As doenças crônicas se caracterizam por curso prolongado, por vezes acompanhando o portador por toda sua vida, o que pode influenciar a percepção que o indivíduo tem de si mesmo e de sua vida. A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença crônica, genética, que atinge cerca de 1:3500 nascimentos. Além de ser uma doença que acarreta uma maior predisposição ao desenvolvimento de tumores, a NF1 possui sintomas físicos de fácil identificação. Objetivo: O presente estudo visa estudar a qualidade de vida e algumas variáveis emocionais de pessoas com neurofibromatose tipo 1. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de vida genérica (WHOQOL-bref e SF-36), qualidade de vida específica para pessoas com problemas de pele (DLQI-bra), sintomas depressivos (BDI), sintomas de ansiedade(BAI), percepção de suporte familiar (IPSF) e estratégias de enfrentamento (Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus). Os participantes deste estudo também foram avaliados quanto à gravidade (Escala de Riccardi) e visibilidade dos sintomas da doença (Ablon). Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 71 pacientes adultos com NF1. Do total 60,0% da amostra foram pessoas do sexo feminino, a média de idade foi de ± 40,36 anos. Dos 52 pacientes avaliados pela escala de Riccardi, 11,3% apresentou gravidade leve, 40,4% gravidade moderada, 42% sintomas graves de gravidade e 6,5% sintomas muito graves da doença. Com relação a visibilidade dos sintomas medidos pela escala de Ablon, 36,5% apresentam visibilidade leve de sintomas, 30,8% visibilidade moderada e 32.7% visibilidade severa dos sintomas. Conclusão: Os resultados da avaliação de qualidade de vida de pessoas com NF1, ao serem comparados com os dados normativos para amostra, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A análise dos sintomas depressivos indicou que grande parte dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas leves de depressão e os dados da escala BAI referente aos sintomas de ansiedade constatou que a média dos entrevistados apresentam sintomas graves de ansiedade, podendo sugerir que a ansiedade seja uma característica importante dessa população. As estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas por esta população foram a reavaliação e o suporte social. Com relação aos resultados da percepção de suporte familiar, podemos perceber que os dados da amostra não apresentaram diferença significativa ao serem comparados com os dados normativos da escala. / Theoretical basis: Quality of life is an important studied variable in health sciences and has become an important indicator in assessing states and health outcome. Chronic diseases are characterized by a prolonged course, sometimes accompanying the carrier all his life, which can influence the perception that the individual has of himself and of his life. The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a chronic and genetics condition that affects about 1: 3500 births. Besides being a disease that leads to a greater predisposition to develop tumors, NF1 has physical symptoms of easy identification. Objective: This project aims to study the quality of life and emotional variables of people with neurofibromatosis type 1. Method: This is an observational study. The overall quality of life variables were evaluated (WHOQOL-bref and SF-36), specific quality of life for people with skin problems (DLQI-bra), depressive symptoms (BDI), anxiety symptoms (BAI), perception of family supports (IPSF) and coping strategies (coping strategies Inventory of Folkman and Lazarus). The participants were also evaluated for the severity (Riccardi Scale) and visibility of disease symptoms (Ablon). Results: Were collected data from 71 adults patients with NF1. From all sample 60% were female. The mean age was ± 40.36 years . Of the 52 patients evaluated for Riccardi scale , 11.3 % had mild severity , 40.4 % moderate severity , 42% Severity of symptoms and 6.5 % symptoms very severe. The data of the visibility of the symptoms were measure by Ablon scale , 36.5 % have mild symptoms visibility , 30.8 % moderate and 32.7 % severe visibility of symptoms. Conclusion: The results of the quality of life of people with NF1, when compared with the normative data for sample, indicate no statistically significant difference. The analysis of depressive symptoms indicated that the majority of respondents have mild symptoms of depression and the BAI scale data related to symptoms of anxiety found that the average of respondents have severe anxiety symptoms and may suggest that anxiety can be an important feature of this population. Coping strategies most used by this population were the re-evaluation and social support. Regarding the results of the perception of family support, we can see that the sample data showed no significant difference when compared with the normative data range.

With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 in Germany, the population faced a mentally challenging time. Governmental measures like social distancing measures, lockdowns and quarantines were implemented to reduce the spread of the coronavirus and save as many lives as possible. People of old age were soon identified as high risk group for a lethal course of disease and as in particular need of protection. Mental health professionals feared an aggravation of mental distress and mental pathology. Against this background, this dissertation aimed to investigate mental coping and the progression of mental health outcomes in old and oldest-old risk groups over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as associated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with it. In our first study, we investigated the perceived stress coping competence (self-efficient coping vs. helplessness-associated coping) as well as perceived worries about and perceived threat by the COVID-10 pandemic and associated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in the oldest-old population in Germany in the early phase of the pandemic. Linear multivariate regression models revealed that in our sample of n=197 people aged 78 to 100 years old higher levels of resilience were linked to higher perceived self-efficient coping. Male gender compared to the female gender, and a medium educational level in reference to a low educational level, was associated with less helplessness-associated coping. Loneliness showed associations with both, self-efficient and helplessness-associated coping. Higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms were linked to higher scores of helplessness-associated coping. Regarding perceived worries about the pandemic, binary logistic regression models showed that male gender and higher perceived social support were linked to more worries about the pandemic. Despite the higher risk for a severe course of disease for people of old age, older age was associated with less perceived personal threat by the coronavirus. Furthermore, more reported depressive symptoms were linked to less perceived threat, and higher reported somatization symptoms were associated with higher personal threat by the virus. Therefore, mental health factors seem to shape the way oldest-old individuals perceive the COVID-19 pandemic in partly unexpected ways, and resilience may illustrate an important factor when targeting more functional ways of coping with stress. Moreover, people of oldest-old age experiencing greater loneliness, high depressive and anxiety symptoms could be supported by adapting their coping skill repertoire to foster the feeling of self-efficiency when coping with stress. In our second and third study, we analyzed the development and progression of mental health factors like depressive, anxiety and somatization symptoms. First, in study 2 with n=156 people of oldest-old age (range= 78 to 97 years) Wilcoxon t-tests showed an increase of anxiety, depressive and somatization symptoms from 2021 to 2021 with generalized regression models revealing that higher levels of symptomatology in 2020 were associated with higher symptom burden in 2021. Higher perceived social support in 2020 was linked to less depressive symptoms in 2021. Building on this findings, we then conducted multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models to analyzed data over three points of measurement from 2020, 2021 and end of 2021/beginning of 2022 with n=135 participants (age range= 78 to 97 years). Results showed that after a first increase of depressive and anxiety symptoms from 2020 to 2021, symptomatology levels stayed relatively stable from 2021 to 2021/2022. Moreover, older age and higher reported worries were associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms. Greater perceived social support was linked to less anxiety and depressive symptoms over time. Resilience was associated with less depressive symptoms. Since pre-existing heart conditions illustrated an additional risk factor, next to an older age (60+ years), for a serious and lethal course of coronavirus disease, the fourth study additionally focused on an old age sample with cardiovascular risk profiles. The aim was a comparison of this cardiovascular risk group with the general old age population in terms of symptomatology levels and psychosocial factors associated with it. We analyzed data of n=1236 participants with n=618 showing a cardiovascular risk profile, drawn from the AgeWell.de study, and n=618 from a representative survey of the old age general population with an age range of 64 to 81 years in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed that the cardiovascular risk group showed higher depressive symptom levels compared to the general population. Multivariate regression models revealed that in the cardiovascular risk group higher perceived social support was linked to less depressive and anxiety symptoms. In the general old age population perceived social support was associated with depressive symptoms, social support and anxiety symptoms showed no such association. Higher perceived worries were associated with higher reported anxiety symptoms in the general population only. Perceived resilience was linked to less depressive and anxiety symptoms in both groups. In conclusion, the oldest-old individuals showed an overall good mental health in the long term despite a first increase in anxiety and depressive symptomatology within the first year. Fostering perceived social support and perceived resilience may play an important role in preventing and reducing depressive symptomatology in times of crises like the pandemic.:Table of Contents I 1. Introduction 1.1. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: the Disease and the Pandemic 1.2. Mental Health during the Pandemic in the General Adult Population 1.3. Mental Health in Old Age – with a Focus on Depression and Anxiety 1.3.1. Epidemiology 1.3.2. Etiology 1.4. Social Support as a Protective Factor? The Role of Social Goals over the Lifespan 1.5. Aims of the Dissertation 2. Empirical Investigations in the Old Age Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2.1. The Perception of Coping with Stress in the Oldest-old Population 2.2. The Development of Mental Health Factors and the Role of Social Support in the Oldest-old Population 2.3. The Development of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Psychosocial Factors in the Oldest-old Population 2.4. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in an Old Age Cardiovascular Risk Group Compared to the Old Age General Population 3. General Discussion 3.1. Implications for Prospective Research and Impulses for Public Mental Health Strategies 4. Conclusion Summary References Appendix List of Tables and Figures II

Background: Anxiety and depression disorders among adolescents are increasing globally and seriously endanger their health and quality of life. Having anxiety or depressive symptoms in adolescence can have serious consequences and even increase the risk of later adult disorder. Physical activity could be a good way to prevent this. However, an updated review on how and why physical activity interventions may be relevant for reducing and preventing symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents is needed. This study aims to study physical activity interventions that focus on the symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents. Methods: To bring together previous scientific research, a scoping literature review has been applied. A search was performed in PubMed database to identify studies and meta-analyses meeting the inclusion criteria. Finally references from recent published systematic reviews and meta-analysis were checked. Results: The search yielded a total of 5,091 records with additional 56 records identified through other meta-analyses and reviews. A total of fifteen articles were included for the final review. Most of the included studies showed that there was a significant difference in depressive score after the physical activity intervention. An improvement in anxiety symptoms was identified as well. Overall, 15-60 minutes of aerobics exercise 2-3 times/week, for a minimum of 8 weeks, led to feeling less anxious and depressive. In conclusion, physical activity interventions may be very beneficial for decreasing both depressive and anxiety levels among adolescents.